Atık yanmış lastikler, yavru (Clarias gariepinus) kedi balıklarının iç organlarında histomorfolojik değişikliklere neden oldu

Year 2026, Volume: 21 Issue: 1, 25 - 34

Yusuf Sulaiman , Jamiu Omirinde , Idris Ayodeji Azeez , Bala Audu

https://doi.org/10.55525/tjst.1706605

Abstract

Yerel halk tarafından çelik ve çubuk elde etmek için atık lastiklerin yakılması uygulamasına, genellikle zehirli dumanların doğrudan atmosfere salınması veya partikül maddelerin sızıntı suyunun, ciddi ekotoksikolojik hasarı etkiledikleri su ortamlarına yüzey akışıyla taşınması eşlik eder. Bu çalışma, atık yanmış lastiklerin (WBTR’ler) suda çözünür fraksiyonlarının (WSF’ler) alt ölümcül konsantrasyonlarına (SLC’ler) maruz kalan Clarias gariepinus juveniles’in iç organlarındaki histomorfolojik değişiklikleri araştırmak için yapılmıştır. WBTR’lerin SLC’leri, 11.22 g/L’lik LC50’nin sirasiya 1/3’üncü, 1/6’ncı, 1/9’uncu, 1/12’nci, 1/24’üncü ve 1/48’inci olarak bölünmesiyle elde edildi. Karışık cinsiyetlerden C. gariepinus juvenils (Ortalama ağırlık: Erkek (M) - 46.9±0.3.44g; Kadın (F) - 26.69 ± 3.46g; Ortalama uzunluk: M - 14.08±0.54cm; F -16.29 ± 0.51cm), WBTR’lerin SLC’lerine (0.00, 0.23, 0.47, 0.94, 1.87 ve 3.74 g / L) 58 gün boyunca çift olarak maruz bırakıldı. Deneyin tamamlanmasının ardından servikal çıkık yöntemi kullanılarak yayın balığı sakrifiye edilmiştir. Solungaçlar, karaciğer, böbrekler, testisler, yumurtalıklar, beyin ve bağırsak eksize edildi ve histolojik çalışmalar için rutin olarak işlendi. WBTR’lerin alt ölümcül dereceleri, orta ila şiddetli solungaç epitel hücre hipertrofisi ve lameller venöz tıkanıklık, hepatosellüler dejenerasyon ve sinüzoidal tıkanıklık, renal interstisyuma orta derecede hücresel infiltrasyon, azalmış seminifer tübüler luminal içerik, serebellar Purkinje hücre dejenerasyonu ve gliozis dahil olmak üzere farklı organlarda doza bağlı histo-mimari hasarlara belirgin şekilde neden olmuştur. Yanmış atık lastikler balıklar için oldukça toksik görünmektedir; bu nedenle, su kenarındaki bitki örtüsü ve sucul ekosistemler yakınında bu tür lastiklerin yakılmasını önlemek amacıyla önleyici tedbirler alınmalıdır.

Keywords

Yanmış lastikler , viseral organlar , histoloji , sub-letal konsantrasyon , Clarias gariepinus

Project Number

TETFUND 2017-2024 (Merged)

Waste Burnt Tyres Induced Histomorphological Alterations in the Visceral Organs and Cerebellum of Juvenile Cat Fish (Clarias gariepinus)

Abstract

The practice of burning waste tyres by the locals to obtain steel and rod is usually accompanied with the release of toxic fumes directly into the atmosphere or transport of leachate of particulate matters by the surface run-off into the aquatic environments where they impact serious ecotoxicological damage. This study was conducted to investigate the histomorphological changes in the visceral organs of Clarias gariepinus juveniles exposed to sub-lethal concentrations (SLCs) of water soluble fractions (WSFs) of waste burnt tyres (WBTRs). The SLCs of WBTRs were obtained by dividing LC50 of 11.22g/L by 1/3th, 1/6 th, 1/9 th , 1/12 th , 1/24 th and 1/48 th respectively. C. gariepinus juveniles of mixed sexes (Average weight: Male (M) - 46.9±0.3.44g; Female (F) - 26.69 ± 3.46g; Average length: M - 14.08±0.54cm; F -16.29±0.51cm) were exposed to SLCs (0.00, 0.23, 0.47, 0.94, 1.87 and 3.74g/L) of WBTRs for 58 days in duplicate. Sequel to the completion of the experiment, catfish were sacrificed using cervical dislocation method. The gills, liver, kidneys, testes, ovaries, brain and intestine were excised and routinely processed for histological studies. The sub lethal grades of WBTRs distinctly induced dose-dependant histo-architectural damages in the different organs including moderate to severe gill epithelial cell hypertrophy and lamellar venous congestion, hepatocellular degeneration and sinusoidal congestion, moderate cellular infiltration into the renal interstitium, reduced seminiferous tubular luminal contents, cerebellar Purkinje cell degeneration and gliosis. Waste burnt tyres demonstrated to be very toxic to fish and therefore, preventive measures should be taken to avoid the burning of waste tyres near riparian vegetation and aquatic ecosystems.

