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EFFECT OF COVID-19 ON PAIN, FALL FREQUENCY, FEAR OF FALLING, AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY LEVEL IN OLDER PEOPLE: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY

Year 2024, Volume: 35 Issue: 2, 178 - 187, 27.08.2024
https://doi.org/10.21653/tjpr.1337956

Abstract

Purpose: People who have recovered from COVID-19 may experience a range of symptoms. These symptoms are linked to negative changes in pain, falls, fear of falling, and physical activity. The current study aimed to investigate the effect of COVID-19 on pain, fall frequency, fear of falling, and physical activity level in older people, as well as identify associated factors with these variables.
Methods: Participants were divided into two groups for this cross-sectional study: COVID-19 (n=48) and healthy control (n=66). Pain, number of falls, fear of falling, and physical activity level of the participants were assessed. Multiple linear regression analysis was also used to identify factors associated with these variables. Participants were also asked about their demographics, illnesses, post-COVID-19 symptoms, smoking habits, who they lived with, how long they had been infected with COVID-19, hospitalization due to COVID-19, and the doses of the vaccine.
Results: Pain, fatigue, and cognitive impairment were found to be significantly more prevalent in the COVID-19 group (p=0.001, p=0.021, p=0.011, respectively). When compared to the control group, the COVID-19 group showed worse results in terms of pain intensity, the number of falls, fear of falling, and physical activity level (p=0.009, p=0.030, p=0.005, p<0.001, respectively). It was found that COVID-19 infection significantly predicted pain intensity and physical activity level (β=-0.273, p=0.007; β=0.416, p=0.003, respectively).
Conclusion: Older adults who have had COVID-19 experience more pain, falls, fear of falling, and reduced physical activity compared to their peers. COVID-19 affects pain severity and physical activity in older individuals after recovery. It is important to assess long-term symptoms, falls, and physical activity in older adults who have had COVID-19 and provide necessary treatments.

