Research Article

Optimization of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Phenolic Compounds from Salvia tomentosa via Response Surface Methodology: Evaluation of Antioxidant Activity and Phenolic Content

Volume: 10 Number: 2 September 15, 2026

Optimization of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Phenolic Compounds from Salvia tomentosa via Response Surface Methodology: Evaluation of Antioxidant Activity and Phenolic Content

Abstract

Objective: This study aimed to optimize the ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) of total phenolic content (TPC) and DPPH radical scavenging activity from aerial parts of Salvia tomentosa (S. tomentosa) using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) based on a Box-Behnken design (BBD). Materials and Methods: Extraction time (X₁), solvent-to-solid ratio (X₂), and methanol concentration (X₃) were selected as independent variables, with TPC and DPPH as response variables. Each factor was evaluated at three levels (X₁: 20–120 min; X₂: 20–40 mL/g; X₃: 0–100%), and the phenolic profile of the optimum extract was further characterized by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Results: The models showed high explanatory power with R² = 0.98 and adjusted R² = 0.96 for both responses, confirming the suitability of the developed second-order polynomial models in the experimental domain under investigation. The Lack-of-Fit was not significant for either model (p > 0.05), further confirming the model fit. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) of the selected independent variables revealed statistically significant effects on both TPC and DPPH (p < 0.05). Among the quadratic terms, methanol concentration (X₃²) had the most significant effect on the response for both TPC and DPPH (F = 365.72 and 350.71, respectively; p < 0.0001). The presence of negative coefficients confirmed a curvilinear relationship and a well-defined maximum within the experimental range. The interaction between extraction time and methanol concentration (X₁X₃) was found to be significant only for TPC (p < 0.05). This suggests that the synergistic effect of these parameters influences the solubility of phenolic compounds. Optimal extraction conditions were as follows: extraction time (X₁) = 20 min, solvent-to-solid ratio (X₂) = 37.31 mL/g, methanol concentration (X₃) = 44.86%. The maximum TPC and DPPH values obtained under optimum extraction conditions were 105.75 ± 5.22 mg GAE/g and 74.17 ± 4.06 mg AAE/g, respectively. HPLC analysis of the optimized extract showed that rosmarinic acid and hesperidin were the most abundant phenolic compounds, at 13550.99 and 996.18 mg/g dry sample, respectively. Conclusion: These findings demonstrate that RSM optimization using BBD is an effective and systematic approach for the recovery of bioactive phenolic compounds from Salvia plants, and that the UAE method helps shorten extraction time without compromising bioactive compounds.

Keywords

References

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Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Veterinary Pharmacology

Journal Section

Research Article

Publication Date

September 15, 2026

Submission Date

July 24, 2026

Acceptance Date

August 26, 2026

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Volume: 10 Number: 2

APA
Demirağ, M. S., & Tutun, H. (2026). Optimization of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Phenolic Compounds from Salvia tomentosa via Response Surface Methodology: Evaluation of Antioxidant Activity and Phenolic Content. Turkish Journal of Veterinary Research, 10(2). https://doi.org/10.47748/tjvr.2002636
AMA
1.Demirağ MS, Tutun H. Optimization of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Phenolic Compounds from Salvia tomentosa via Response Surface Methodology: Evaluation of Antioxidant Activity and Phenolic Content. TJVR. 2026;10(2). doi:10.47748/tjvr.2002636
Chicago
Demirağ, Melike Sultan, and Hidayet Tutun. 2026. “Optimization of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Phenolic Compounds from Salvia Tomentosa via Response Surface Methodology: Evaluation of Antioxidant Activity and Phenolic Content”. Turkish Journal of Veterinary Research 10 (2). https://doi.org/10.47748/tjvr.2002636.
EndNote
Demirağ MS, Tutun H (September 1, 2026) Optimization of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Phenolic Compounds from Salvia tomentosa via Response Surface Methodology: Evaluation of Antioxidant Activity and Phenolic Content. Turkish Journal of Veterinary Research 10 2
IEEE
[1]M. S. Demirağ and H. Tutun, “Optimization of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Phenolic Compounds from Salvia tomentosa via Response Surface Methodology: Evaluation of Antioxidant Activity and Phenolic Content”, TJVR, vol. 10, no. 2, Sept. 2026, doi: 10.47748/tjvr.2002636.
ISNAD
Demirağ, Melike Sultan - Tutun, Hidayet. “Optimization of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Phenolic Compounds from Salvia Tomentosa via Response Surface Methodology: Evaluation of Antioxidant Activity and Phenolic Content”. Turkish Journal of Veterinary Research 10/2 (September 1, 2026). https://doi.org/10.47748/tjvr.2002636.
JAMA
1.Demirağ MS, Tutun H. Optimization of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Phenolic Compounds from Salvia tomentosa via Response Surface Methodology: Evaluation of Antioxidant Activity and Phenolic Content. TJVR. 2026;10. doi:10.47748/tjvr.2002636.
MLA
Demirağ, Melike Sultan, and Hidayet Tutun. “Optimization of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Phenolic Compounds from Salvia Tomentosa via Response Surface Methodology: Evaluation of Antioxidant Activity and Phenolic Content”. Turkish Journal of Veterinary Research, vol. 10, no. 2, Sept. 2026, doi:10.47748/tjvr.2002636.
Vancouver
1.Melike Sultan Demirağ, Hidayet Tutun. Optimization of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Phenolic Compounds from Salvia tomentosa via Response Surface Methodology: Evaluation of Antioxidant Activity and Phenolic Content. TJVR. 2026 Sep. 1;10(2). doi:10.47748/tjvr.2002636