Assessment of Antifungal and Phytotoxic Properties of Peganum harmala L. Extracts on Cultivated Plants And Pathogenic Fungi

Year 2024, Volume: 27 Issue: 1, 1 - 8, 08.11.2024

Melih Yılar , Yusuf Bayar

Abstract

This study aimed to assess the antifungal potential of Peganum harmala L. against significant plant pathogenic fungi and its phytotoxic impact on select cultivated plants. The aerial parts (flowers, shoots, leaves, and seeds) of P. harmala were harvested from Kırşehir Province during the 2023 growing season. Subsequently, the collected plants were shade-dried in the laboratory and finely powdered using an electric grinder. One liter of methanol was added to 100 grams of the dried plant material, followed by a 48-hour maceration period. After methanol evaporation, the residue was dissolved in DMSO to achieve concentrations of 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 mg mL-1. Nine-centimeter diameter Petri dishes were prepared with two layers of filter paper, and 25 seeds each of the test plants (wheat, cress, and clover) were evenly distributed. The Petri dishes were then sealed and incubated at 24°C for a period ranging from 1 to 4 weeks. After the incubation period, seed germination rates and the lengths of roots and shoots were measured for the test plants. Additionally, the impact of the methanol extract on the mycelial growth of pathogenic fungi including Alternaria alternata (A.A), Verticillium dahliae (V.D), Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (S.S), Alternaria solani (A.S), and Monilinia fructigena(M.F) at concentrations of 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 mg mL-1 was evaluated. The results indicated varying effects of the plant methanol extract on the cultivated plants, with Sclerotinia sclerotiorum displaying inhibition rates of 0.0%, 0.0%, 19.68%, 39.59%, and 62.97% against Alternaria solani, Monilinia fructigena, Verticillium dahliae, Alternaria alternata, and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, respectively. Consequently, the study identified the biological activity of P. harmala and recommended further validation through pot and field experiments.

Keywords

Peganum harmala L., phytotoxic effect, antifungal activity, germination, root and shoot growth

