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İKLİM POLİTİKASININ BİR ARACI OLAN TEMİZ KALKINMA MEKANİZMASINDA PAYDAŞ KATILIMI VE KATILIMA İLİŞKİN SORUNLAR

Year 2018, , 38 - 53, 15.06.2018
https://doi.org/10.30520/tjsosci.421482

Abstract

Temiz Kalkınma Mekanizması, iklim
değişikliğinin çözümünde maliyetleri azaltmak için Kyoto Protokolü'nde kabul
edilen esneklik mekanizmalarından biridir. Gelişmekte olan ülkelerde uygulanan
proje temelli bu mekanizmanın amacı, gelişmiş ülkelerin düşük maliyetle sera
gazı salım hedeflerine, gelişmekte olan ülkelerin de sürdürülebilir kalkınma
hedeflerine ulaşmasını sağlamaktır. Temiz Kalkınma Mekanizması projelerinin
amaçlarına ulaşabilmesi için kullanılan en önemli araçlardan biri paydaş
katılımıdır. Küresel yönetişim tartışmalarına göre "paydaş katılımı"
yukarıdan aşağıya olan yönetim şeklinden, aşağıdan yukarı, resmi olmayan ve
gönüllülük esasına dayanan bir yönetim yaklaşımına geçiş olarak
adlandırılmaktadır. 
Bu çalışmanın amacı iklim
değişikliğine neden olan sera gazı salımlarını azaltmak için gelişmekte olan
ülkelerde uygulanan Temiz Kalkınma Mekanizmasını ve paydaş katılımı sürecini
incelemek, bu sürecin pratikte uygulanıp uygulanmadığını araştırmak ve daha da
önemlisi demokrasi kültürünün tam olarak yerleşmediği gelişmekte olan ülkelerde
katılıma ilişkin problemleri sorgulanmaktır. 
Yapılan araştırma
sonucunda, paydaş katılımı süreçlerinin tanımlandığı ve pratikte tanımlanmış
olan kurallara uygun işlediği fakat katılımın sürece olan etkisinin çok az olduğu
ve bunun sebebinin sadece geliştirilen metodlar değil, toplumsal gücün
dağılımdaki dengesizlik olduğu görülmüştür.

