İZMİR VE TİRE MÜZESİ TERRAKOTTA ÖRTÜLÜ KADINLAR FİGÜRİNLERİ

Year 2023, Volume: 7 Issue: 14, 236 - 263, 25.09.2023

Derya Erol

https://doi.org/10.30520/tjsosci.1349987

Abstract

Çalışma konusu olarak seçilen İzmir ve Tire Müzesi terrakotta kolleksiyonları içerisindeki örtülü kadın figürinleri Antik Yunan dünyasında ilk olarak İ.Ö.4 yy.da Boeiotia bölgesindeki Tanagra yerleşiminde ortaya çıkmıştır. Antik Yunan kadınlarının günlük yaşamlarına ilişkin önemli bulgular sunan bu figürinlerin üretimleri dini amaçlıdır. Demeter ya da Artemis gibi kadınlarla ilişkili tanrıçaların tapınaklarına sunu olarak bırakılmaktaydı. Aynı zamanda Yunanlı kadınlarının mezarlarına da çok sayıda konulmaktaydı. İzmir ve Tire Müzesi örnekleri, satın alma yolu ile Müzeye alınmaları nedeni ile üretim bölgeleri ya da bölgedeki kültlerle ilişkisi tam olarak belirlenememektedir. Bu bağlamda figürinlerin stil özellikleri incelenerek Terrakotta örtülü kadın figürün tipinde üretimde bulunan önemli merkezlerdeki tiplerle benzerlikleri farklılıkları sorgulanmış ve hangi atölye ürünü olabilecekleri irdelenerek bu konuda öneriler geliştirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmada incelenen figürinlerin stil özellikleri incelendiğinde şu sonuçlar elde edilmiştir. Çalışma konusu olan figürinlerinden İzmir Müzesi kolleksiyonu dahilindeki 8607 envanter numaralı örneğin gösterdiği tüm stil özellikleri ile İ.Ö.4.yy.’a tarihlendirilerek Tanagra üretimi figürinlerden birisi olabileceği düşünülmektedir. Tanagra atölyelerinin üretimlerinin en önemli ticaret alanlarından birisi Batı Anadolu olmuştur. 3164 numaralı örnek, İ.Ö.3 yy içerisine tarihlendirilmekle birlikte gösterdiği stil özellikleri ile Ionia’daki atölyelerden birisinde olabileceği önerilmektedir. Figür oldukça kaliteli bir işçilik göstermekle birlikte Ionia bölgesindeki hangi atölyede üretilebileceğine ilişkin net bir bulgu bulunamamıştır. Bu bağlamda Ionia’da nitelikli bir işçilikle üretim yapan bir atölye üretimi olduğu önerilmiştir. Tire Müzesi Kolleksiyonu dahilindeki terrakotta örtülü kadın figürinleri, İ.Ö.3-2 yy ‘da üretilmişler ve Pergamon üslubunun tüm özelliklerini göstermektedir. Tire buluntuları daha çok yerel bir atölye üretimi olabilecek figürinlerdir. Mezar için daha düşük gelirli kişiler için üretilmiş olabilecekleri gibi Artemis ve Demeter tapınakları için sunu olarak da sunulmuş olabilecekleri düşünülmektedir. Çalışma konusu örtülü kadın figürinleri, Hellenistik dönemde Batı Anadolu’da Kıta Yunanistan ile paralel ilerleyen bir kült geleneğinin devam ettiğini gösteren bulgular sunmuştur.