References

• Aarons, D. H., Rossi, G. V. and Orzechowski, R. F. 1977. Cardiovascular action of three harmala alkaloids: harmine, harmaline, and harmalol. Journal of Pharmaceutical Science; 6: 1244-1248.
• Abbad, Z.,Aouji, M.,Zelmat, L., Oubihi, A., Ez-Zriouli, R., Bengueddour, R., Lrhorfi, LA . 2023. Antifungal activity of plant extracts against tomato’s fungal diseases. E3S Web of Conferences 364:1-7
• Adday, M. H., Rashan, L. J., Sulayman, K. D., Abaar, M. Al and Ayoub, T. 1989.Antimicrobial activity of different extracts from the seeds of Peganum harmala. Fitoterapia; 60: 363.
• Ahmed, S. M., Chander, H. and Pereira, J. Insecticidal potential and biological activity of Indian indigenous plants against Musca donestica L. International Pest Control 1981; 23: 174.
• Alam, S.M., Islam, E. 2002. Effects of aqueous extract of leaf, stem and root of nettleleaf goosefoot and NaCl on germination and seedling growth of rice. Pak J Seed Technol 1: 47-52.
• Al-Jalili, Z.D.S.A., Al-Waheeb, A.N.H., Al-Shammary, H.A., 2023. Study of allelopathic interaction of alkaloid extracts of Peganum harmala plant on seed germination Ocimium basilicum, Journal of Survey in Fisheries Sciences, 10(3S) 2122-2144.
• Alkofahi, A. S., Abdelaziz, A., Mahmoud, I., Abuirejie, M., Hunaiti, A. and Oqla, A. El. 1990. Cytotoxicity, mutagenicity and antimicrobial activity of forty Jordanian medicinal plants. International Journal of Crude Drug Research; 28: 139-144.
• Anonim, 2008. Türkiye’nin Çayır ve Mera Bitkileri, T.C. Tarım ve Köyişleri Bakanlığı, Tarımsal Üretim ve Geliştirme Genel Müdürlüğü, Çayır Mera, Yem Bitkileri ve Havza Geliştirme Daire Başkanlığı. Arshad, N., Zitterl-Eglseer, K., Hasnain, S., Hess, M., 2008. Effect of Peganum harmala or its beta-carboline alkaloids on certain antibiotic resistant strains of bacteria and protozoa from poultry. Phytother. Res. 22, 1533–1538.
• Batish, D.R., Kaur, M., Singh, H.P., Kohli, R.K., 2007c. Phytotoxicity of a medicinal plant, Anisomeles indica, against Phalaris minor and its potential use as natural herbicide in wheat fields. Crop Protect. 26, 948–952.
• Baytop, T. 999. Herbal treatments in Turkey, (Past and Present) 2. Baski, [Tükiye’de Bitkilerle Tedavi (Gecmiste ve Bugün)] Nobel Tip Kitapevleri Ltd. Sti., Istanbul Turkey, (In Turkish) 1: 35-90
• Bitchagno, G.T.M., El Bouhssini, M., Mahdi, I., Ward, J.L., Sobeh, M., 2022. Toward the Allelopathy of Peganum sp. and Related Chemical Constituents in Agriculture, Frointers Plant Science, 12:796103.
• Chatterjee, A. ve Prakshi, S. C.,1997. The treatise on India medicinal plants. NISCOM, CSIR, New Delhi, 3:109.
• Chopra, R.N., Nayar, S.L., Chopra, I.C., 1986. Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants (including the supplement). Publisher Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi.
• Ehlers, B.K. and Thompson, J., 2004. Do co-occurring plant species adapt to one another? The response of Bromus erectus to the presence of different Thymus vulgaris chemotypes. Oecologia ;141(3):511-8
• Ertuğrul, Ö., Yılar, M., Kır, H., Kömekçi, C., 2022. Some physical, chemical, and germination properties of Peganum harmala L. seeds. Journal of Food Process Engineering, 45(2):e13967.
• Farajollahi, A., Tavili, A., Gholinejad, B., Darini, J., Pouzesh, H., 2013. Investigation and Compare the Allelopathic Effects for Different Tissues of Peganum harmala in Different Amounts on the Bromus tectorum Germination and Growth Characteristics. ECOPERSIA, 1(1):53-62.
• Goel, N., Singh, N., Saini, R., 2009. Efficient in vitro multiplication of Syrian Rue (Peganum harmala L.) using 6-benzylaminopurine pre-conditioned seedling explants. Nature and Science, 2009;7(7):129-134
• Hajji, A., Bnejdi, F., Saadoun, M., Ben Salem, I., Nehdi, I., Sbihi, H., Alharthi, F.A., El Bok, S. 2020. Boughalleb-M’Hamdi, N. High reserve in delta-Tocopherol of Peganum harmala seeds oil and antifungal activity of oil against ten plant pathogenic fungi. Molecules 2020, 25(19).
• Khanh, T.D., Elzaawely, A.A., Chung, I.M., Ahn, J.K., Tawata, S., Xuan, T.D., 2007. Role of allelochemicals for weed management in rice. Allelopathy Journal, 19, 85–96
