FOREIGN POLICY PERSPECTIVES AND SUPERPOWER POLITICS: COMPETITION OF U.S. AND RUSSIA OVER KOSOVO

Year 2020, , 87 - 101, 28.02.2020

Efe Sıvış

https://doi.org/10.30520/tjsosci.688610

Cited By: 2

Abstract

Kosovo’s proclamation of independence in 2008 led various reflections on U.S. and Russia. While the president George W. Bush looked with favor of Kosovo’s declaration, Russia argued that it was a infringement of international law and of Serbia’s territorial integrity. The 1999 NATO bombing of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, that to a certain extent gained Kosovo an additional impetus to break away from Serbia and Montenegro, is debated to this day since it was not supported by the United Nations Security Council. The policy of non-intervention and exempting local authorithy from foreign influences are two primary objectives of the Westphalian model – the main theoretical framework on which this article is built. Drawing on these two main objectives, the paper tackles with the issue of Kosovo’s statehood from the perspective of both the U.S. and Russia. While Kosovo’s statehood is the focal point, the Western Balkan region is put in the spotlight to serve as a stage for competing superpowers. 

Keywords

Westphalia, Territorial Integrity, Kosovo, U.S Foreign Policy, Russian Foreign Policy

DIŞ POLİTİKA PERSPEKTİFLERİ VE SÜPER GÜÇ POLİTİKALARI: ABD’NİN VE RUSYA’NIN KOSOVA’DAKİ REKABETİ

Abstract

Kosova’nın 2008 yılında bağımsızlığını ilan edişinin ABD ve Rusya üzerinde farklı yansımaları oldu. Dönemin ABD Başkanı George W. Bush, Kosova’nın deklarasyonunu olumlu karşılarken, Rusya söz konusu adımı uluslararası hukukun ve Sırbistan’ın toprak bütünlüğünün ihlali olarak yorumladı. 1999 tarihli NATO’nun Yugoslavya’yı bombaladığı operasyonun Kosova’nın bağımsızlığına giden yolda, yerel otoritenin elini güçlendirdiği, Sırbistan ve Karadağ Devleti Birliği’nden ayrılma sürecini hızlandırdığı savunulabilir. Fakat NATO’nun söz konusu operasyonunun Birleşmiş Milletler Güvenlik Kurulu tarafından onaylanmamış olması, operasyonu günümüze kadar süren tartışmanın konusu haline getirmiştir. Bu çalışmada, Wesfalya modelinin dayandığı iki ana prensibinin müdahale etmeme ve dışsal aktörlerin iç politikadan hariç bırakılması olduğu göz önünde bulundurulmak suretiyle, Kosova’nın devletleşme süreci ABD ve Rusya’nın dış politika perspektifleri ışığında incelenmektedir. Çalışmada Kosova’nın, odakta tutulmasının yanı sıra iki süper gücün Batı Balkan bölgesindeki rekabeti incelenmektedir.