References

  • Akila K, and Nathan S. A review study on relationship among covid-19 and pneumonia. European. J Mol Clin Med. 2020;5476-5480.
  • Cucinotta D, and Vanelli M. WHO declares COVID-19 a pandemic. Acta Biomed. 2020;91(1):157.
  • Salamanna F, Veronesi F, Martini L, Landini MP, and Fini M. Post-COVID-19 syndrome: the persistent symptoms at the post-viral stage of the disease. A systematic review of the current data. Front Med. 2021;8:392.
  • National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. COVID-19 rapid guideline: managing the long-term effects of COVID-19. London: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). 2020;1-35.
  • Weng L-M, Su X, and Wang X-Q. Pain symptoms in patients with coronavirus disease (COVID-19): A literature review. J Pain Res. 2021;14:147.
  • Fara A, Mitrev Z, Rosalia RA, and Assas BM. Cytokine storm and COVID-19: a chronicle of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Open Biol. 2020;10(9):200160.
  • Clauw DJ, Häuser W, Cohen SP, and Fitzcharles M-A. Considering the potential for an increase in chronic pain after the COVID-19 pandemic. Pain. 2020;161(8):1694.
  • Tison GH, Avram R, Kuhar P, Abreau S, Marcus GM, Pletcher MJ, et al. Worldwide effect of COVID-19 on physical activity: a descriptive study. Ann Intern Med. 2020;173(9):767-770.
  • Morley JE. COVID-19—the long road to recovery. The Journal of Nutrition, Health & Aging. 2020;24(9):917-919.
  • Tinetti ME, De Leon CFM, Doucette JT, and Baker DI. Fear of falling and fall-related efficacy in relationship to functioning among community-living elders. J Gerontol. 1994;49(3):M140-M147.
  • Kiel DP, O’Sullivan P, Teno JM, and Mor V. Health care utili zation and functional status in the aged following a fall. Med Care. 1991;29(3):221-228.
  • Belloni G, Büla C, Santos-Eggimann B, Henchoz Y, and See matter-Bagnoud L. A single question as a screening tool to assess fear of falling in young-old community-dwelling persons. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association. 2020;21(9):1295-1301.
  • Lavedán A, Viladrosa M, Jürschik P, Botigué T, Nuín C, Masot O, et al. Fear of falling in community-dwelling older adults: A cause of falls, a consequence, or both?. PLoS one. 2018;13(3):e0194967.
  • Hoffman GJ, Malani PN, Solway E, Kirch M, Singer DC, and Kullgren JT. Changes in activity levels, physical functioning, and fall risk during the COVID‐19 pandemic. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2022;70(1):49-59.
  • Atıcı E, Girgin N, and Çevik Saldıran T. The effects of social isolation due to COVID‐19 on the fear of movement, falling, and physical activity in older people. Australas J Ageing. 2022;41(3):407-413.
  • Tinetti ME, Speechley M, and Ginter SF. Risk factors for falls among elderly persons living in the community. New England journal of medicine. 1988;319(26):1701-1707.
  • Walker JE, and Howland J. Falls and fear of falling among elderly persons living in the community: occupational therapy interventions. The American Journal of Occupational Therapy. 1991;45(2):119-122.
  • Bilgin A, Kesik G, and Özdemir L. Biopsychosocial Factors Predicting Pain Among Individuals Experiencing the Novel Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19). Pain Manag Nurs. 2022;23(1):79-86.
  • Docherty AB, Harrison EM, Green CA, Hardwick HE, Pius R, Norman L, et al. Features of 20 133 UK patients in hospital with covid-19 using the ISARIC WHO Clinical Characterisation Protocol: prospective observational cohort study. BMJ. 2020;369.
  • Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet. 2020;395(10223):497-506.
  • Jensen MP, and McFarland CA. Increasing the reliability and validity of pain intensity measurement in chronic pain patients. Pain. 1993;55(2):195-203.
  • Kahl C, and Cleland JA. Visual analogue scale, numeric pain rating scale and the McGill pain questionnaire: an overview of psychometric properties. Phys Ther Rev. 2005;10:123-128.
  • Herr KA, Spratt K, Mobily PR, and Richardson G. Pain intensity assessment in older adults: use of experimental pain to compare psychometric properties and usability of selected pain scales with younger adults. Clin J Pain. 2004;20(4):207-219.
  • Delbaere K, Close JC, Mikolaizak AS, Sachdev PS, Brodaty H, and Lord SR. The falls efficacy scale international (FES-I). A comprehensive longitudinal validation study. Age and Ageing. 2010;39(2):210-216.
  • Ulus Y, Durmus D, Akyol Y, Terzi Y, Bilgici A, and Kuru O. Reliability and validity of the Turkish version of the Falls Efficacy Scale International (FES-I) in community-dwelling older persons. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2012;54(3):429-433.
  • Yazıcı G, Yazıcı-Volkan M, Özkul Ç, Varol F, and Bayraktar D. Reliability and Validity of the Turkish Version of Baecke Habitual Physical Activity Questionnaire in Healthy Adults. T Turkiye Klinikleri. J Health Sci. 2021;6(3).
  • Baecke JA, Burema J, and Frijters JE. A short questionnaire for the measurement of habitual physical activity in epidemiological studies. Am J Clin Nutr. 1982;36(5):936-942.
  • Huang C, Huang L, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Gu X, et al. 6-month consequences of COVID-19 in patients discharged from hospital: a cohort study. Lancet. 2023;401(10393):e21-e33.
  • Daitch V, Yelin D, Awwad M, Guaraldi G, Milić J, Mussini C, et al. Characteristics of long-COVID among older adults: a cross-sectional study. Int J Infect Dis. 2022;125:287-293.
  • Korkut S, and Ülker T. The effect of pain experienced during the COVID-19 infection on the fear of pain and quality of life. Pain Manag Nurs. 2022;23(1):31-37.
  • Simsek H, Erkoyun E, Akoz A, Ergor A, and Ucku R. Falls, fear of falling and related factors in community‐dwelling individuals aged 80 and over in Turkey. Australas J Ageing. 2020;39(1):e16-e23.
  • Olezene CS, Hansen E, Steere HK, Giacino JT, Polich GR, Borg-Stein J, et al. Functional out comes in the inpatient rehabilitation setting following severe COVID-19 infection. PLoS One. 2021;16(3):e0248824.
  • Nguyen HT, Nguyen CC, and Le Hoang T. Falls among older adults during the COVID-19 pandemic: a multicenter cross-sec tional study in Vietnam. Clin Interv Aging. 2022;1393-1404.
  • Anezaki S, Sakka M, and Yamamoto-Mitani N. Association between prevention from going out and incidence of falls among community-dwelling older adults during COVID-19 pandemic. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2023;20(3):2650.
  • Bahat Öztürk G, Kiliç C, Bozkurt M, and Karan M. Prevalence and associates of fear of falling among community-dwelling older adults. J Nutr Health Aging. 2021;25:433-439.