References

  • Arı, İ., (2010), İklim Değişikliğinde Mücadelede Emisyon Ticareti ve Türkiye Uygulaması, DPT Uzmanlık Tezleri, Ankara, Yayın No: 2817. - Ataay, F., (Nisan 2013), "Liberal Demokraside Ekonomi - Siyaset Ayrılığı Sorunu", Üç Aylık Sosyal Bilim Dergisi, Sayı: 13-14, Sayfa: 9-21.
  • Avakian, B., (2016), "Diktatörlük, Demokrasi ve Komünizme Sosyalist Geçiş", https://avakianbob.wordpress.com/2013/03/05/diktatorluk-ve-demokrasi-ve- komunizme-sosyalist-gecis/ (21/01/2016).
  • Bayram, A.K., (2011), "Topluluk, İktidar İlişkileri, Birey ve Müzakereci Demokrasi", Liberal Düşünce, Yıl: 16, Sayı: 61-62, Kış-Bahar 2011, Sayfa: 111- 120
  • Bal, H., (2014), "David Held'in Sınıflandırmasına Göre Demokrasinin Klasik Modelleri", International Journal of Social Science, Sayı: 26, Sayfa: 213- 229.- Baumert, K.A.,
  • Petkova, E., (2000), "How will the Clean Development Mechanism Ensure Transparency, Public Engagement and Accountability?", Worlds Resource Instıtute, Climate Notes, Climate Energy and Pollution Program, Washington DC.
  • Carbon Market Watch (2013), "Views to the Review of the Modalities and Procedures of the Clean Development Mechanism", http://carbonmarketwatch.org/wp- content/uploads/2013/03/Views-on-the-CDM-MPreview_CarbonMarketWatch250320131.pdf, (17.02.2016).
  • Carbon Market Watch Network (November 2013), "Local Realities of CDM Project, A Compilation of Case Studies", http://carbonmarketwatch.org/wp- content/uploads/2015/02/CDM-Cases-Studies.pdf, (17.02.2016).
  • CDM, (2016a), "Methodologies Links to Sectoral Scopes", https://cdm.unfccc.int/DOE/scopes.html, (27.01.2016).
  • CDM, (2016b), "Governance", https://cdm.unfccc.int/EB/governance.html, (26.01.2016).- CDM, (2016c), "CDM Project Cycle" https://cdm.unfccc.int/Projects/diagram.html, (28.01.2016).
  • CDM, (2016d), "CDM PDD", https://cdm.unfccc.int/Reference/Guidclarif/pdd/PDD _guid04.pdf, (28.01.2016).- Çoban, A., (2013), "Sınıfsal Açıdan Ekolojik Mücadele, Demokrasinin Açmazları ve Komünizm", Yaşayan Marksizm, Cilt: 1, Sayı: 1, Sayfa: 243-282.
  • D'Aquino, P., (2007), "Empowerment and Participation: How Could the Wide Range of Social Effects of Participatory Approaches be Better Elicited and Compared?", The Icfai Journal of Knowledge Management, Cilt: 5, Sayı: 6, Sayfa: 76-87.
  • Demir, N., (2010), "Demokrasinin Temel İlkeleri ve Modern Demokrasi Kuramları", Ege Akademik Bakış, Cilt: 10, Sayı: 2, Sayfa: 597-611.- Dong, Y., (2014), "Local Stakeholder Participation in CDM and New Climate Mitigation Mechanisms - Case Study of a Small Scale Hydropower Project in China", CISDL / GEM
  • Working Paper Series.- Few R., Et Al., (2007), "Public Participation and Climate Change Adaptation: Avoiding the Illusion of Inclusion", Climate Policy, Cilt: 7, Sayı: 1, Sayfa: 46- 59.
  • Filzmoser, E. Et al., (2014), "The Need for a Right-Based Approach to the Clean Development Mechanism", http://orbit.dtu.dk/en/publications/the-need-for- a-rightsbased-approach-to-the-clean-development-mechanism(9eee167e-1417-4ca2-853f-ab19c3b7dbd1).html, (10.02.2016).- Flemmer, R., Schilling-Vacaflor,
  • A., (2016), "Unfulfilled Promises of the Consultation Approach: the Limits to Effective Indigenous Participation in Bolivia’s and Peru’s Extractive Industries", Third World Quarterly, Cilt: 37, Sayı: 1, Sayfa: 172-188.
  • Hansen, J.E. (2009), Küresel Isınmanın Kırılma Noktası, Derleyen ve Çeviren Abdullah Yılmaz, Ayrıntı Yayınları.
  • Hoggett, P., (2001), "Democracy, Social Relations and Ecowelfare", Social Policy and Administration, Cilt: 35, Sayı: 5, Sayfa: 608-626.
  • Karen H., O., (2007), "The Clean Development Mechanism's Contribution to Sustainable Development: A Review of the Literature", Climatic Change, 84: 59-73.
  • Konak, N., (Eylül 2011), "Küresel İklim Değişikliği, Kyoto Protokolü Esneklik Mekanizmaları, Gönüllü Karbon Piyasaları ve Türkiye: Eleştirel Yaklaşım", Alternatif Politika, Cilt: 3, Sayı: 2, s. 154-178.
  • Kyoto Protokolü (2009), "Resmi Gazete", 13 Mayıs 2009 Çarşamba, Sayı 27227, Karar Sayısı 2009/14979.
  • Nyaoro, J., Chatterjee, B., (2011), "Briefing Paper 'Governance on the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)", AEA Technology, ED56638, Issue Number 1, Ref: CLIMA.B.3/ETU/2010/0020r.
  • Paris Agreement, (2015), http://unfccc.int/files/essential_background/convention/ application/pdf/english_paris_agreement.pdf, (16.03.2017).
  • Rawson, R., Hooper, P.D., (2012), "The Importance of Stakeholder Participation to Sustainable Airport Master Planning in the UK", Environmental Development, Cilt: 2, Sayfa: 36-47.
  • Reed, M.S., (2008), "Stakeholder Participation for Environmental Management: A Literature Review", Biological Conservation, Cilt: 141, Sayfa: 2417-2431
  • Richardson, T., (2015), " On the Limits of Liberalism in Participatory Environmental Governance: Conflict and Conservation in Ukraine’s Danube Delta", Development and Change, Cilt: 46, Sayı: 3, Sayfa: 415–441.
  • Saengsupavanich, C., Et Al., (2012), "Constraints Influencing Stakeholder Participation in Collective Environmental Management", Environ Earth Sci, Sayı: 66, Sayfa: 1817–1829.
  • Schade, J.,Obergassel, W. (2014). Human rights and the Clean Development Mechanism, Cambridge Review of International Affairs, Sayfa: 717-735. doi:10.1080/09557571.2014.961407
  • Tanuro, D., (2010), Yeşil Kapitalizm İmkânsızdır, Çeviren Volkan Yalçıntoklu, Habitus Yayıncılık, İstanbul.
  • Tunç, H., (2008), "Demokrasi Türleri ve Müzakereci Demokrasi Kavramı", Gazi Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, Cilt: 12, Sayı: 1-2, Sayfa: 1113-1132.
  • TUSİAD, (2016), Ekonomi Politikaları Perspektifinden İklim Değişikliği İle Mücadele, Yayın No: TÜSİAD- T/2016 T/2016,12-583, İstanbul.
  • Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi Raporlar Dizisi-TÜBA (2010), Türkiye Açısından Dünyada İklim Değişikliği, Sayı: 22, Yeni Reform Matbaacılık, Ankara.
  • Theguardian, (2014), "Green’ dam linked to killings of six indigenous people in Guatemala", http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2015/mar/26/santarita- green-damkillings-indigenous-people-guatemala, (04/05/2018)
  • UNEP, (2016), "Rio Declaration on Environment and Development", http://www.unep.org/documents.multilingual/default.asp?documentid=7 8&articleid=1163, (18/ 02/ 2016).
  • Ward H., Yogonathan, A., (2010), The Future of Democracy in the Face of Climate Change, Paper Two, Foundation for Democracy and Sustainable Development, London.

