TÜRK-AMERIKAN TICARI İLIŞKILERININ GELIŞIMINDE ÖNEMLI BIR İSIM: BAŞKONSOLOS GABRIEL BIE RAVNDAL 1865-1950

Year 2020, Issue: 44 , 183 - 220 , 30.11.2020

Erkan Karakoç Hasan Küçük

https://izlik.org/JA36DY69AU

Abstract

Bu çalışma, Türk-Amerikan ticari ilişkilerinin genişlemesine önemli katkılar yapan Amerikan Başkonsolosu Gabriel Bie Ravndal’ın 1865- 1950 hayatını incelemektedir. Ondokuzuncu yüzyıl sonlarına kadar nispeten düşük seyreden ikili ticaret, takip eden süreçte Osmanlı İmparatorluğu/Türkiye için artmaya başlamış ve kaydadeğer bir seviyeye ulaşmıştır. Karşılıklı ticaretteki bu genişleme dönemi esnasında Ravndal, Beyrut ve sonrasında İstanbul’a Amerikan diplomatik temsilcisi olarak gönderilmiştir. Kariyerinin çoğunu Osmanlı/Türk topraklarında geçiren Ravndal, özellikle Türk-Amerikan ticaretinin gelişmesi üzerine yoğunlaşmıştır. Amerikan Levant Ticaret Odası ve İstanbul’daki Amerikan Kulübü’nün kurulmasına öncülük etmiştir. Bölge hakkında finansal, ekonomik ve ticari bilgiler sunan Levant Trade Review’ın çıkarılmasını sağlamıştır. Ayrıca, isabetli ticari raporlar hazırlamış, ticaretin genişlemesinin önündeki engel- lerin kaldırılmasına çalışmış ve Osmanlı İmparatorluğu/Türkiye ve ABD iş dünyası arasında farkındalığı artırmıştır. Bu nedenle, Ravndal’ın haya- tının incelenmesi Amerikan iş dünyasının İstanbul’daki faaliyetlerine ek olarak ikili ticaret hakkında da detaylı bilgi sunacaktır. Ek olarak, bu araş- tırma Amerikan ticari stratejisindeki radikal değişimler ve Amerikan Dı-şişlerinin Amerikan ticaretinin gelişmelerine katkısı hakkında da bazı bil- giler içerecektir.

Keywords

Gabriel Bie Ravndal , Türk-Amerikan Ticareti , Amerikan Levant Tica- ret Odası , Dış Ticaret , İş Dünyası

AN IMPORTANT FIGURE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF TURKISH-AMERICAN TRADE RELATIONS: CONSUL GENERAL GABRIEL BIE RAVNDAL 1865-1950

https://izlik.org/JA36DY69AU

Abstract

This article studies the life of an American Consul General, Gabriel Bie Ravndal 1865- 1950 , who significantly contributed to Turkish-American commercial relations. Remaining relatively low until the late nineteenth century, bilateral trade started to multiply and for the Ottoman Empire/ Republican Turkey reached a remarkable level in the following period. During this period of expansion in bilateral trade, Ravndal was sent to Beirut and later Istanbul as the American diplomatic representative. Spending most of his career in the Ottoman/Turk- ish territories, Ravndal particularly focused on developing the Turkish-American trade. He pioneered the American Chamber of Commerce for the Levant and the American Club in Istanbul. He led the publication of Levant Trade Review, which presented financial, economic and commercial information about the region. Furthermore, he prepared to-the-point commercial reports, sought to remove obstacles to trade expansion, and increased awareness of the business communities in both the Ottoman Empire/Turkey and US. Hence, the study of Ravndal’s life presents detailed information about the bilateral trade as well as the activities of the American business community in Istanbul. In addition, the study will provide some details about the influences of the radical changes on the American commercial strategy and the contribution of the American Foreign Service to the development of American trade.