Keywords

Westfalya, Toprak Bütünlüğü, Kosova, Amerikan Dış Politikası, Rus Dış Politikası

References

• Abazi, E. (2008). Kosovo Independence: An Albanian Perspective. Policy Brief, No:11, Istanbul: Foundation for Political, Economic and Social Research.
• Al-Kassimi K. (2015) The Obsolescence of the Westphalian Model and the Return to A Maximum State of Exception. Constanta: Journal of Political Science & Public Affairs, S2: 007. doi:10.4172/2332-0761.S2-007.
• Antonenko, O. (2007). Russia and the Deadlock over Kosovo. Paris: Russia/NIS Center No:21. Balkan Insight (2009). Obama Congratulates Kosovo on Independence. http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/obama-congratulates-kosovo-on-independence (Erişim Tarihi: 16.01.2019).
• Borgen, C. J. (2008). Kosovo’s Declaration of Independence: Self-Determination, Secession and Recognition. American Society of International Law. Washington: ASIL Insights. Caporaso, J. A. (2000). Changes in the Westphalian Order: Territory, Public Authority, and Sovereignty. International Studies Review, 2 (2), 1-28.
• Caruso, U. (2008). Kosovo declaration of Independence and the International Community – an assessment by the Kosovo Monitoring Task Force. Journal on Ethnopolitics and Minority Issues in Europe, 7 (2), 1-33.
• Dabova, E. L. (2014). The Westphalian Principles: Dead of Transformed and Adapted to New Reality?. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention, 3 (4), 43-54.
• Desus, Z., Rexha, A., Merja A., Stratulat C. (2017). Kosovo's EU Candidate Status: a Goal Within Reach? http://www.epc.eu/documents/uploads/pub_7812_kosovoseucandidatestatus.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 21.01.2019).
• Directorate General for External Policies (2017). Serbia’s Cooperation with China, the European Union, Russia and the United States of America. http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2017/603854/EXPO_STU(2017)603854_EN.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 16.01.2019). Elisa Randazzo, E. (2010). Kosovo: Independence or Empty Sovereignty?. The Western Balkans Policy Review, 1 (1), 146-167.
• European Union Office in Kosovo (2016). Kosovo and the EU. https://eeas.europa.eu/delegations/kosovo/1387/kosovo-and-eu_en. (Erişim Tarihi: 15.01.2019).
• Ghaleb, A. (2011). End of Westphalia: The Implications of UN Resolution 1973 (2011) for the State-Territorial Sovereignty of Romania. Sfera Politicii, 4 (158), 75-82.
• Hamilton, D. (2008). U.S. and EU Powers Recognize Kosovo as Some Opposed. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-kosovo-serbia/u-s-and-eu-powers-recognize-kosovo-as-some-opposed-idUSHAM53437920080218 (Erişim Tarihi: 14.01.2019).
• Hershey, S. A. (1912). History of International Law Since the Peace of Westphalia. The American Journal of International Law, 6 (1), 30-69. HINA (2019). Putin: Relations Between Russia and Croatia Progressing. https://www.total-croatia-news.com/politics/33598-putin (Erişim Tarihi: 15.01.2019).
• Holsti, K. J. (2004). From States Systems to a Society of States: The Evolution of International Relations. Jarrod Wiener & Robert A. Schrire (Der), International Relations Vol. 1 içinde, (ss. 75-99). Paris: EOLSS.
• Hoogenboom, J. (2011). The EU as a Peacebuilder in Kosovo. Brussels: Civil Society Dialogue Network (CSDN). http://eplo.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/CSDN_MS-Meeting_Romania_Policy_Analysis_EU_as_a_Peacebuilder_in_Kosovo.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 10.01.2019). Jusufi, E. (2015). The Kosovo Precedent in the Secession and Recognition of Crimea, Iliria International Review. 5(1), 267-286.
• Kallaba, P. (2017). Russian Interference in Kosovo: How and Why?. Prishtine: Kosovar Centre for Security Studies.
• Krasner, S. D. (1999). Sovereignty: Organised Hypocrisy. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
• Krasner, S. D. and D. Froats (1999). The Westphalian Model and Minority Rights Guarantees in Europe. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/71726469.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 17.01.2019).
• Krieger, H. (2001). The Kosovo Conflict and International Law: An Analytical Documentation 1974-1999. New York: Cambridge University Press.
• Lehne, S. (2009). Resolving Kosovo’s Status. http://www.oiip.ac.at/fileadmin/Unterlagen/Dateien/Arbeitspapiere/Policy_Paper_Status_of_Kosovo.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 07.01.2019).