STAKEHOLDER PARTICIPATION IN CLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISM WHICH IS AN INSTRUMENT OF CLIMATE POLICY AND PARTICIPATION PROBLEMS

Year 2018, , 38 - 53, 15.06.2018
https://doi.org/10.30520/tjsosci.421482

Abstract

Clean Development Mechanism is
one of the three Flexibility Mechanisms defined in the Kyoto Protocol, is
provided as a solution for decreasing cost of emission reduction of the climate
change. Clean Development Mechanism is a project based mechanism implemented in
the developing countries, is aimed to assist developed countries in achieving
compliance with their quantified emissions reduction commitments with lower
cost and to assist developing countries in achieving sustainable development.
Stakeholder participation is one of the important tools of Clean Development
Mechanism which is used to reach its aim. According to debates about global
governance, "stakeholder participation" is named from top-down
steering to informal, bottom-up and voluntary approaches. 
The aim of this study is to investigate
Clean Developmen Mechanism and stakeholder participation process which has implemented
in developing countires to reduce the cost of greenhouse gas reduction, to
search stakeholder participation which is implemented in projects properly or
not and most importantly to analyze the problems of participation in developing
countries in which culture of democracy has not been settled completely. 
As a result of the study we can
state that, the stakeholder participation procedure is defined and works
according to the rules however it's effects on the process is very little and the
reason of this result is not just related to the methods used in the process
but related to the imbalance of social distribution of power. 