Keywords

Chiton, Himation, Figürin, Terrakotta, Tanagra

TERRACOTTA FIGURINES OF VEILED WOMEN FROM IZMIR AND TIRE MUSEUMS

Abstract

The veiled female figurines in the terracotta collections of the Izmir and Tire Museum, which were selected as the subject of the study, first appeared in the Ancient Greek world in the 4th century BC in the Tanagra settlement in the Boeiotia region. The production of these figurines, which provide important findings on the daily lives of ancient Greek women, was for religious purposes. They were left as offerings in the temples of goddesses associated with women such as Demeter or Artemis. They were also placed in large numbers in the tombs of Greek women. Since the Izmir and Tire Museum specimens were acquired to the Museum by purchase, their production areas or their relationship with the cults in the region cannot be determined exactly. In this context, the stylistic characteristics of the figurines were analysed and their similarities and differences with the types found in the important centres producing the terracotta veiled female figurine type were questioned and it was aimed to develop suggestions on this subject by examining which workshop they may be the products of. When the style characteristics of the figurines analysed in the study were examined, the following results were obtained. Among the figurines that are the subject of the study, the example with the inventory number 8607 in the Izmir Museum collection is dated to the 4th century BC with all the stylistic characteristics it shows and it is thought that it may be one of the figurines produced by Tanagra. Western Anatolia was one of the most important trade areas for the production of Tanagra workshops. Although example 3164 is dated to the 3rd century BC, it is suggested that it may have been produced in one of the workshops in Ionia due to its stylistic characteristics. Although the figure shows a very high quality workmanship, there is no clear indication as to which workshop in Ionia it could have been produced. In this context, it is suggested that it was produced by a workshop in Ionia with high quality workmanship. The terracotta veiled female figurines in the Tire Museum Collection were produced in the 3rd-2nd century BC and show all the characteristics of the Pergamon style. The Tire finds are figurines that may have been produced by a local workshop. It is thought that they may have been produced for lower income people for the grave or they may have been offered as offerings for the temples of Artemis and Demeter. The figurines of veiled women in the study area provide evidence for the continuation of a cult tradition in Western Anatolia during the Hellenistic period, which progressed in parallel with Continental Greece.

