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Nazi Almanya’sında Yayıncılık, Nazizm İdeolojisinin Yaydığı Anti-Semitist Söylemlerin İnşası ve Kitapların Propaganda Amaçlı Kullanımı

Year 2020, Volume: 34 Issue: 4, 693 - 722, 30.12.2020
https://doi.org/10.24146/tk.818460

Abstract

30 Ocak 1933 tarihinde Nazilerin Almanya’da iktidara gelişi, ülkede yayıncılık alanında radikal değişimlerin yaşanmasına neden olmuştur. Nazi rejimi, kendileri için tehdit olarak değerlendirdikleri yayınları sansürlemiş, diğer yandan ülkedeki kütüphaneler üzerinde sıkı bir denetim uygulamıştır. Nazilerin, Almanya’daki yayıncılık üzerindeki etkisi, Alman Öğrenci Birliği’nin (Deutsche Studentenschaft, DSt) katılımında gerçekleşen kitap yakma (Bücherverbrennung) kampanyasıyla simgeleşmiştir. Nazilerin kitap yakma kampanyasında, zararlı olarak nitelendirilen veya Nazizm ideolojine karşıt ideolojileri temsil eden kitaplar hedef alınmıştır. Nazizm ideolojisine karşıt yayınların ortadan kaldırılmasının yanında Nazizm ideolojisini yücelten ve fikirlerinin Alman toplumu tarafından benimsenmesini amaçlayan yayınlar da ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu yayınlar içerisinde Nazizm ideolojisinin antisemitist söylemlerinin yer aldığı kitaplar da olmuştur. Çalışmada Nazi rejiminin, Nazizm ideolojisinin antisemitist söylemlerinin kitlelere benimsetilmesinde kitapları propaganda amaçlı nasıl kullandığı Yeşil Fundalıkta Tilkiye ve Yemininde Yahudiye Güvenme (Trau keinem Fuchs auf grüner Heid und keinem Jud auf seinem Eid) adlı kitap özelinde ele alınmıştır. Çalışma kapsamında kitapta yer alan görsel ve yazılı göstergeler, Karl Bühler’in Organon Modeli ve Claude Lévi-Strauss’un İkili Karşıtlıklar Modeli özelinde göstergebilim yöntemi kullanılarak incelenmiştir. Çalışmada kitapta Yahudilerin Alman toplumunda istenmeyen kişiler olduğuna, ötekileştirildiklerine ve dışlandıklarına yönelik algıların meydana getirildiği sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Bu şekilde elde edilen bulgular ışığında kitap üzerinden Nazizm ideolojisine ait antisemitist söylemlerin Alman toplumunda benimsetilmeye çalışıldığına yönelik çıkarımda bulunulabilmektedir.

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Project Number

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References

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Year 2020, Volume: 34 Issue: 4, 693 - 722, 30.12.2020
https://doi.org/10.24146/tk.818460