• Manolache, D. and C. Chiş (2015). NATO Bombing in the Former Yugoslav Republic of Yugoslavia. http://www.afahc.ro/ro/afases/2015/afases_2015/air_force/Manolache_Chis.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 14.01.2019).
• Marleku, A., Gashi, B., Krasniqi, V. (2017). The Role of US in the Security of Kosovo. http://cis01.central.ucv.ro/revistadestiintepolitice/files/numarul54_2017/4.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 19.01.2019).
• Mathews T, J. (1997). Power Shift. Foreign Affairs, 76, 50-66.
• Moita, L. (2012). A Critical Review on the Consensus Around the “Westphalian system”. Journal of International Relations, 3 (2), 17-42. Morelli, V. L. (2018). Kosovo: Background and U.S. Relations. https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R44979.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 15.01.2019).
• Naidu, M. V. (1999). NATO’s War on Yugoslavia: Issues, Actors and Prospects. Peace Research, 31 (2), 1-23.
• Osiander, A. (2001). Sovereignty, International Relations, and the Westphalian Myth. International Organization, 55 (2), 251-287.
• Petrovic, Z (2010). Russian-Serbian Strategic Partnership: Scope and Content, in Russia Serbia Relations at the Beginning of XXI Century. http://www.isac-fund.org/download/Russia-Serbia-Relations-at-the-beginning-of-XXI-Century.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 04.01.2019).
• President of the Republic of Kosovo, Hasim Thaçi (2018). President Thaci received a letter from a President of the USA, Donald Trump.https://www.president-ksgov.net/en/news/president-thaci-received-a-letter-from-the-president-of-the-usa-donald-trump (Erişim Tarihi: 17.01.2019).
• Radeljic, B. (2017). Russia’s involvement in the Kosovo Case: Defending Serbian Interests or Securing Its Own Influence in Europe?. Regional Studies of Russia, Eastern Europe, and Central Asia, 6(2), 273–300.
• Rettman, A.(2007). Serbia and Russia React Differently to Kosovo Independence Plan. https://euobserver.com/foreign/23791 (Erişim Tarihi: 05.01.2019).
• Rrecaj, B. (2008). Kosovo after the Declaration of Independence: Admission to UN, EU AND NATO. Croatian International Relations Review, 14 (50-51), 19-24.
• Tansey, O. (2009). Kosovo: Independence and Tutelage. Journal of Democracy, 20 (2), 153-166.
• TASS, Russian News Agency (2018). Russia's Position on Kosovo Remains Unchanged, Says Russian Diplomat. http://tass.com/politics/1017064 (Erişim Tarihi: 21.01.2019).
• Teschke, B. (2002). Theorizing the Westphalian System of States: International Relations from Absolutism to Capitalism. European Journal of International Relations. 8(1), 5-48.
• Ţuţuianu, S. (2013). Towards Global Justice: Sovereignty in an Independent World, the Hague: Asser Press. UNSC, United Nations Resolution 1244, https://unmik.unmissions.org/united-nations-resolution-1244 (Erişim Tarihi: 03.01.2019).
• United Nations Security Council (1998), Resolution 1160 (1998), S/RES/1160, 31 March 1998 http://unscr.com/en/resolutions/doc/1160 (Erişim Tarihi: 11.01.2019).
• U.S. Department of State (2018). U.S. Relations with Kosovo. Bureau of European and Eurasian Affairs, Fact Sheet. https://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/100931.htm (Erişim Tarihi: 21.01.2019).
• U.S. Department of State (2008). U.S. Recognizes Kosovo as an Independent State. https://2001-2009.state.gov/secretary/rm/2008/02/100973.htm (Erişim Tarihi: 13.01.2019).
• Valki, L. (2001). Kosovo, International Law and Humanitarian Intervention. Institute of International Relations. Journal Perspectives. 15 (Winter), 45-67.
• Van Ham, P. (2000). Europe’s New Defense Ambition: Implications for NATO, the US, and Russia. https://www.bits.de/EURA/ham.pdf. (Erişim Tarihi: 09.01.2019).
• Wedgwood, R. (1999). NATO’s campaign in Yugoslavia. The American Journal of International Law. 93 (4), 828-834.
• Wippman, D. (2001). Kosovo and the Limits of International Law. Fordham International Law Journal, 25 (1), 129-150.
• Woehrel, S. (2013). Kosovo: Current Issues and U.S. Policy. https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RS21721.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 15.01.2019).
• World News (2008). Serbia Recalls Ambassador After U.S. Recognizes Kosovo. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-kosovo-serbia-envoy/serbia-recalls-ambassador-after-u-s-recognizes-kosovo-idUSL1888220320080218 (Erişim Tarihi: 11.01.2019).