References

  • Arı, İ., (2010), İklim Değişikliğinde Mücadelede Emisyon Ticareti ve Türkiye Uygulaması, DPT Uzmanlık Tezleri, Ankara, Yayın No: 2817. - Ataay, F., (Nisan 2013), "Liberal Demokraside Ekonomi - Siyaset Ayrılığı Sorunu", Üç Aylık Sosyal Bilim Dergisi, Sayı: 13-14, Sayfa: 9-21.
  • Avakian, B., (2016), "Diktatörlük, Demokrasi ve Komünizme Sosyalist Geçiş", https://avakianbob.wordpress.com/2013/03/05/diktatorluk-ve-demokrasi-ve- komunizme-sosyalist-gecis/ (21/01/2016).
  • Bayram, A.K., (2011), "Topluluk, İktidar İlişkileri, Birey ve Müzakereci Demokrasi", Liberal Düşünce, Yıl: 16, Sayı: 61-62, Kış-Bahar 2011, Sayfa: 111- 120
  • Bal, H., (2014), "David Held'in Sınıflandırmasına Göre Demokrasinin Klasik Modelleri", International Journal of Social Science, Sayı: 26, Sayfa: 213- 229.- Baumert, K.A.,
  • Petkova, E., (2000), "How will the Clean Development Mechanism Ensure Transparency, Public Engagement and Accountability?", Worlds Resource Instıtute, Climate Notes, Climate Energy and Pollution Program, Washington DC.
  • Carbon Market Watch (2013), "Views to the Review of the Modalities and Procedures of the Clean Development Mechanism", http://carbonmarketwatch.org/wp- content/uploads/2013/03/Views-on-the-CDM-MPreview_CarbonMarketWatch250320131.pdf, (17.02.2016).
  • Carbon Market Watch Network (November 2013), "Local Realities of CDM Project, A Compilation of Case Studies", http://carbonmarketwatch.org/wp- content/uploads/2015/02/CDM-Cases-Studies.pdf, (17.02.2016).
  • CDM, (2016a), "Methodologies Links to Sectoral Scopes", https://cdm.unfccc.int/DOE/scopes.html, (27.01.2016).
  • CDM, (2016b), "Governance", https://cdm.unfccc.int/EB/governance.html, (26.01.2016).- CDM, (2016c), "CDM Project Cycle" https://cdm.unfccc.int/Projects/diagram.html, (28.01.2016).
  • CDM, (2016d), "CDM PDD", https://cdm.unfccc.int/Reference/Guidclarif/pdd/PDD _guid04.pdf, (28.01.2016).- Çoban, A., (2013), "Sınıfsal Açıdan Ekolojik Mücadele, Demokrasinin Açmazları ve Komünizm", Yaşayan Marksizm, Cilt: 1, Sayı: 1, Sayfa: 243-282.
  • D'Aquino, P., (2007), "Empowerment and Participation: How Could the Wide Range of Social Effects of Participatory Approaches be Better Elicited and Compared?", The Icfai Journal of Knowledge Management, Cilt: 5, Sayı: 6, Sayfa: 76-87.
  • Demir, N., (2010), "Demokrasinin Temel İlkeleri ve Modern Demokrasi Kuramları", Ege Akademik Bakış, Cilt: 10, Sayı: 2, Sayfa: 597-611.- Dong, Y., (2014), "Local Stakeholder Participation in CDM and New Climate Mitigation Mechanisms - Case Study of a Small Scale Hydropower Project in China", CISDL / GEM
  • Working Paper Series.- Few R., Et Al., (2007), "Public Participation and Climate Change Adaptation: Avoiding the Illusion of Inclusion", Climate Policy, Cilt: 7, Sayı: 1, Sayfa: 46- 59.
  • Filzmoser, E. Et al., (2014), "The Need for a Right-Based Approach to the Clean Development Mechanism", http://orbit.dtu.dk/en/publications/the-need-for- a-rightsbased-approach-to-the-clean-development-mechanism(9eee167e-1417-4ca2-853f-ab19c3b7dbd1).html, (10.02.2016).- Flemmer, R., Schilling-Vacaflor,
  • A., (2016), "Unfulfilled Promises of the Consultation Approach: the Limits to Effective Indigenous Participation in Bolivia’s and Peru’s Extractive Industries", Third World Quarterly, Cilt: 37, Sayı: 1, Sayfa: 172-188.
  • Hansen, J.E. (2009), Küresel Isınmanın Kırılma Noktası, Derleyen ve Çeviren Abdullah Yılmaz, Ayrıntı Yayınları.
