COVID-19 pandemisi döneminde alınan önlemlerin hava kirliliğine etkisi Türkiye/Doğu Akdeniz örneği

Year 2022, Volume: 20 Issue: 1, 129 - 137, 01.04.2022

Burak Mete , Onur Acar , Ceren Kanat , Esra Doğan

https://doi.org/10.20518/tjph.824083

Abstract

Amaç: Hava kirliliği, insan sağlığı, ekosistemler, çevre ve iklim üzerinde çok sayıda olumsuz etkiye yol açtığı için hem çevresel hem de sosyal bir sorundur. Hava kirleticileri, antropojenik ve doğal nedenlerden kaynaklanır. Bu çalışmada; COVID-19 pandemisi nedeni ile alınan önlemlerin hava kirliliğine etkisinin incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Yöntem: Hava kirliliği parametreleri ölçüm sonuçları Çevre ve Şehircilik Bakanlığı Ulusal Hava Kalitesi İzleme Ağı, Akdeniz İstasyonu verilerinden alınmıştır. 1.Mart-1.Mayıs 2019-2020 arası hava kirliliği parametreleri günlük olarak alınmıştır. COVID-19 pandemisi nedeni ile insan hareketlerini azaltan (sokağa çıkma yasağı, seyahat yasakları vb.) önlemlerin hava kirliliği parametrelerine etkisine bakılmıştır. Bulgular: 1 Mart - 1 Mayıs 2020 arasında 2019 yılının aynı dönemine göre; PM10 hariç SO2, CO, NOx, NO, NO2 ve O3 parametrelerinde önemli bir azalma tespit edilmiştir. COVID-19 nedeni ile alınan önlemlerden dolayı PM10, SO2, CO, NOx, NO, NO2, O3 konsantrasyonlarında sırasıyla % 0.35, % 23.6, % 84, % 46.5, % 34.5, % 63.1 ve % 68.4 oranında azalma olmuştur. Hava kirliliğine neden olan emisyonların önemli bir kısmının insan faaliyetlerinden kaynaklandığı görülmektedir. Sonuç: İnsan hareketlerini azaltan önlemlerin hava kirliliği parametreleri üzerindeki etkisinin büyük boyutta olduğu görülmektedir.

Keywords

Hava kirliliği, partiküler madde, COVID-19, pandemi, karbonmonoksit

The effect of measures taken during the COVID-19 pandemic on air pollution: A East Mediterranean example from Turkey

Abstract

Objective: Air pollution is both an environmental and a social problem, as it leads to a multitude of adverse effects on human health, ecosystems, the built environment and the climate. Air pollutants are emitted from anthropogenic and natural sources. This study aimed to examine the effects of the measures taken during the COVID-19 pandemic on air pollution in the province of Adana in Turkey. Methods: The data related to the measurements of air pollution parameters were obtained from the Mediterranean Station of the National Air Quality Monitoring Network provided by the Ministry of Environment and Urbanization. The parameters were recorded on a daily basis between March 1st and May 1st in 2019 and 2020. The effects of measures that limited human movements like curfews, travel bans, etc. due to the COVID-19 pandemic on air pollution parameters were examined. Results: A significant decrease was found in the parameters of SO2, CO, NOx, NO, NO2 and O3, except PM10, in 2020 when compared to 2019. The measures taken due to the COVID-19 pandemic were observed to result in a decrease of 0.35% in PM10, 23.6% in SO2, 84% in CO, 46.5% in NOx, 34.5% in NO, 63.1% in NO2 and 68.4% in O3 concentrations. It was found that a significant part of the emissions that caused air pollution had originated from human activities. Conclusion: It was observed that the measures that reduced human movements had a significant effect on air pollution.

Keywords

Air pollution, COVID-19, Air pollution, particulate matter, COVID-19, pandemics, carbon monoxide