COVID-19’UN YAŞLILARDA AĞRI, DÜŞME SIKLIĞI, DÜŞME KORKUSU VE FİZİKSEL AKTİVİTE SEVİYESİ ÜZERİNE ETKİSİ: KESİTSEL BİR ÇALIŞMA

Year 2024, Volume: 35 Issue: 2, 178 - 187, 27.08.2024
https://doi.org/10.21653/tjpr.1337956

Abstract

Amaç: COVID-19’a yakalanmış kişiler hastalık sonrası çeşitli semptomlara sahip olabilirler. Bu semptomlar ağrı, düşme, düşme korkusu ve fiziksel aktivite seviyesindeki olumsuz değişiklikler ile ilişkilidir. Bu çalışmada COVID-19’un yaşlılarda ağrı, düşme sıklığı, düşme korkusu ve fiziksel aktivite seviyesi üzerine etkisini araştırmak ve bu değişkenlerle ilişkili faktörleri belirlenmek amaçlanmıştır.
Yöntem: Katılımcılar bu kesitsel çalışma için COVID-19 (n=48) ve sağlıklı kontrol (n=66) olmak üzere iki gruba ayrıldı. Katılımcıların ağrı, düşme sayısı, düşme korkusu ve fiziksel aktivite seviyeleri değerlendirildi. Bu faktörlerle ilişkili değişkenler çoklu lineer regresyon analizi kullanılarak belirlendi. Ayrıca katılımcıların demografik bilgileri, hastalık bilgileri, COVID-19 sonrası semptomları, sigara içme durumları, kimle birlikte yaşadıkları, COVID-19 hastalığına yakalandıktan sonra geçen süre, COVID-19 nedeniyle hastaneye yatış durumları ve COVID-19 aşı dozları sorgulandı.
Sonuçlar: Ağrı, yorgunluk ve bilişsel bozuklukların COVID-19 grubunda anlamlı şekilde daha yaygın olduğu görüldü (p=0,001, p=0,021, p=0,011, sırasıyla). COVID-19 grubu kontrol grubuyla karşılaştırıldığında ağrı şiddeti, düşme sayısı, düşme korkusu ve fiziksel aktivite seviyesinde daha kötü sonuçlar gösterdi (p=0,009, p=0,030, p=0,005, p<0,001, sırasıyla). COVID-19’un ağrı şiddeti ve fiziksel aktivite seviyesini önemli ölçüde etkileyen bir faktör olduğu tespit edildi (β=-0,273, p=0,007; β=0,416, p=0,003, sırasıyla).
Tartışma: COVID-19 geçirmiş yaşlı bireylerde ağrı, düşme sıklığı, düşme korkusu ve fiziksel aktivite seviyesi kendi yaş grubundaki kişilere göre daha kötüdür. Hastalık sonrası dönemde COVID-19, yaşlılarda ağrı şiddeti ve fiziksel aktivite seviyesini etkilemektedir. COVID-19’a yakalanan yaşlı bireylerin hastalık sonrası uzun süreli semptomlar, düşme ve fiziksel aktivite açısından değerlendirilmesi ve gerektiğinde uygun tedavinin uygulanması önemlidir.

