Insecticide Resistance and Mechanisms in Cydia pomonella (L): Global Situation

Abstract

Cydia pomonella (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) is an important pest of pome fruits (apples and pears) and walnuts worldwide. Integrated control methods compatible with the environment; such as the mating disruption technique, mass trapping and sterile insect technique, parasitoid release, Bacillus thrungiensis kurstaki, C. pomonella granule virus and applying new generation bioinsecticides of bacterial origin have been used to suppress C. pomonella populations. However, these management methods cannot suppress the codling moth populations at desired level when they are used alone. Therefore, in almost all pome fruit producing countries, C. pomonella is controlled by insecticides. As a result of the intensive use of insecticides worldwide, it has been determined that C. pomonella has developed resistance to wide range of pesticides including organophosphate, carbamate, pyrethroid, benzoylurea, neonicotinoid, granulavirus, DDT, fenoxycarb, arsenate, diacylhydrazine and cyclodiene organochlorines. In this review, insecticide resistance, biochemical and molecular mechanisms of different populations of C. pomonella, which have been determined from past to present, are summarized.

Keywords

• Cydia pomonella
• Resistance
• Codling moth
• Insecticide

Cydia pomonella (L)'da İnsektisit Direnci ve Mekanizmaları: Küresel Durum

Abstract

Dünya genelinde Cydia pomonella (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) yumuşak çekirdekli meyvelerin (elma ve armut) ve cevizin önemli bir zararlısıdır. Çevreyle uyumlu entegre mücadele yöntemleri; kitle yakalama yöntemi, şaşırtma tekniği ve kısır böcek salımı, parazitoit salımı, Bacillus thrungiensis kurstaki, C. pomonella granul virüsü, bakteri kökenli yeni nesil bioinsektisitlerin kullanımı gibi yöntemler C. pomonella popülasyonlarını baskı altına almak için kullanılmaktadır. Ancak bu uygulamalar tek başına kullanıldığında içkurdu popülasyonlarını istenilen seviyede baskı altına alamamaktadır. Bu nedenle, neredeyse tüm yumuşak çekirdekli meyve üreten ülkelerde C. pomonella mücadelesi, insektisitler kullanılarak yapılmaktadır. Dünya çapında insektisitlerin yoğun kullanımı sonucunda C. pomonella’nın organofosfat, karbamat, pyrethroid, benzoylurea, neonicotinoid, granulavirüs, DDT, fenoxycarb, arsenat, diacylhydrazine ve cyclodiene organoklorlular sınıfındaki insektisitlere direnç geliştirdiği belirlenmiştir. Bu derlemede geçmişten günümüze kadar farklı C. pomonella popülasyonlarında belirlenen’nın insektisit direnci, biyokimyasal ve moleküler mekanizmaları özetlenmiştir.

Keywords

• Cydia pomonella
• Direnç
• Elma içkurdu
• İnsektisit

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