References

• Kemp AC, Horton BP, Donnelly JP, Mann ME, Vermeer M, Rahmstorf S. Climate related sea-level variations over the past two millennia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2011;108(27):11017-22.
• Song Y, Qin S, Qu J, Liu F. The forecasting research of early warning systems for atmospheric pollutants: A case in Yangtze River Delta region. Atmospheric Environment. 2015;118:58–69.
• Kumar A, Goyal P. Forecasting of daily air quality index in Delhi. Sci Total Environ. 2011;409(24):5517-23.
• Wang J, Jiang H, Zhou Q, Wu J, Qin S. China’s natural gas production and consumption analysis based on the multicycle Hubbert model and rolling Grey model. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2016;53:1149–67. https://sim.csb.gov.tr/STN/STN_Report/StationDataDownloadNew
• Mitreski, K., Toceva, M., Koteli, N., & Karajanovski, L. (2016). Air quality pollution from traffic and point sources in Skopje assessed with different air pollution models. Journal of Environmental Protection and Ecology, 17(3), 840-850.
• Schulz H, Karrasch S, Bölke G, Cyrys J, Hornberg C, Pickford R, Schneider A, Witt C, Hoffmann B. Atmen: Luftschadstoffe und Gesundheit – Teil II [Breathing: Ambient Air Pollution and Health - Part II]. Pneumologie. 2019;73(6):347-373. https://www.who.int/health-topics/air-pollution#tab=tab_2
• Wilder-Smith A, Freedman DO. Isolation, quarantine, social distancing and community containment: pivotal role for old-style public health measures in the novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) outbreak. J Travel Med. 2020;27(2):taaa020.
• Dutheil F, Baker JS, Navel V. COVID-19 as a factor influencing air pollution? Environ Pollut. 2020;263(Pt A):114466.
• Kerimray A, Baimatova N, Ibragimova OP, et al. Assessing air quality changes in large cities during COVID-19 lockdowns: The impacts of traffic-free urban conditions in Almaty, Kazakhstan. Sci Total Environ. 2020;730:139179.
• Wang Y, Xue Q. The implications of COVID-19 in the ambient environment and psychological conditions. NanoImpact. 2021 Jan;21:100295.
• Rodríguez-Urrego D, Rodríguez-Urrego L. Air quality during the COVID-19: PM2.5 analysis in the 50 most polluted capital cities in the world. Environ Pollut. 2020 Nov;266(Pt 1):115042.
• Lokhandwala S, Gautam P. Indirect impact of COVID-19 on environment: A brief study in Indian context. Environ Res. 2020 Sep;188:109807.
• ESA, 2020b. Air Pollution Remains Low as Europeans Stay at Home. http://www.esa.int/ Applications/Observing_the_Earth/Copernicus/Sentinel-5P/Air_pollution_remains_lo w_as_Europeans_stay_at_home
• Paital B. Nurture to nature via COVID-19, a self-regenerating environmental strategy of environment in global context. Sci Total Environ. 2020 Aug 10;729:139088.
• Kanniah KD, Kamarul Zaman NAF, Kaskaoutis DG, Latif MT. COVID-19’s impact on the atmospheric environment in the Southeast Asia region. Sci Total Environ. 2020 Sep 20;736:139658.
• Shehzad K, Sarfraz M, Shah SGM. The impact of COVID-19 as a necessary evil on air pollution in India during the lockdown. Environ Pollut. 2020 Nov;266(Pt 1):115080.
• Berman JD, Ebisu K. Changes in U.S. air pollution during the COVID-19 pandemic. Sci Total Environ. 2020 Oct 15;739:139864.
• Baldasano JM. COVID-19 lockdown effects on air quality by NO2 in the cities of Barcelona and Madrid (Spain). Sci Total Environ. 2020 Nov 1;741:140353
• Zambrano-Monserrate MA, Ruano MA, Sanchez-Alcalde L. Indirect effects of COVID-19 on the environment. Sci Total Environ. 2020 Aug 1;728:138813.
• Bao R, Zhang A. Does lockdown reduce air pollution? Evidence from 44 cities in northern China. Sci Total Environ. 2020 Aug 20;731:139052.
• Kemp AC, Horton BP, Donnelly JP, Mann ME, Vermeer M, Rahmstorf S. Climate related sea-level variations over the past two millennia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2011;108(27):11017-22.
• Song Y, Qin S, Qu J, Liu F. The forecasting research of early warning systems for atmospheric pollutants: A case in Yangtze River Delta region. Atmospheric Environment; 2015;118:58–69.
• Kumar A, Goyal P. Forecasting of daily air quality index in Delhi. Sci Total Environ. 2011;409(24):5517-23.
• Wang P, Chen K, Zhu S, Wang P, Zhang H. Severe air pollution events not avoided by reduced anthropogenic activities during COVID-19 outbreak. Resour Conserv Recycl. 2020;158:104814.