Keywords

Chiton, Himation, Figurine, Terracotta, Tanagra

References

• Adriani, A. (1950). Testimonianze e Momenti di Scultura Alessandrina. AJA LIV.
• Bieber, M. (1962). Reviewed: Die Tyche von Antiochia by Tobias Dohrn Review. AJA, 66(2), 214-216.
• Bell, M. (1981). The Terracottas. Morgantina Studies I.
• Bell, M. (1993). Tanagras and Idea of Type. Harvard University Art Museums Bulletin, 1(3), 39-53.
• Bieber, M. (1955). The Sculpture of the Hellenistic Age. New York.
• Bookidis, N. (1982). Attic Terracotta Sculpture: Acropolis 30. Hesperia, 20, 1-8.
• Burkert, W. (2003). Greek Religion (J. Raffan, Trans.). Harvard University Press.
• Burr, D. (1994). Terracottas from Myrina in the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. Vienna.
• Cambiano, G. (1996). Mensch Werden, Der Menseh der grieehisehen Antike’de, 98-139.
• Cole, S. G. (1994). Demeter In The Ancient Greek City And Its Countryside. In S. Alcock-Robin & R. Osborne (Eds.), Placing the Gods Sanctuaries and Sacred Space in Ancient Greece (pp. 199-216). Oxford.
• Demand, N. (1994). Birth, Death, and Motherhood in Classical Greece. The John Hopkins University Press.
• Eco, U. (2012). Antik Yunan (L. Tonguç Basmacı, Trans.). İstanbul, Alfa Tarih Basımevi.
• Ehrenheim, H. von. (2011). Greek Incubation Rituals in Classical and Hellenistic Times. Stockholm University.
• Fischer, J. (1994). Griechisch- Römische Terrakotten Aus Ägypten. Tübingen.
• Higgins, R. (1967). Greek Terracottas. Methuen-Co Ltd. Press.
• Higgins, R. A. (1969). Catalogue of the Terracottas In The Department of Greek and Roman Antiquities British Museum.
• Higgins, R. (1986). Tanagra and the Figurines. Princeton University Press.
• Işık, F. (2000). Ionische Kunst Und„ Ionismen ‟Im Westen: Kunsthandwerk. Archӓologische Forschungen, 4, 329-341.
• Işın, G. (2007). Patara Terrakottaları Hellenistik ve Roma Dönemleri. İstanbul.
• Jeammet, V. (2001). La Vie Quotidienne en Grèce Antique, Des Figurines Pour la vie et Pour L’Au-Delà. Réunion des Musées Nationaux; P Chercheurs d’Art.
• Jeammet, V. (Ed.). (2010). The Origin of the Tanagras: Fourth century B.C. Athens, The Origin and Diffusion of Tanagra figurines. In Tanagras: Figurines for Life and Eternity. The Musée du Louvre’s Collection of Greek Figurines. Fundación Bancaja.
• Kassab, D. (1980). Collection de l'Ecole française d'Athenes, Trois statuettes de Myrina. BCH, 104(1), 333-343.
• Keesling, C. M. (2003). The Votive Statues of the Athenian Acropolis. Cambridge University Press.
• Köster, A. (1926). Die Griechischen Terrakotten. Berlin.
• Lacey, W. (1983). Knie Familie im Antiken Griechenland.
• Laumonier, A. (1954). Delos, Les Figürines de Terre Cuite. Delos XXII. Paris.
• Lefkowitz, M., & Fant, M. (1993). Women is Life in Greece and Rome: A source book in translation.
• Lewellyn-Jones, L. (2007). House and Veil in Ancient Greece. In N. Fisher, R. Westgate, & J. Whitley (Eds.), Building Communities: House, settlement and society in the Aegean and beyond (pp. 251-258). British School at Athens.
• Leyenaar-Plaisier, P. G. (1979). Les Terres Cuites Grecques Et Romaines: Catalogue De La Collection Du Musée National Des Antiquites A Leiden. Rijksmuseum Van Oudheden.
• Mollard-Besques, S. (1963). Catalogue Raisonne des Figurines et Reliefs en Terre-Cuite Grecs et Romains: Myrina. Musee du Louvre et Collections des Universites de France. Press des Musees Nationaux.
• Mollard-Besques, S. (1972). Catalogue Raisonne des Figurines et Reliefs en Terre-Cuite Grecs et Romains III: Epoques Hellenistique et Romaine, Grece et Asie Mineure. Press des Musées Nationaux.
• Mollard-Besques, S. (1986). Musée national du Louvre, Catalogue raisonné des figurines et reliefs en terre cuite grecs, étrusques et romains IV-I: Époques Hellénistique et romaine, Gréce et Asie Mineure. Paris.
• Morgan, C. (1949). The Style of Lysippos. Hesperia Supplements, 8, 228-234.
• Mrogenda, U. (1996). Die Terrakottafiguren von Myrina: Eine Untersuchung ihrer Möglichen Bedeutung und Funktion im Grabzusammenhang. Peter Lang Verlag.
• Osborne, R. (1996). Greece in the Making 1200-479 BC.
• Perreault, J. Y. (1986). Ceramique et echanges: Les importations attiques au proche-orient du VIe au milieu du Ve siecle avant J.-C, les donnees archeologiques. BCH, 110, 145-175.
• Platon. (1985). Devlet (S. Eyüboğlu & A. Cimeoz, Trans.).
• Pollitt, J. (1986). Art in the Hellenistic Age. Cambridge University Press.
• Redfield, J. (1996). Homo Domesticus. Der Mensch der griechischen Antike, 180-218.
• Richter, G. M. A. (1931). A Fragment of a Greek Stele from the Lansdowne Collection. Metropolitan Museum Studies, 3(2), 147-157.
• Ridgway, B. (2000). Hellenistic Sculpture I. The University of Wisconsin Press.
• Ridgway, B. S. (2001). Hellenistic Sculpture I: The Styles of ca. 331-200. Wisconsin.
• Ridgway, B. S. (2002). Hellenistic Sculpture II: The Styles of ca. 200-100. Wisconsin.
• Rumscheid, F. (2006). Die Figürlichen Terrakotten von Priene. Wiesbaden.
• Schuller, W. (1995). Frauen in der griechischen und römischen Geschichte.
• Stewart, A. (1990). Greek Sculpture an Exploration (Vol. I-II). Yale University Press.
• Szabo, M. (1994). Archaic Terracottas of Boeotia. L’erma di Bretschneider.
• Tezgör Kassab, D. (2007). Tanagréennes d’Alexandrie: Figurines de Terra Cuite Hellénistiques des Nécropoles Orientales Musée Gréeco-Roman d’Alexandrie. Institut Français D’Archeologie Orientale.
• Thompson, D. B. (1966). The Origin of Tanagras. AJA, 70.
• Thompson Burr, D. (1993). Troy, The Terracotta Figurines of the Hellenistic Period: Supplementary Monograph III. Princeton.
• Thompson Burr, D. (1934). Terra-cottas from Myrina in the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston (Dissertation).
• Töpperwein, E. (1976). Terrakotten von Pergamon. Berlin.
• Uhlenbrock, J. P. (1990). The Coroplast’s Art: Greek Terracottas of the Hellenistic World. An Exhibition and Publication in Honor of D. Burr Thompson of her 90th Birthday.
• Vierneisel-Schlörb, B. (1997). Die Figürlichen Terrakotten Spatmykenisch bis Spathellenistisch (Band XV). Deutsches Archäologisches Institut.
• Vivante, B. (1999). Women in Greece. In Women's Role in Ancient Civilizations, 220-256.