Where single sensors fail: A critical review of multimodal fusion systems in dairy cow disease detection
Abstract
Single-sensor systems in dairy cow health monitoring are often insufficient for detecting multifactorial or early-stage diseases due to their narrow diagnostic range and limited contextual awareness. This review critically evaluates the potential of multimodal sensor fusion as a transformative solution within precision livestock farming. By integrating data from diverse sensor types—including accelerometers, rumination monitors, thermal cameras, milk yield meters, and environmental sensors—fusion-based platforms substantially enhance detection sensitivity and specificity. Key integration strategies such as low-, mid-, and high-level data fusion are examined, along with the application of machine learning models—including ensemble methods like random forests and deep learning architectures such as CNNs and LSTMs—for processing complex, time-dependent inputs. Case studies involving mastitis, lameness, metabolic disorders, and estrus detection highlight the real-world advantages of these systems. However, persistent challenges remain, including the lack of standardized data protocols, limited sensor interoperability, algorithm interpretability concerns, and practical constraints to on-farm adoption. The findings suggest that, when supported by robust AI frameworks and embedded in scalable, farmer-friendly platforms, multimodal fusion systems have the potential to redefine herd health management by enabling earlier, more precise, and welfare-centered interventions.
Keywords
Cattle Diseases Precision Livestock Farming Sensor Systems Data Fusion Artificial Intelligence Disease Detection Machine Learning
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Details
| Primary Language | English |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Veterinary Diagnosis and Diagnostics, Imaging Systems |
| Journal Section | Review |
| Authors | |
| Submission Date | July 24, 2025 |
| Acceptance Date | October 12, 2025 |
| Publication Date | March 29, 2026 |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.47748/tjvr.1749917 |
| IZ | https://izlik.org/JA38SA49XY |
| Published in Issue | Year 2026 Volume: 10 Issue: 1 |
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The aim of the Turkish Journal of Veterinary Research (TJVR) is to publish, in a timely manner, peer-reviewed reports of the highest quality research that has the clear potential to enhance the health, welfare, and performance of animals and humans. The journal will maintain the highest ethical standards of scientific journalism and promote such standards among its contributors. In addition, the journal will foster global interdisciplinary cooperation in veterinary medical research.
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The mission of the Turkish Journal of Veterinary Research (TJVR) is to publish, in a timely manner, peer-reviewed reports of the highest quality research that has the clear potential to enhance the health, welfare, and performance of animals and humans. The journal will maintain the highest ethical standards of scientific journalism and promote such standards among its contributors. In addition, the journal will foster global interdisciplinary cooperation in veterinary medical research.
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Prof. Dr. İsmail Hakkı Ekin, 1971 Yılında Siirt'te doğdu. İlk ve ortaöğrenimini Van'da tamamladı. 1989 yılında Van Teknik Lisesi Motor Bölümünü birincilikle bitirdi. 1990 yılında girdiği Van Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesinden 1995 yılında mezun oldu. Aynı yıl kısa dönem askerlik görevini yerine getirerek, Temmuz 1996’da terhis oldu. 1997’de Van Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi’nde Araştırma Görevliliğine atandı. Van Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü Veteriner Mikrobiyoloji Anabilim Dalında başladığı Yüksek Lisans öğrenimini 1998 yılında, Doktora öğrenimini ise 2004 yılında bitirerek Bilim Doktoru (PhD) unvanını aldı. Dr. Araştırma görevlisi olarak 2 yıl süreyle görev yaptıktan sonra Şubat 2006’da Dr. Öğretim Üyesi (Yrd. Doç. Dr.) kadrosuna atandı. Van Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü Besin Hijyeni ve Teknolojisi Anabilim Dalındaki ikinci Doktora eğitimini de 2022 yılında bitirerek ikinci Bilim Doktoru (PhD) unvanını aldı. 2013 yılında Doçentlik unvanını alan Ekin, 2018 yılında Van Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Mikrobiyoloji Anabilim Dalında Profesörlük kadrosuna atandı. Halen bu birimde Anabilim Dalı Başkanı olarak görevini sürdürmekte olup evli ve üç çocuk babasıdır.
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