Abstract

Project Number

-

References

  • Adena, M., Enikolopov, R., Petrova, M., Santarosa, V., & Zhuravskaya, E. (2015). Radio and the rise of the Nazis in prewar Germany. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 130(4), 1885-1939. Doi: 10.1093/qje/qjv030
  • Bacharach, W. Z. (2007). Antisemitism and racism in Nazi ideology. The Holocaust and History: The Known, the Unknown, the Disputed, and the Reexamined, 64-74.
  • Bankier, D. (1987). The German Communist Party and Nazi antisemitism, 1933–1938. The Leo Baeck Institute Year Book, 32(1), 325-340. Doi: 10.1093/leobaeck/32.1.325
  • Barnes, J. (2014). The right to read: The book censorship abolition league, 1934–37. Labour History: A Journal of Labour and Social History, (107), 75-93. Doi: 10.3828/labourhistory.107.0075
  • Bauer, E. (1936). Trau keinem fuchs auf grüner heid und keinem Jud auf seinem eid. Deutschland: Stürmer Verlag.
  • Bauer, H. (2014). Burning sexual subjects: Books, homophobia and the Nazi destruction of the Institute of Sexual Science in Berlin. Gill Partington, Adam Smyth (Ed.), in Book destruction from the medieval to the contemporary (pp. 17-33). Palgrave Macmillan, London.
  • Beck, H. (2006). Between the dictates of conscience and political expediency: Hitler’s conservative alliance partner and antisemitism during the Nazi seizure of power. Journal of Contemporary History, 41(4), 611-640. Doi: 10.1177/0022009406067745
  • Bergen, D. L. (1994). Catholics, Protestants, and Christian antisemitism in Nazi Germany. Central European History, 27(3), 329-348.
  • Bergen, D. L. (1994). The Nazi concept of ‘Volksdeutsche' and the exacerbation of anti-semitism in Eastern Europe, 1939-45. Journal of Contemporary History, 29(4), 569-582. Doi: 10.1177/002200949402900402
  • Biagioli, M. (2002). From book censorship to academic peer review. Emergences: Journal for the Study of Media & Composite Cultures, 12(1), 11-45. Doi: 10.1080/1045722022000003435
  • Bosmajian, H. (1986). Censorship and mythmaking in Nazi Germany. Children's Literature, 14(1), 171-175. Doi: 10.1353/chl.0.0136
  • Boyer, P. S. (1963). Boston book censorship in the twenties. American Quarterly, 15(1), 3-24.
  • Boyer, P. S. (2002). Purity in print: Book censorship in America from the gilded age to the computer age. The United States: Univ of Wisconsin Press.
  • Brackman, H. (2000). "A calamity almost beyond comprehension": Nazi anti-semitism and the Holocaust in the thought of WEB Du Bois. American Jewish History, 88(1), 53-93.
  • Bundesarchiv (2020). Nazilerin Tarafında Kitapların Yakılması, Erişim Adresi: https://www.bild.bundesarchiv.de/dba/en/search/?yearfrom=&yearto=&query=Opernplatz, Erişim Tarihi: 26.10.2020.
  • Carlson, C. L. (2018). Jazz, drama, and a librarian: Advocating against book censorship in public schools. Kansas English, 99(1), 8-12.
  • Connelly, D. S. (2009). To read or not to read: Understanding book censorship. Community & Junior College Libraries, 15(2), 83-90. Doi: 10.1080/02763910902832222
  • Delfiner, H. (1971). Soviet and Nazi antisemitism. Patterns of Prejudice, 5(4), 1-9. Doi: 10.1080/0031322X.1971.9968997
  • Dunn, D. J. (1984). Pico and beyond: School library censorship controversies. Law Library Journal, 77(3), 435-464.
  • Dussel, K. (2019). „Fotografische allgegenwart“? Hitler-bilder in der presse des NS-staats. Publizistik, 64(4), 447-477.
  • Duthie, F. (2010). Libraries and the ethics of censorship. The Australian Library Journal, 59(3), 85-94. Doi: 10.1080/00049670.2010.10735994.
  • Eberle, Henrik & Uhl, Matthias (2017). Hitler kitabı. (M. Tüzel, Çev.). İstanbul: Alfa Yayınları.
  • Edwards, J. (1981). A new twist to an old problem: Recent court decisions on school book censorship. The English Journal, 70(3), 50-53. Doi: 10.2307/816865
  • Ekholm, K. (2001). Political censorship in Finnish libraries from 1944 to 1946. Libraries & Culture, 36(1), 51-57. Doi: 10.1353/lac.2001.0008
  • Eldridge, S. W. (2006). Ideological incompatibility: The forced fusion of Nazism and Protestant theology and its impact on anti-Semitism in the Third Reich. International Social Science Review, 81(3/4), 151-165.
  • Ficociello, T. (1984). Censorship, book selection, and the marketplace of ideas. Top of the News, 41(1), 33-38.
  • Fishburn, M. (2007). Books are weapons: Wartime responses to the Nazi bookfires of 1933. Book History, 10, 223-251.
  • Fishburn, M. (2008). The Burning of the books. Matthew Fishburn (Ed.), in Burning books (pp. 31-48). Palgrave Macmillan, London.
  • Fiske, J. (2017). İletişim çalışmalarına giriş. (S. İrvan, Çev.). 5. basım. Ankara: Bilim ve Sanat Yayınları.
  • Fiske, M., & Lowenthal, M. F. (1968). Book selection and censorship: A study of school and public libraries in California. The United States: Univ of California Press.
  • Foerstel, H. N. (2002). Banned in the USA: A reference guide to book censorship in schools and public libraries. Greenwood Publishing Group.
  • Frosh, S. (2015). Hate and the ‘Jewish science’: Anti-Semitism, Nazism and psychoanalysis. Germany: Springer.
  • Geehr, R., Heineman, J., & Herman, G. (1985). Wien 1910: An example of Nazi anti-semitism. Film & History: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Film and Television Studies, 15(3), 50-64.
  • Gillotti, C. F. (1962). Book censorship in Massachusetts: The search for test for obscenity. Boston University Law Review, 42(4), 476-491.
  • Goebbels, J. (2016). Gerçek yüzüyle Komünizm ve teori ve pratikte Bolşevizm. (Z. Köroğlu, Çev.). İstanbul: Bilge Karınca Yayınları.
  • Hartmann, D. D. (1984). Anti-Semitism and the appeal of Nazism. Political Psychology, 5(4), 635-642. Doi: 10.2307/3791234
  • Hausheer, H. (1936). The socio-economic background of nazi antisemitism. Social Forces, 14(3), 341-354.
  • Heilbronner, O. (1990). The role of Nazi antisemitism in the Nazi Party's activity and propaganda: A regional historiographical study. The Leo Baeck Institute Year Book, 35(1), 397-439. Doi: 10.1093/leobaeck/35.1.397
  • Heilbronner, O. (2004). German or Nazi antisemitism?. Dan Stone (Ed.), in The historiography of the Holocaust (pp. 9-23). London: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Herf, J. (2006). Convergence: the classic case Nazi Germany, anti-semitism and anti-zionism during World War II. The Journal of Israeli History, 25(1), 63-83. Doi: 10.1080/13531040500502700
  • Hett, B. C. (2015). " This story is about something fundamental": Nazi criminals, history, memory, and the Reichstag fire. Central European History, 48(2), 199-224. Doi: 10.1017/S0008938915000345
  • Hogan, R. F. (1967). Book selection and censorship. The Bulletin of the National Association of Secondary School Principals, 51(318), 67-77. Doi: 10.1177/019263656705131810
  • Kater, M. H. (1984). Everyday anti-semitism in prewar Nazi Germany: The Popular Bases. Yad Vashem Studies, 16, 129-59.
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There are 88 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Library and Information Studies
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Ebru Gülbuğ Erol 0000-0001-6342-4298

Project Number -
Publication Date December 30, 2020
Submission Date October 30, 2020
Acceptance Date December 13, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 34 Issue: 4

Cite

APA Erol, E. G. (2020). Nazi Almanya’sında Yayıncılık, Nazizm İdeolojisinin Yaydığı Anti-Semitist Söylemlerin İnşası ve Kitapların Propaganda Amaçlı Kullanımı. Türk Kütüphaneciliği, 34(4), 693-722. https://doi.org/10.24146/tk.818460

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