  • Hoggett, P., (2001), "Democracy, Social Relations and Ecowelfare", Social Policy and Administration, Cilt: 35, Sayı: 5, Sayfa: 608-626.
  • Karen H., O., (2007), "The Clean Development Mechanism's Contribution to Sustainable Development: A Review of the Literature", Climatic Change, 84: 59-73.
  • Konak, N., (Eylül 2011), "Küresel İklim Değişikliği, Kyoto Protokolü Esneklik Mekanizmaları, Gönüllü Karbon Piyasaları ve Türkiye: Eleştirel Yaklaşım", Alternatif Politika, Cilt: 3, Sayı: 2, s. 154-178.
  • Kyoto Protokolü (2009), "Resmi Gazete", 13 Mayıs 2009 Çarşamba, Sayı 27227, Karar Sayısı 2009/14979.
  • Nyaoro, J., Chatterjee, B., (2011), "Briefing Paper 'Governance on the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)", AEA Technology, ED56638, Issue Number 1, Ref: CLIMA.B.3/ETU/2010/0020r.
  • Paris Agreement, (2015), http://unfccc.int/files/essential_background/convention/ application/pdf/english_paris_agreement.pdf, (16.03.2017).
  • Rawson, R., Hooper, P.D., (2012), "The Importance of Stakeholder Participation to Sustainable Airport Master Planning in the UK", Environmental Development, Cilt: 2, Sayfa: 36-47.
  • Reed, M.S., (2008), "Stakeholder Participation for Environmental Management: A Literature Review", Biological Conservation, Cilt: 141, Sayfa: 2417-2431
  • Richardson, T., (2015), " On the Limits of Liberalism in Participatory Environmental Governance: Conflict and Conservation in Ukraine’s Danube Delta", Development and Change, Cilt: 46, Sayı: 3, Sayfa: 415–441.
  • Saengsupavanich, C., Et Al., (2012), "Constraints Influencing Stakeholder Participation in Collective Environmental Management", Environ Earth Sci, Sayı: 66, Sayfa: 1817–1829.
  • Schade, J.,Obergassel, W. (2014). Human rights and the Clean Development Mechanism, Cambridge Review of International Affairs, Sayfa: 717-735. doi:10.1080/09557571.2014.961407
  • Tanuro, D., (2010), Yeşil Kapitalizm İmkânsızdır, Çeviren Volkan Yalçıntoklu, Habitus Yayıncılık, İstanbul.
  • Tunç, H., (2008), "Demokrasi Türleri ve Müzakereci Demokrasi Kavramı", Gazi Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, Cilt: 12, Sayı: 1-2, Sayfa: 1113-1132.
  • TUSİAD, (2016), Ekonomi Politikaları Perspektifinden İklim Değişikliği İle Mücadele, Yayın No: TÜSİAD- T/2016 T/2016,12-583, İstanbul.
  • Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi Raporlar Dizisi-TÜBA (2010), Türkiye Açısından Dünyada İklim Değişikliği, Sayı: 22, Yeni Reform Matbaacılık, Ankara.
  • Theguardian, (2014), "Green’ dam linked to killings of six indigenous people in Guatemala", http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2015/mar/26/santarita- green-damkillings-indigenous-people-guatemala, (04/05/2018)
  • UNEP, (2016), "Rio Declaration on Environment and Development", http://www.unep.org/documents.multilingual/default.asp?documentid=7 8&articleid=1163, (18/ 02/ 2016).
  • Ward H., Yogonathan, A., (2010), The Future of Democracy in the Face of Climate Change, Paper Two, Foundation for Democracy and Sustainable Development, London.
There are 34 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Ferhan Can

Publication Date June 15, 2018
Published in Issue Year 2018

Cite

APA Can, F. (2018). İKLİM POLİTİKASININ BİR ARACI OLAN TEMİZ KALKINMA MEKANİZMASINDA PAYDAŞ KATILIMI VE KATILIMA İLİŞKİN SORUNLAR. The Journal of Social Science, 2(3), 38-53. https://doi.org/10.30520/tjsosci.421482