• Kirtikar, K. R. and Basu, B. D. 1995. Indian medicinal plants (International book distributors, Deharadun, India,:1- 456.
• Kordali, S., Cakir, K., Akcinc, T.A., Meted, E., Akcine, A., Aydinb, T., Kilic, H., 2009. Antifungal and herbicidal properties of essential oils and n-hexane extracts of Achillea gypsicola Hub-Mor. and Achillea biebersteinii Afan (Asteraceae). Ind. Crop Prod. 29, 562–570.
• Macías, F.A., Chinchilla, N., Varela, R.M., Molinillo, J.M.G., 2006. Bioactive steroids from Oryza sativa L. Steroids 71, 603–608.
• Monsef, H.R., Ghobadi, A., Iranshahi, M., Abdollahi, M., 2004. Antinociceptive effects of Peganum harmala L. alkaloid extract on mouse formalin test. J. Pharm. Pharmaceut.Sci. 7, 65–69.
• Oerke, E.C., Dehne, H.W., Schonbeck, F., Weber, A., 1995. Crop Production and Crop Protection: Estimated Losses in Major Food and Cash Crops. Elsevier Science B.V., Amsterdam.
• Önen, H. 2003. Bazı bitkisel uçucu yağların biyoherbisidal etkileri, Türkiye Herboloji Dergisi, 6(1), 39-47.
• Pandey, D.K., Tripathi, N.N., Tripathi, R.D., Dixit, S.N., 1982. Fungitoxic and phytotoxic properties of essential oil of Hyptis suaveolens, Zeitschrift für Pflanzenkrankheiten und Pflanzenschutz, 89, 344-349.Management Journal, Vol. 22, No. 11, 1775-1782.
• Prashanth, D., and John, S. 1999. Antimicrobial Activity of Peganum harmala. Fitoterapia; 70: 438-439.
• Properties of Parthenium hysterophorus residues. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 95, 537–541.
• Ratsch, C., 1992. The Dictionary of Sacred and Magical Plants, ABC-CLIO Press, Oxford, pp. 158, 1992. Response of Bromus erectus to the presence of different Thymus vulgaris chemotypes. Oecologia, 141: 511-518.
• Robles, C., Bonin, G. and Garzino, S., 1999. Autotoxic and allelopathic potentials of Cistus albidus L. Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences Serie IIISciences de La vie.,322: 677-685.
• Sarpeleh, A., Sharifi, K., Sonbolkar, A., 2009. Evidence of antifungal activity of wild rue (Peganum harmala L.) on phytopathogenic fungi J. Plant Dis. Prot., 116, 208-213.
• Shao, H., Huang, X., Zhang, Y., Zhang, C., 2013. Main Alkaloids of Peganum harmala L. and Their Different Effects on Dicot and Monocot Crops. Molecules , 18, 2623-2634.
• Singh, H.P., Batish, D.R., Kohli, R.K., 2003c. Allelopathic interactions and allelochemicals: new possibilities for sustainable weed management. Crit. Rev. Plant Sci. 22, 239–311.
• Sobhani, A. M., Ebrahimi, S. A. and Mahmoudian, M. An in vitro evaluation of human DNA topoisomerase I inhibition by Peganum harmala L. seeds extract and its beta carboline alkaloid. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science 2002; 5: 19-23.
• Sodaeizadeh, H., Rafieiolhossaini, M., Havlík, J., Van Damme, P., 2009. Allelopathic activity of different plant parts of Peganum harmala L. and identification of their growth inhibitors substances. Plant Growth Regul. 59, 227–236.
• Sodaeizadeh, H., Rafieiolhossaini, M., Van Damme, P., 2010. Herbicidal activity of a medicinal plant, Peganum harmala L., and decomposition dynamics of its phytotoxins in the soil. Industrial Crops and Products 31: 385–394.
• Tafti, M.M., Farhoudi, R., Rabiee, M., Rasifar, M., 2011. Allelopathic effect of harmel (Peganum Harmala L.) on germination and growth of three weeds. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Vol. 27(1): 135-146
• Sharma, P. V. The Ayurvedic series – (3) – Dravyaguna-vijnana, 2 (Chukhambha Bharti Academy, Varanasi, India 1988: 607.
• Yılar M, Bayar Y, Abacı Bayar AA, Genc N (2020). Chemical composition of the essential oil of Salvia bracteata Banks and the biological activity of its extracts: antioxidant, total phenolic, total flavonoid, antifungal and allelopathic effects. Botanica Serbica 44 (1): 71-79.
• Yılar, M., Bayar, Y., 2023. Lc-Ms/Ms Analysis Of Phenolic Compounds, Antifungal and Allelopathic Potential of Salvia ceratophylla L. Collected from Türkiye, Environmental Engineering and Management Journal, Vol. 22, No. 11, 1775-1782.
• Zeng, R.S., Mallik, A.U. and Luo, S.M. 2008. Allelopathy in forested ecosystems. In: Zeng, R.S., Mallik, A.U. and Luo, S.M., Eds., Allelopathy in Sustainable Agriculture and Forestry, Springer, New York, 363-377.