Keywords

Burnt tyres , visceral organs , cerebellum , histology , sub-lethal concentration , Clarias gariepinus

Ethical Statement

The University of Jos Ethical Committee approved the conduction of this study and issued ethical clearance certificate with reference number, F17-0037

Supporting Institution

University of Jos Institutional Based Research (IBR) Tertiary Education Trust Fund Research Grant.

Project Number

TETFUND 2017-2024 (Merged)

Thanks

The authors are grateful to the University of Jos for providing the enabling environment needed for the conduction of this research.

References

• Samah MB. Water pollution and aquatic biodiversity. Biodivers Int J 2020; 4(1): 10‒16.
• Abbas TA, Julia BO, Olayinka SO, Fatai BO, Moshood YA, Saratu IA, Moshood KM. Histological changes, micronuclei induction and nuclear abnormalities in the peripheral erythrocytes of Clarias gariepinus (Burchell 1822) exposed to water sample from Apoda Reservoir. JLBSR 2020; 1(1): 01-7.
• Lulu L, Guojun C, Jun Z, Xiaoyan L, Kai L. Evaluation of engineering properties and environmental effect of recycled waste tire-sand/soil in geotechnical engineering: A compressive review. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 2020; 126: 1-21.
• Bala SA, Malachy ANO. Metabolic enzyme profile, behavioural changes and morphophysiological parameters of African catfish Clarias gariepinus juveniles in response to burnt waste tyres. Comp Clin Pathol 2020; 29: 787–797.
• Aya FC, Nwite JN. Implications of roasting goats with tyre on human health and the environment in Abakaliki, Ebonyi State Nigeria. JEPC 2016; (4): 153, 1-4.
• Hazrat A, Ezzat K, Ikram I. Environmental chemistry and ecotoxicology of hazardous heavy metals: environmental persistence, toxicity, and bioaccumulation. J Chem 2019; 14: 1-14.
• Reddy PB1, Rawat SS. Assessment of aquatic pollution Using Histopathology in Fish as a Protocol. Int Res J Environ Sci 2013; 2(8): 79-82.
• Hala AAM, Mohamed AHE, Ali H, Abu A, Amal MR. Effect of environmental pollution on gonads histology of the Nile Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus from Lake Manzala, Egypt. EJABF 2018; 22(5): 563 – 572.
• Rani Y, Rahardjo SSP, Effendi VIA. Histopathology of brain, eyes and intestines in cantang grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus x E lanceolatus) exposed to viral nervous necrosis through the addition Dunaliella salina on dietary. RJOAS 2019; 11(95): 206-213.
• Ali S, Maryam IA, Ibrahim LA. Toxicity effects of Kano central abattoir effluent on Clarias gariepinus juveniles. Heliyon 2020; 6 (7): 1-7.
• Loganathan K, Tennyson S, Arivoli S. Triazophos toxicity induced histological abnormalities in Heteropneustes fossilis Bloch 1794 (Siluriformes: Heteropneustidae) organs and assessment of recovery response. J Basic Appl Zool 2024; 85 (19):1-25
• Jimoda LA, Sulaymon ID, Alade AO, Adebayo GA. Assessment of environmental impact of open burning of scrap tyres on ambient air quality. Int J Environ Sci Technol 2017; 15(21), 1-8.
• Sulaymon ID, Jimoda LA, Sulaymon ZO, Adebayo GA. Assessment and toxicity potential of the gaseous pollutants emitted from laboratory-scale open burning of scrap tyres. Int J Environ Eng 2018; 9 (3/4): 355-370.
• Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). Guideline for the Testing of Chemicals: Fish, Acute Toxicity test 1992; No. 203, 6-10.
• Drury R.AB Wallington EA. Preparation and fixation of tissues. In: Drury, R. A. B. and Wallington, E. A., (editors). Carleton’s Histological Technique. Oxford: Oxford University Press 1980; pp. 41-54.
• Avwioro, O. G. Staining reactions of microwave processed tissues compared with conventional paraffin wax processed tissues. Eur J Exp Biol 2011; 1 (1): 57-62.
• Sathesh K, Kantha D. Uranium (238U). Bioaccumulation and its persuaded alterations on haematological, serological and histological parameters in fresh water fish Pangasius sutchi. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 52: 262-275.
• Bilal H, Maleeha F, Khalid AA, Shahid M. Environmentally induced nephrotoxicity and histopathological alternations in Wallago attu and Cirrhinus mrigla. Saudi J Biol Sci 2019; 26: 752–757.
• Oladunjoye RY, Salisu TF, Asiru RA, Solola TD, Olalekan OB, Akanbi BE. Histopathological and behavioural reactions of African mud catfish Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) to paraquat dichloride exposure. FUTOJNLS 2021; 7(1): 334 – 351.
• Alkobaby AI, Abd El Wahed RK. The acute toxicity of copper to Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fingerlings and its effects on gill and liver histology. J Aqu Res Dev 2017; 8 (465): 2-6.
