Case Report
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A Rare Case of Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis 5 in A Child: From Initial Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms to Severe Neurodegeneration

Year 2025, Volume: 10 Issue: 1, 29 - 34, 27.02.2025
https://doi.org/10.70852/tmj.1556973

Abstract

Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (NCL) is a group of rare, inherited neurodegenerative disorders characterized by the accumulation of lipopigments in neuronal cells. Among these, CLN5 lipofuscinosis is generally considered a juvenile-onset variant, presenting with a complex clinical Picture that includes psychiatric, cognitive, and motor impairments. The aim of this report is to describe a rare case of pediatric CLN5 lipofuscinosis initially presenting with psychiatric symptoms, contributing to early diagnostic challenges. We report the case of a boy aged 7;11 (years; months) who initially presented with symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, and verbosity at the age of 5, which led to an early diagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Psychiatric assessments and evaluations were conducted in accordance with DSM-5 guidelines to support the diagnosis and monitor the progression of symptoms. As the disease advanced, additional clinical evaluations, including genetic testing, were performed to confirm the diagnosis of CLN5 lipofuscinosis and assess the progression of motor, cognitive, and psychiatric symptoms. The patient, initially diagnosed with ADHD, experienced a rapid progression over approximately one year to severe neurodegenerative symptoms, including loss of ambulation, vision impairment due to retinal atrophy, and cognitive decline. Genetic testing confirmed CLN5 lipofuscinosis, with accompanying psychiatric symptoms such as anxiety. Early psychiatric symptoms in CLN5 lipofuscinosis may be underrecognized, delaying appropriate diagnosis and intervention. This case highlights the importance of a multidisciplinary approach in the evaluation of psychiatric and neurological symptoms in pediatric patients, especially in the context of rare neurodegenerative diseases.

References

  • American Psychiatric Association. (1980). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. American  psychiatric association, Washington, DC, 205-224.
  • American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5. American psychiatric association.
  • Bäckman, M. L., Santavuori, P. R., Åberg, L. E., & Aronen, E. T. (2005). Psychiatric symptoms of children and adolescents with juvenile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 49(1), 25-32.
  • Basak, I., Wicky, H. E., McDonald, K. O., Xu, J. B., Palmer, J. E., Best, H. L., ... & Hughes, S. M. (2021). A lysosomal enigma CLN5 and its significance in understanding neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences, 78, 4735-4763.
  • de Paiva, A. R. B., Pessoa, A. L. S., Nóbrega, P. R., Moreno, C. A. M., Lynch, D. S., Taniguti, L. M., ... & Kok, F. (2023). Ceroid lipofuscinosis type 5: novel pathogenic variants and unexpected phenotypic findings. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 94(5), 405-408.
  • Duz, M. B. (2021). A novel CLN5 mutation in Turkish patient with variant late-onset neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis and recurrent fractures that causes severe morbidity. Neurocase, 27(6), 437-440.
  • Kose, M., Kose, E., Ünalp, A., Yılmaz, Ü., Edizer, S., Tekin, H. G., ... & Yildirim, E. S. (2021). Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis: genetic and phenotypic spectrum of 14 patients from Turkey. Neurological Sciences,  42, 1103-1111.
  • Mole, S. E., & Cotman, S. L. (2015). Genetics of the neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (Batten disease). Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Molecular Basis of Disease, 1852(10), 2237-2241.
  • Rakheja, D., & Bennett, M. J. (2018). Neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinoses. Translational Science of Rare Diseases, 3(2), 83-95.
  • Riley, D. S., Barber, M. S., Kienle, G. S., Aronson, J. K., von Schoen-Angerer, T., Tugwell, P., ... & Gagnier, J. J. (2017). CARE guidelines for case reports: explanation and elaboration document. Journal of clinical epidemiology, 89, 218-235.
  • Simonati, A., & Williams, R. E. (2022). Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis: The Multifaceted Approach to the Clinical Issues, an Overview. Frontiers in neurology, 13, 811686. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2022.811686
  • Simonati, A., Williams, R. E., Nardocci, N., Laine, M., Battini, R., Schulz, A., Garavaglia, B., Moro, F., Pezzini, F., & Santorelli, F. M. (2017). Phenotype and natural history of variant late infantile ceroid-lipofuscinosis 5. Developmental medicine and child neurology, 59(8), 815–821. https://doi.org/10.1111/dmcn.13473
  • Staretz‐Chacham, O., Choi, J. H., Wakabayashi, K., Lopez, G., & Sidransky, E. (2010). Psychiatric and behavioral manifestations of lysosomal storage disorders. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics, 153(7), 1253-1265.
  • Sürücü Kara, İ., Köse, E., Çavdarlı, B., & Eminoğlu, F. T. (2024). Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis type 11 diagnosed patient with bi-allelic variants in GRN gene: case report and review of literature. Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism, 37(3), 280-288.