Keywords

Turkish-American Trade , Gabriel Bie Ravndal , American Chamber of Commerce for the Levant , Foreign Trade , Business Community

References

• AKIN Veysi, “Amerika’da Türk Lobisi: Türk Teavün Cemiyeti”, Atatürk Araş- tırma Merkezi Dergisi, Volume XX, 2004, 453-521.
• ALBAYRAKOĞLU Esra Pakin, “Amerikan Siyasetini Yönlendirmede Türk- Amerikan Derneklerinin Rolü”, Türk Dünyası Sivil Toplum Kuruluşları Zirvesi Bildiri Kitapçığı, Ankara 2014, 367-371.
• BLUME Kenneth J., Historical Dictionary of U.S. Diplomacy from the Civil War to World War I, Rowman & Littlefield, Maryland 2017.
• CAN Bilmez Bülent, Demiryolundan Petrole Chester Projesi 1908-1923 , Tarih Vakfı Yurt Yayınları, İstanbul 2016.
• CASSIMATIS Louis P., American Influence in Greece, 1917-1929, The Kent State University Press, Kent 1988.
• CULLINANE Michael Patrick and Alex Goodall, The Open Door Era, United States Policy in the Twentieth Century, Edinburg University Press, Ed- inburg 2017.
• DE JONG Gerald F., “Dakota Resources”, South Dakota History, Volume 15, No 1, 1985, 66-114.
• DENOVO John A., American Interests and Policies in the Middle East, The Uni- versity of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, MN 1968.
• DURU Orhan, Amerikan Gizli Belgeleriyle Türkiye’nin Kurtuluş Yılları, Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları, İstanbul 2017.
• EDİP Halide, The Turkish Ordeal, The Century, New York 1928.
• ERHAN Çağrı, Türk-Amerikan İlişkilerinin Tarihsel Kökenleri, İmge Kitabevi, Ankara 2015.
• ERHAN Çağrı, “Ottoman Official Attitudes Towards American Missiona- ries”, The Turkish Yearbook of International Relations, No 31, 2000, 315- 341.
• EVANS Laurence, Türkiye’nin Paylaşılması ve ABD Politikası: 1914-1924, Milli- yet Yayın, n.p. 1972.
• FITZGERALD Jay E., “American Chambers of Commerce in Foreign Count- ries”, The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 94, 1921, 122-126.
• FRIEDEN Jeffrey A., “The Economics of Intervention: American Overseas In- vestments and Relations with Underdeveloped Areas, 1890-1950”, Comparative Studies in Society and History Volume 31, No 1, 1989, 55-80.
• “G[abriel] Bie Ravndal”, The National Cyclopaedia of American Biography, New York 1953, Volume 38, 437-438.
• “Gabriel Bie Ravndal”, Biographical Directory of the South Dakota Legislature, The Council, South Dakota 1989, 914.
• GENCER Ali İhsan, Ali Fuat Örenç, Metin Ünver, Türk-Amerikan Silah Ticareti Tarihi, Doğu Kütüphanesi, İstanbul 2008.
• GORDON Leland J., American Relations with Turkey 1830-1930, The University of Pennsylvania, 1932.
• GÜÇLÜ Yücel, The Armenian Events of Adana in 1909: Cemal Pasa and Beyond, The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Maryland 2018.
• HIPPISLEY Alfred E., “William Woodville Rockhill”, Journal of the Royal Asi- atic Society of Great Britain & Ireland, Volume 47, No 2, 1915, 367-374.
• HOWARD Harry N., “The Bicentennial in American-Turkish Relations”, Middle East Journal, Volume 30, No 3, 1976, 291-310.
• KARK Ruth, American Consuls in the Holy Land, 1832-1914, Wayne State Uni- versity Press, Detroit 1994.
• KARK Ruth, “A Communication: Ottoman Policy and U.S. Attitudes Regard- ing Land Purchase and Settlement by American Jews in Palestine”, Journal of Israeli History, Volume 14, No 12, 1993, 211-218.
• KEDOURIE Elie, Arabic Political Memoirs and Other Studies, Frank Cass and Company Limited, New York 2005.