• Kosti´c J, Kolarevi´c S, Kraˇcun-Kolarevi´c M, Aborgiba M, Gaˇci´c Z, Paunovi´c M, Kumar N, Krishnani KK, Gupta SK, Singh NP. Cellular stress and histological tools used as biomarkers in Oreochromis mossambicus for assessing metal contamination. Environ Toxicol and Pharmacol 2017; 49:137-147.
• Sales CF, Santos K, Rizzo E, Ribeiro R, Santos H, Thome RG. Proliferation, survival and cell death in fish gills remodeling: from injury to recovery. Fish & Shellfish Immunol 2017; 68: 10–18.
• Omirinde JO, Audu BS, Mohammed OM, Gosomji IJ. Histomorphometric changes in the gill of Clarias gariepinus exposed to acute concentrations of chlorpyrifos. J Morphol Sci 2017; 34(3): 197-202.
• Odo KE, Odedeyi DO. Responses and histopathological studies of Clarias gariepinus exposed to selenium Toxicity. Int J Marine Sci 2017; 7(29):284-291.
• Chavan VR, Muley DV. Effect of heavy metals on liver and gills of fish Cirrhinus conventional paraffin wax processed tissues. Eur J Exp Biol 2014; 1 (1): 57-62.
• Kumar N, Krishnani KK, Gupta SK, Singh NP. Cellular stress and Histological tools used as Biomarkers in Oreochromis mossambicus for Assessing Metal Contamination. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 49, 137-147.
• Nosakhare OE, Alohan FI, Alex E, Isioma T, Martins A, Stefano I. Pathological alterations in the liver of post-juvenile African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) exposed to sublethal concentrations of the herbicide Glyphosate. J Nat Sci Res 2013;, 3(15): 87-91.
• Dorlikar AV, Mohite AS. The effect of cypermethrin (25% ec) on histology of Effect of heavy metals on the histopathology of gills and brain of fresh water fish Catla catla Biomed Pharmacol J. 2019: 6 (1): 138-140.
• McCampbell KK, Wingert RA. New tides: using Zebrafish to study renal mrigala. Int J Curr Microbiol Appl Sci 2014, 3(5), 277-288.
• Kobayashi I, Kondo M, Yamamori S, Kobayashi SJ, Taniguchi M, Kanemaru K, Katakura F, Traver D. Enrichment of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells in the zebrafish kidney. Sci Rep 2019; 9 (1): 1-12.
• Naeemi A, Jamili S, Shabanipour N, Mashinchian A, Shariati FS. Histopathological changes of fill, liver, and kidney in Caspian kutum exposed to linear alkylbenzene. Iran J Fish Sci 2013; 12(4): 887-897.
• Mayank C, Radha C, Keerikkattil P J. Toxic effects of lead nitrates Pb (NO3)2 on testis in the catfish Heteropnuestes fossilis. Pharmacologia 2015; 6(2): 63-72.
• Ochuwa OG, Nnamdi HA, Emmanuel B, Adebayo AO. Genotoxic, histopathological and oxidative stress responses in Catfish, Clarias gariepinus, exposed to two antifouling paints. J Health & Pollution 2017; 7(16): 71–82.
• Sharma J, Dar SA, Langer S, Sayani AN. Effect of manganese on ovaries of Garra gotyla gotyla. Int J Pure and Appl Biosci 2017; 5(2): 901-907.
• Bose MTJ, Ilavazhahan M, Tamilselvi R, Visswanathan M. Effect of heavy metals on the histopathology of gills and brain of fresh water fish Catla catla. Biomed & Pharmacol J 2013; 6 (1): 138-140.
• Hamed M, Martyniuk CJ, Naguib M, Lee JS, Sayed AE-DH. Neurotoxic effects of different sizes of plastics (nano, micro, and macro) on juvenile common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Front Molec Neurosci 2022; 15: 1028364
• Pretto A, Loro VL, Morsch VM, Moraes BS, Menezes C, Clasen B., et al. Acetylcholinesterase activity, lipid peroxidation, and bioaccumulation in silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) exposed to cadmium. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 2010; 58: 1008–1014.
• Xing H, Wu H, Sun G, Zhang Z, Xu S, Li S. Alterations in activity and mRNA expression of acetylcholinesterase in the liver, kidney and gill of common carp exposed to atrazine and chlorpyrifos. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 2013; 35: 47–54.
• Maurya PK, Malik DS, Yadav KK. Bioaccumulation and potential sources of heavy metal contamination in fish species in River Ganga basin: possible human health risks evaluation. Toxicol Rep 2019; 6:472–481.
• Samuel T, Thresia M, Loganathan K, Arivoli S, Raveen R, William J. Biopesticide, azadirachtin induced histopathological alterations in the intestine of the African catfsh Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) (Teleostei: Clariidae). Proc Zool Soc India 2019; 18(1): 45–53.
• Islam SM, Khan MM, Moniruzzaman M, Mostakim GM, Rahman MK. Recuperation patterns in fish with reference to recovery of erythrocytes in Barbonymus gonionotus disordered by an organophosphate. Int J Environ Sci Technol 2019; 16: 7535–7544.