References

  • Akila K, and Nathan S. A review study on relationship among covid-19 and pneumonia. European. J Mol Clin Med. 2020;5476-5480.
  • Cucinotta D, and Vanelli M. WHO declares COVID-19 a pandemic. Acta Biomed. 2020;91(1):157.
  • Salamanna F, Veronesi F, Martini L, Landini MP, and Fini M. Post-COVID-19 syndrome: the persistent symptoms at the post-viral stage of the disease. A systematic review of the current data. Front Med. 2021;8:392.
  • National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. COVID-19 rapid guideline: managing the long-term effects of COVID-19. London: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). 2020;1-35.
  • Weng L-M, Su X, and Wang X-Q. Pain symptoms in patients with coronavirus disease (COVID-19): A literature review. J Pain Res. 2021;14:147.
  • Fara A, Mitrev Z, Rosalia RA, and Assas BM. Cytokine storm and COVID-19: a chronicle of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Open Biol. 2020;10(9):200160.
  • Clauw DJ, Häuser W, Cohen SP, and Fitzcharles M-A. Considering the potential for an increase in chronic pain after the COVID-19 pandemic. Pain. 2020;161(8):1694.
  • Tison GH, Avram R, Kuhar P, Abreau S, Marcus GM, Pletcher MJ, et al. Worldwide effect of COVID-19 on physical activity: a descriptive study. Ann Intern Med. 2020;173(9):767-770.
  • Morley JE. COVID-19—the long road to recovery. The Journal of Nutrition, Health & Aging. 2020;24(9):917-919.
  • Tinetti ME, De Leon CFM, Doucette JT, and Baker DI. Fear of falling and fall-related efficacy in relationship to functioning among community-living elders. J Gerontol. 1994;49(3):M140-M147.
  • Kiel DP, O’Sullivan P, Teno JM, and Mor V. Health care utili zation and functional status in the aged following a fall. Med Care. 1991;29(3):221-228.
  • Belloni G, Büla C, Santos-Eggimann B, Henchoz Y, and See matter-Bagnoud L. A single question as a screening tool to assess fear of falling in young-old community-dwelling persons. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association. 2020;21(9):1295-1301.
  • Lavedán A, Viladrosa M, Jürschik P, Botigué T, Nuín C, Masot O, et al. Fear of falling in community-dwelling older adults: A cause of falls, a consequence, or both?. PLoS one. 2018;13(3):e0194967.
  • Hoffman GJ, Malani PN, Solway E, Kirch M, Singer DC, and Kullgren JT. Changes in activity levels, physical functioning, and fall risk during the COVID‐19 pandemic. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2022;70(1):49-59.
  • Atıcı E, Girgin N, and Çevik Saldıran T. The effects of social isolation due to COVID‐19 on the fear of movement, falling, and physical activity in older people. Australas J Ageing. 2022;41(3):407-413.
  • Tinetti ME, Speechley M, and Ginter SF. Risk factors for falls among elderly persons living in the community. New England journal of medicine. 1988;319(26):1701-1707.
  • Walker JE, and Howland J. Falls and fear of falling among elderly persons living in the community: occupational therapy interventions. The American Journal of Occupational Therapy. 1991;45(2):119-122.
  • Bilgin A, Kesik G, and Özdemir L. Biopsychosocial Factors Predicting Pain Among Individuals Experiencing the Novel Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19). Pain Manag Nurs. 2022;23(1):79-86.
  • Docherty AB, Harrison EM, Green CA, Hardwick HE, Pius R, Norman L, et al. Features of 20 133 UK patients in hospital with covid-19 using the ISARIC WHO Clinical Characterisation Protocol: prospective observational cohort study. BMJ. 2020;369.
  • Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet. 2020;395(10223):497-506.
  • Jensen MP, and McFarland CA. Increasing the reliability and validity of pain intensity measurement in chronic pain patients. Pain. 1993;55(2):195-203.
  • Kahl C, and Cleland JA. Visual analogue scale, numeric pain rating scale and the McGill pain questionnaire: an overview of psychometric properties. Phys Ther Rev. 2005;10:123-128.
  • Herr KA, Spratt K, Mobily PR, and Richardson G. Pain intensity assessment in older adults: use of experimental pain to compare psychometric properties and usability of selected pain scales with younger adults. Clin J Pain. 2004;20(4):207-219.
  • Delbaere K, Close JC, Mikolaizak AS, Sachdev PS, Brodaty H, and Lord SR. The falls efficacy scale international (FES-I). A comprehensive longitudinal validation study. Age and Ageing. 2010;39(2):210-216.
  • Ulus Y, Durmus D, Akyol Y, Terzi Y, Bilgici A, and Kuru O. Reliability and validity of the Turkish version of the Falls Efficacy Scale International (FES-I) in community-dwelling older persons. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2012;54(3):429-433.
  • Yazıcı G, Yazıcı-Volkan M, Özkul Ç, Varol F, and Bayraktar D. Reliability and Validity of the Turkish Version of Baecke Habitual Physical Activity Questionnaire in Healthy Adults. T Turkiye Klinikleri. J Health Sci. 2021;6(3).
  • Baecke JA, Burema J, and Frijters JE. A short questionnaire for the measurement of habitual physical activity in epidemiological studies. Am J Clin Nutr. 1982;36(5):936-942.
  • Huang C, Huang L, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Gu X, et al. 6-month consequences of COVID-19 in patients discharged from hospital: a cohort study. Lancet. 2023;401(10393):e21-e33.
  • Daitch V, Yelin D, Awwad M, Guaraldi G, Milić J, Mussini C, et al. Characteristics of long-COVID among older adults: a cross-sectional study. Int J Infect Dis. 2022;125:287-293.
  • Korkut S, and Ülker T. The effect of pain experienced during the COVID-19 infection on the fear of pain and quality of life. Pain Manag Nurs. 2022;23(1):31-37.
  • Simsek H, Erkoyun E, Akoz A, Ergor A, and Ucku R. Falls, fear of falling and related factors in community‐dwelling individuals aged 80 and over in Turkey. Australas J Ageing. 2020;39(1):e16-e23.
  • Olezene CS, Hansen E, Steere HK, Giacino JT, Polich GR, Borg-Stein J, et al. Functional out comes in the inpatient rehabilitation setting following severe COVID-19 infection. PLoS One. 2021;16(3):e0248824.
  • Nguyen HT, Nguyen CC, and Le Hoang T. Falls among older adults during the COVID-19 pandemic: a multicenter cross-sec tional study in Vietnam. Clin Interv Aging. 2022;1393-1404.
  • Anezaki S, Sakka M, and Yamamoto-Mitani N. Association between prevention from going out and incidence of falls among community-dwelling older adults during COVID-19 pandemic. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2023;20(3):2650.
  • Bahat Öztürk G, Kiliç C, Bozkurt M, and Karan M. Prevalence and associates of fear of falling among community-dwelling older adults. J Nutr Health Aging. 2021;25:433-439.
There are 35 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Rehabilitation
Journal Section Araştırma Makaleleri
Authors