• KINDLEBERGER Charles P., “Origins of United States Direct Investment in France”, Business History Review, Volume 48, No 3, 1974, 382-413.
• KOCABAŞOĞLU Uygur, Kendi Belgeleriyle Anadolu’daki Amerika, Arba Yayın- ları, İstanbul 1989.
• KUNERALP Sinan, Son Dönem Osmanlı Erkân ve Ricali 1839-1922 , Isis Press, İstanbul 1999.
• LOVOLL Odd Svree, Norwegian Newspapers in America: Connecting Norway and the New Land, Minnesota Historical Society Press, Minnesota 2010.
• MALKASIAN Mark, “The Disintegration of the Armenian Cause in the United States, 1918–1927”, International Journal of Middle East Studies, Volume 16, No 33, 1984, 349-365.
• MORGENTHAU Henry, Büyükelçi Morgenthau’nun Öyküsü, Belge Yayınları, Istanbul 2017.
• ODMAN Aslı, “Serbest Mıntıka’dan Amerikan Pazarı‘na Tophane Rıhtımı: Ford Motor Company Exports Inc., İstanbul Otomotiv Montaj Fabri- kası 1925-1944”, Tarih ve Toplum Yeni Yaklaşımlar, Volume 12, 2011, 71-93.
• ORHA Zafer, Beyrut Vilayeti”nde Osmanlı İdaresi 1887-1909 , Unpublished Ph.D. diss., University of Istanbul, İstanbul 2017.
• ÖZKAN Kenan, Milli Mücadele Dönemi Türkiye-ABD İlişkileri 1918-1923, Ötü- ken Yayıncılık, İstanbul 2016.
• PAMUK Şevket, 19. Yüzyılda Osmanlı Dış Ticareti, Devlet İstatistik Enstitüsü, Ankara 1995.
• PATRICK Andrew, America’s Forgotten Middle East Initiative: The King-Crane Commission of 1919, IB Tauris & Co. Ltd., Croydon 2015.
• RAVNDAL Gabriel Bie, Stories of the East Vikings, Augsburg Publishing Ho- use, Minneapolis 1938.
• RAVNDAL Gabriel Bie, Turkey: A Commercial and Industrial Handbook, Go- vernment Printing Office, Washington 1926.
• RAVNDAL Gabriel Bie, The Origin of the Capitulations and of the Consular Insti- tution, Government Printing Office, Washington 1921.
• RAVNDAL Gabriel Bie, Turkish Markets for American Hardware, Government Printing Office, Washington 1917.
• ROSENBERG Emily S., Financial Missionaries to the World, The Politics and Cul- ture of Dollar Diplomacy, 1900-1930, Harvard University Press, London 1999.
• TURGAY A. Üner, “Ottoman-American Trade During the Nineteenth Cen- tury”, The Journal of Ottoman Studies, No 3, 1982, 89-246.
• VLAMI Despina, Trading with the Ottomans The Levant Company in the Middle East, I. B. Tauris, New York 2015.
• YILMAZ Sait, Türkiye’deki Amerika, Kaynak Yayıncılık, Ankara 2017.
• WASTI Syed Tanvir, “Halil Menteşe-the Quadrumvir”, Middle Eastern Stud- ies, Volume 32, No 3, 1996, 92-105.
• “Istanbul Golf Kulübü “IGK, The Oldest Sports Club in Turkey”, http://www.igk.org.tr/en/Club/Pages/History.aspx, Accessed 29 July 2019 .
• “SD Legislature, “Gabriel Bie Ravndal”, http://sdlegislature.gov/Legisla- tors/Historical_Listing/LegislatorDetail.aspx?MemberID=1203%20, Accessed 16 July 2019 .
• “The Washington Post, “C. M. Ravndal Ex-Ambassador Dies in Austria”, https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1984/10/28/cm- ravndal-ex-ambassador-dies-in-austria/bac979d2-d6fb-4c27-9ec3- beabb8db76bb/?noredirect=on&utm_term=.7be4f957c866, cessed 16 July 2019 . Ac
• “U.S. Department of State, “Christian Magelssen Ravndal 1899–1984 ”, https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/people/ravndal-christian- magelssen Accessed 16 July 2019 .
• “University of Oslo, “Highlights from UiO’s history”, https://www.uio.no/english/about/facts/history/, Accessed 16 July 2019 .