Research on Effects of Different Cover Crop Species on Weeding in Citrus Orchards

Abstract

In citrus production, damages caused by weeds in the crop do not cause any visible damage like diseases and insects. But appear as an insufficient or, bushy-type growth in trees and yield and quality losses at the harvest. Damages caused by weeds appear as low yield and quality losses in seedlings, undergrowth on trees and harvest. Therefore, in the management against weeds, the recognition and diagnosis of harmful weed species with a conscious follow-up becomes very important. Weeds cause the fast and right application of agricultural practices (fertilization, irrigation, harvesting, etc.) related to cultivation. As a result of intensive use of herbicides in management against weeds, the ecosystem is adversely affected as well as problems such as resistance etc.
In this study, it’s aimed to determine the types of cover crops that can be an alternative to chemical management in citrus orchards, can be used in the manage by suppressing the development of weed species through their soil coverage properties, and at the same time can benefit the ecosystem. The study, planned for this purpose, was established in a newly established Enterdonat lemon orchard in the Seyhan district of Adana province in 2019 according to split plots experimental design with four replications. After designing the experiment, cover crops common vetch (Vicia sativa L.), hairy vetch (Vicia villosa L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), rye (Seceale cereale L.), common burnet (Poterium sanguisorba L.), sainfoin (Onobrychis sativa Lam), and radish (Raphanus sativus L.) were sowed between rows. Four ¼ m2 permanent squares were established in the each plot, coverage (%) and the number of cover crops and weed species was determined. When cover crops reached up to 10% flowering, cover crops and weed species in the squares were harvested from the soil surface for measurements.
The results show that, all cover crop species included in the trial decreased the number of weed species compared to the control. According to this; 10 weed species were determined in barley and sainfoin, 8 in common burnet, 7 in meadow button, 6 in hairy vetch, 3 in rye and 1 in radish while 16 different weed species were found in the control application. In the study, the most common weed species are Common mallow (Malva sylvestris L.), was founded 18.00 weed/m2 in control plot, while it was recorded as 4.00 weed/m2, 6.50 weed/m2 and 6.75 weed/m2 in radish, rye and hairy vetch applications, respectively. The other main harmful weed species is Yellow sweet clover [Melilotus officinalis (L.) Pall.] was 5.00 weed/m2 in the control plot, while it was calculated as 4.50 weed/m2 and 2.00 weed/m2 in rye and hairy vetch applications, respectively. Cover crop which is radish, application, there were no different weed species found except for Common mallow.

Keywords

• Citrus
• Sustainable agriculture
• Cover crop
• Weed control

Turunçgil Bahçelerinde, Farklı Örtücü Bitki Türlerinin Yabancı Otlanma Üzerindeki Etkisinin Araştırılması

Abstract

Turunçgil yetiştiriciliğinde, yabancı otların ürüne verdiği zararlar, hastalık etmenleri ve zararlı böcekler gibi gözle görülen bir simptom veya zararlanma oluşturmazlar. Yabancı otların verdiği zararlar, fidanlarda gelişmede gerilik, ağaçlarda çalılaşma, hasatta düşük verim ve kalite kayıpları olarak ortaya çıkmaktadır. Bu yüzden yabancı otlar ile mücadelede bilinçli bir takip ile zararlı yabancı ot türlerinin tanınması ve teşhisi çok önemli hale gelmektedir. Yabancı otlar, yetiştiricilikle ilgili tarımsal işlemlerin (gübreleme, sulama, hasat, vb.) hızlı ve sağlıklı yapılmasına engel olmaktadır. Yabancı otlar ile mücadelede herbisitlerin yoğun kullanımı sonucunda, direnç vb. problemlerin yanı sıra ekosistemde olumsuz etkilenmektedir.
Bu çalışma ile turunçgil bahçelerinde kimyasal mücadeleye alternatif olabilecek, sahip oldukları toprak yüzeyini kaplama özellikleri sayesinde yabancı ot türlerinin gelişimini baskılayarak mücadelede kullanılabilecek ve aynı zamanda ekosisteme fayda sağlayabilecek örtücü bitki türlerinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaçla planlanan çalışma, 2019 yılında, Adana ilinin Seyhan ilçesinde yeni tesis edilen bir Enterdonat limon bahçesinde, bölünmüş parseller deneme desenine göre dört tekerrürlü olarak kurulmuştur. Parselizasyon yapıldıktan sonra, sıra arasına, örtücü bitki olarak, adi fiğ (Vicia sativa L.), tüylü fiğ (Vicia villosa L.), arpa (Hordeum vulgare L.), çavdar (Seceale cereale L.), çayır düğmesi (Poterium sanguisorba L.), korunga (Onobrychis sativa Lam.) ve turp (Raphanus sativus L.) ekilmiştir. Her parselde dört adet ¼ m2 ‘lik çakılı alanlar oluşturularak bu alanlar içerisindeki örtücü bitki ve yabancı ot türlerinin sayısı ile kaplama alanları (%) belirlenmiştir. Örtücü bitkiler %10 çiçeklenme dönemine geldiğinde, çakılı alanlar içerisindeki örtücü bitki ve yabancı ot türleri ölçümler yapılmak üzere toprak yüzeyinden biçilerek hasat edilmiştir.
Çalışmanın sonuçlarına göre, denemeye alınan tüm örtücü bitki türleri kontrole kıyasla yabancı ot tür sayısını azaltmıştır. Kontrol uygulamasında 16 farklı yabancı ot türüne rastlanmış iken; Arpa ve korungada 10, adi fiğ içerisinde 8, çayır düğmesinde 7, tüylü fiğde 6, çavdarda 3, turpta 1 yabancı ot türü belirlenmiştir. Çalışmada, en çok karşılaşılan yabancı ot türü Ebe Gümeci (Malva sylvestris L.), kontrol parselinde 18.00 adet/m2 iken, tüylü fiğ, çavdar ve turp uygulamalarında sırasıyla 6.75 adet/m2, 6.50 adet/m2 ve 4.00 adet/m2 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Diğer yabancı ot türü olan Sarı Taş Yoncası [Melilotus officinalis(L.) Pall.] ise, kontrol parselinde 5.00 adet/m2 iken, çavdar ve tüylü fiğ uygulamalarında sırasıyla 4.50 adet/m2 ve 2.00 adet/m2 olarak hesaplanmıştır. Turp uygulamasında ise Ebe Gümeci dışında farklı bir yabancı ot türüne rastlanılmamıştır.

Keywords

• Turunçgil
• Sürdürülebilir tarım
• Örtücü bitki
• Yabancı ot mücadelesi

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