Ozan Gür 0000-0002-9909-2691

Selda Başar 0000-0002-1433-4349

Publication Date August 27, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 35 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Gür, O., & Başar, S. (2024). EFFECT OF COVID-19 ON PAIN, FALL FREQUENCY, FEAR OF FALLING, AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY LEVEL IN OLDER PEOPLE: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY. Türk Fizyoterapi Ve Rehabilitasyon Dergisi, 35(2), 178-187. https://doi.org/10.21653/tjpr.1337956
AMA Gür O, Başar S. EFFECT OF COVID-19 ON PAIN, FALL FREQUENCY, FEAR OF FALLING, AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY LEVEL IN OLDER PEOPLE: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY. Turk J Physiother Rehabil. August 2024;35(2):178-187. doi:10.21653/tjpr.1337956
Chicago Gür, Ozan, and Selda Başar. “EFFECT OF COVID-19 ON PAIN, FALL FREQUENCY, FEAR OF FALLING, AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY LEVEL IN OLDER PEOPLE: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY”. Türk Fizyoterapi Ve Rehabilitasyon Dergisi 35, no. 2 (August 2024): 178-87. https://doi.org/10.21653/tjpr.1337956.
EndNote Gür O, Başar S (August 1, 2024) EFFECT OF COVID-19 ON PAIN, FALL FREQUENCY, FEAR OF FALLING, AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY LEVEL IN OLDER PEOPLE: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY. Türk Fizyoterapi ve Rehabilitasyon Dergisi 35 2 178–187.
IEEE O. Gür and S. Başar, “EFFECT OF COVID-19 ON PAIN, FALL FREQUENCY, FEAR OF FALLING, AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY LEVEL IN OLDER PEOPLE: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY”, Turk J Physiother Rehabil, vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 178–187, 2024, doi: 10.21653/tjpr.1337956.
ISNAD Gür, Ozan - Başar, Selda. “EFFECT OF COVID-19 ON PAIN, FALL FREQUENCY, FEAR OF FALLING, AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY LEVEL IN OLDER PEOPLE: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY”. Türk Fizyoterapi ve Rehabilitasyon Dergisi 35/2 (August 2024), 178-187. https://doi.org/10.21653/tjpr.1337956.
JAMA Gür O, Başar S. EFFECT OF COVID-19 ON PAIN, FALL FREQUENCY, FEAR OF FALLING, AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY LEVEL IN OLDER PEOPLE: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY. Turk J Physiother Rehabil. 2024;35:178–187.
MLA Gür, Ozan and Selda Başar. “EFFECT OF COVID-19 ON PAIN, FALL FREQUENCY, FEAR OF FALLING, AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY LEVEL IN OLDER PEOPLE: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY”. Türk Fizyoterapi Ve Rehabilitasyon Dergisi, vol. 35, no. 2, 2024, pp. 178-87, doi:10.21653/tjpr.1337956.
Vancouver Gür O, Başar S. EFFECT OF COVID-19 ON PAIN, FALL FREQUENCY, FEAR OF FALLING, AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY LEVEL IN OLDER PEOPLE: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY. Turk J Physiother Rehabil. 2024;35(2):178-87.