Abstract
This article aims to examine power relations between China and West in the 19th century, in particular, from the first Opium War (1839-1842) to Self-strengthening Movement (1864-1884) since when Europeans, for the first time, came to China with new technologies, armaments, and ideas, and told them what is good for Chinese, Chinese were bewildered because they did not know how to respond. China had lived under its sense of superiority as mandate of heaven with its neighbours for a long centuries. They had not seen people like westerners before. They were complacent with regards to foreign world, and did not keep up with contemporary world conditions. Thus, when they encountered superior power of westerners throughout the 19th century, they failed to response successfully, and started to lose everything they believed and had for centuries. In Chinese respond to West, two strategies were put forth, which one ise a sort of external balancing, but not via military alliance with another country, but through the concept of most favoured nation clause by inviting other western countries to China in order to use “one barbarian country to another barbarian country”. The other strategy China utilized is a kind of internal balancing by menas of self-strengthening movement.
References
- Akyilmaz, Gul. (2015). Siyasi Tarih. Ankara: Seckin Yayınları.
- Armaoglu, Fahir. (2016). 19. Yuzyil Siyasi Tarihi 1789-1914. Istanbul: Timaş Yayınları.
- Ari, Tayyar. (2013). Uluslararasi Iliskiler Teorileri: Catisma, Hegemonya, Isbirligi. Bursa. MKM.
- Bairoch, Paul. (1982). International Industrialization Levels From 1750 to 1980. Journal of European Conomic History, 11, No. 2.
- Eberhard, Wolfram. (1947). Cin Tarihi. Ankara: Turk Tarih Kurumu.
- Edward, Gulick V. (1967). Europe’s Classical Balance of Power. New York: W. W. Norton and Company, Inc.
- Fatton, Lionel. P. (2018)’Japan is back’: Autonomy and balancing amidst an unstable China–U.S.–Japan triangle’. Asia & The Pacific Policy Studies. DOI: 10.1002/app5.240. 5:264-278.
- Feis, Herber. (1930). The World’s Banker: 1870-1914 New Haven: Yale Press.
- Holcombe, Charles. (2016). A History of East Asia: From the Origins of Civilization to the Twenty-First century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Harold, Vinacke, M. (1945). A History of The Far East In Modern Times. New York: F. S. Crofts & CO.
- Huang, Guanqiao. (2021). China’s Self-Strengthening Movement and Japan’s Meiji Restoration. Available at https://www.ia-forum.org/Files/YIUBIF.pdf, (accessed on 20 May, 2021).
- Hsu, Immanuel, C. Y. (2000). The Rise of Modern China. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Hwan, Seung. (2009). Chinese Loans 1861-1911. Korean Minjok Leadership Academy, Internationa Program, Research Paper.
- Chesnaux, Jean., Bastid, Marianne, and Bergére, Marie-Claire,. (1977). China from the Opium Wars to the 1911 Revolution, İngilizce’ye çeviren: Anne Destenay, Sussex: The Harvester Press Ltd.
- Kalipci, Muge. (2018). Economic Effects of the Opium Wars for Imperial China: The Downfall of An Empire, AIBU Sosyal Bilimler Enstitusu Dergisi, Vol:18, Year:18, No. 3, 18 pp.291-304.
- Keay, John. (2011). Cin Tarihi. Cev. Dinc Tayanc. Istanbul: Inkilap Kitabevi.
- Kissenger, Henry. (2011). On China. London: The Penguin Press.
- Kucha, Glenn and Llewellyn, Jennifer. (2019). The Self-Strengthening Movement, Alpha History, Available at https://alphahistory.com/chineserevolution/self-strengthening-movement/, (accessed on 20 May, 2021).
- Jacques, Martin. (2009). When China Rules The World. London: Penguin Books.
- Maddison, Angus. (2001). The World Economy: A Millenial Perspective. Paris: OECD.
- Perdue, Peter, C., and Marches, Ching. (2005). West: The Qing Conquests of Central Asia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Roberts, John, M., and Westad, Odd, A. (2013). The History of The World. New York: Oxford University Press.
- Rowntree, Joshua. (1905). The Imperial Drug Trade. London: Methuen and Co.
- Smith, Richard, J. (1976). Foreign-Training and China’s Self-Strengthening: The Case of Feng-Huang-Shan, 1864-1873, Modern Asian Studies, Wol. 10, No. 2, pp. 195-223.
- Snyder, Glenn. H. (1997). Alliance Politics. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
- Teng, Ssu-yu, And Fairbank, John. K. (1979). China’s Response to the West: A Documentary Survey, 1839-1923. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
- Waltz, Kenneth. N. (1979). The Theory of International Politics. United States of America. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company.
- Zhang, Wei-Bin. (1998). Japan versus China in the Industrial Race. NY: St. Martin’s Press Inc.
Abstract
This article aims to examine power relations between China and West in the 19th century, in particular, from the first Opium War (1839-1842) to Self-strengthening Movement (1864-1884) since when Europeans, for the first time, came to China with new technologies, armaments, and ideas, and told them what is good for Chinese, Chinese were bewildered because they did not know how to respond. China had lived under its sense of superiority as mandate of heaven with its neighbours for a long centuries. They had not seen people like westerners before. They were complacent with regards to foreign world, and did not keep up with contemporary world conditions. Thus, when they encountered superior power of westerners throughout the 19th century, they failed to response successfully, and started to lose everything they believed and had for centuries. In Chinese respond to West, two strategies were put forth, which one ise a sort of external balancing, but not via military alliance with another country, but through the concept of most favoured nation clause by inviting other western countries to China in order to use “one barbarian country to another barbarian country”. The other strategy China utilized is a kind of internal balancing by menas of self-strengthening movement.
References
- Akyilmaz, Gul. (2015). Siyasi Tarih. Ankara: Seckin Yayınları.
- Armaoglu, Fahir. (2016). 19. Yuzyil Siyasi Tarihi 1789-1914. Istanbul: Timaş Yayınları.
- Ari, Tayyar. (2013). Uluslararasi Iliskiler Teorileri: Catisma, Hegemonya, Isbirligi. Bursa. MKM.
- Bairoch, Paul. (1982). International Industrialization Levels From 1750 to 1980. Journal of European Conomic History, 11, No. 2.
- Eberhard, Wolfram. (1947). Cin Tarihi. Ankara: Turk Tarih Kurumu.
- Edward, Gulick V. (1967). Europe’s Classical Balance of Power. New York: W. W. Norton and Company, Inc.
- Fatton, Lionel. P. (2018)’Japan is back’: Autonomy and balancing amidst an unstable China–U.S.–Japan triangle’. Asia & The Pacific Policy Studies. DOI: 10.1002/app5.240. 5:264-278.
- Feis, Herber. (1930). The World’s Banker: 1870-1914 New Haven: Yale Press.
- Holcombe, Charles. (2016). A History of East Asia: From the Origins of Civilization to the Twenty-First century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Harold, Vinacke, M. (1945). A History of The Far East In Modern Times. New York: F. S. Crofts & CO.
- Huang, Guanqiao. (2021). China’s Self-Strengthening Movement and Japan’s Meiji Restoration. Available at https://www.ia-forum.org/Files/YIUBIF.pdf, (accessed on 20 May, 2021).
- Hsu, Immanuel, C. Y. (2000). The Rise of Modern China. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Hwan, Seung. (2009). Chinese Loans 1861-1911. Korean Minjok Leadership Academy, Internationa Program, Research Paper.
- Chesnaux, Jean., Bastid, Marianne, and Bergére, Marie-Claire,. (1977). China from the Opium Wars to the 1911 Revolution, İngilizce’ye çeviren: Anne Destenay, Sussex: The Harvester Press Ltd.
- Kalipci, Muge. (2018). Economic Effects of the Opium Wars for Imperial China: The Downfall of An Empire, AIBU Sosyal Bilimler Enstitusu Dergisi, Vol:18, Year:18, No. 3, 18 pp.291-304.
- Keay, John. (2011). Cin Tarihi. Cev. Dinc Tayanc. Istanbul: Inkilap Kitabevi.
- Kissenger, Henry. (2011). On China. London: The Penguin Press.
- Kucha, Glenn and Llewellyn, Jennifer. (2019). The Self-Strengthening Movement, Alpha History, Available at https://alphahistory.com/chineserevolution/self-strengthening-movement/, (accessed on 20 May, 2021).
- Jacques, Martin. (2009). When China Rules The World. London: Penguin Books.
- Maddison, Angus. (2001). The World Economy: A Millenial Perspective. Paris: OECD.
- Perdue, Peter, C., and Marches, Ching. (2005). West: The Qing Conquests of Central Asia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Roberts, John, M., and Westad, Odd, A. (2013). The History of The World. New York: Oxford University Press.
- Rowntree, Joshua. (1905). The Imperial Drug Trade. London: Methuen and Co.
- Smith, Richard, J. (1976). Foreign-Training and China’s Self-Strengthening: The Case of Feng-Huang-Shan, 1864-1873, Modern Asian Studies, Wol. 10, No. 2, pp. 195-223.
- Snyder, Glenn. H. (1997). Alliance Politics. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
- Teng, Ssu-yu, And Fairbank, John. K. (1979). China’s Response to the West: A Documentary Survey, 1839-1923. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
- Waltz, Kenneth. N. (1979). The Theory of International Politics. United States of America. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company.
- Zhang, Wei-Bin. (1998). Japan versus China in the Industrial Race. NY: St. Martin’s Press Inc.
Details
| Primary Language | English |
|---|---|
| Journal Section | Articles |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | September 25, 2021 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2021 Volume: 5 Issue: 10 |