Nadir Görülen Nöronal Seroid Lipofusinozis 5 Olgusu: Dikkat Eksikliği Hiperaktivite Bozukluğu Belirtilerinden Ağır Nörodejenerasyona

Year 2025, Volume: 10 Issue: 1, 29 - 34, 27.02.2025
https://doi.org/10.70852/tmj.1556973

Abstract

Nöronal seroid lipofüsinozis (NCL), nöronal hücrelerde lipopigment birikimi ile karakterize nadir, kalıtsal nörodejeneratif bozukluklar grubudur. Bunlar arasında, CLN5 lipofüsinozis genellikle psikiyatrik, bilişsel ve motor bozuklukları içeren karmaşık bir klinik tablo ile ortaya çıkan, juvenil başlangıçlı bir varyant olarak kabul edilir. Bu olgu sunumu başlangıçta psikiyatrik semptomlarla ortaya çıkan nadir bir pediatrik CLN5 lipofusinoz vakasını tanımlamayı ve erken tanı sürecindeki zorluklara dikkat çekmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Bu olgu sunumunda, 5 yaşında iken dikkat eksikliği, hiperaktivite ve aşırı konuşkanlık semptomları gösteren ve bu belirtiler doğrultusunda erken dönemde dikkat eksikliği/hiperaktivite bozukluğu (DEHB) tanısı alan 7 yaş 11 aylık bir erkek olgu sunulmaktadır. Tanı ve takip süreci için DSM-5 kılavuzuna uygun olarak psikiyatrik değerlendirmeler yapılmıştır. Hastalık ilerledikçe, CLN5 lipofusinozis tanısını doğrulamak ve motor, bilişsel ve psikiyatrik semptomların ilerleyişini değerlendirmek için genetik testler de dâhil olmak üzere ek klinik değerlendirmeler yapılmıştır. Başlangıçta DEHB tanısı konulan hasta, yaklaşık bir yıl içinde ambulasyon kaybı, retinal atrofiye bağlı görme bozukluğu ve bilişsel gerileme gibi şiddetli nörodejeneratif semptomlara doğru hızlı bir ilerleme yaşamıştır. Genetik testler, anksiyete gibi psikiyatrik semptomların eşlik ettiği CLN5 lipofusinozisi doğrulamıştır. CLN5 lipofusinozisindeki erken psikiyatrik semptomlar yeterince tanınmayabilir ve bu durum uygun tanı ve tedaviyi geciktirebilir. Bu olgu, özellikle nadir görülen nörodejeneratif hastalıklar kapsamında, pediatrik hastalarda psikiyatrik ve nörolojik semptomların değerlendirilmesinde multidisipliner bir yaklaşımın önemini vurgulamaktadır.

References

  • American Psychiatric Association. (1980). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. American  psychiatric association, Washington, DC, 205-224.
  • American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5. American psychiatric association.
  • Bäckman, M. L., Santavuori, P. R., Åberg, L. E., & Aronen, E. T. (2005). Psychiatric symptoms of children and adolescents with juvenile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 49(1), 25-32.
  • Basak, I., Wicky, H. E., McDonald, K. O., Xu, J. B., Palmer, J. E., Best, H. L., ... & Hughes, S. M. (2021). A lysosomal enigma CLN5 and its significance in understanding neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences, 78, 4735-4763.
  • de Paiva, A. R. B., Pessoa, A. L. S., Nóbrega, P. R., Moreno, C. A. M., Lynch, D. S., Taniguti, L. M., ... & Kok, F. (2023). Ceroid lipofuscinosis type 5: novel pathogenic variants and unexpected phenotypic findings. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 94(5), 405-408.
  • Duz, M. B. (2021). A novel CLN5 mutation in Turkish patient with variant late-onset neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis and recurrent fractures that causes severe morbidity. Neurocase, 27(6), 437-440.
  • Kose, M., Kose, E., Ünalp, A., Yılmaz, Ü., Edizer, S., Tekin, H. G., ... & Yildirim, E. S. (2021). Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis: genetic and phenotypic spectrum of 14 patients from Turkey. Neurological Sciences,  42, 1103-1111.
  • Mole, S. E., & Cotman, S. L. (2015). Genetics of the neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (Batten disease). Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Molecular Basis of Disease, 1852(10), 2237-2241.
  • Rakheja, D., & Bennett, M. J. (2018). Neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinoses. Translational Science of Rare Diseases, 3(2), 83-95.
  • Riley, D. S., Barber, M. S., Kienle, G. S., Aronson, J. K., von Schoen-Angerer, T., Tugwell, P., ... & Gagnier, J. J. (2017). CARE guidelines for case reports: explanation and elaboration document. Journal of clinical epidemiology, 89, 218-235.
  • Simonati, A., & Williams, R. E. (2022). Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis: The Multifaceted Approach to the Clinical Issues, an Overview. Frontiers in neurology, 13, 811686. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2022.811686
  • Simonati, A., Williams, R. E., Nardocci, N., Laine, M., Battini, R., Schulz, A., Garavaglia, B., Moro, F., Pezzini, F., & Santorelli, F. M. (2017). Phenotype and natural history of variant late infantile ceroid-lipofuscinosis 5. Developmental medicine and child neurology, 59(8), 815–821. https://doi.org/10.1111/dmcn.13473
  • Staretz‐Chacham, O., Choi, J. H., Wakabayashi, K., Lopez, G., & Sidransky, E. (2010). Psychiatric and behavioral manifestations of lysosomal storage disorders. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics, 153(7), 1253-1265.
  • Sürücü Kara, İ., Köse, E., Çavdarlı, B., & Eminoğlu, F. T. (2024). Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis type 11 diagnosed patient with bi-allelic variants in GRN gene: case report and review of literature. Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism, 37(3), 280-288.
There are 14 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Pediatric Genetic Illnesses, Pediatric Neurology, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
Journal Section Case Reports
Authors

Merve Okuyucu 0000-0003-2888-7443

Esra Kaygisiz 0000-0002-2643-3379

Publication Date February 27, 2025
Submission Date September 27, 2024
Acceptance Date November 14, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 10 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Okuyucu, M., & Kaygisiz, E. (2025). A Rare Case of Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis 5 in A Child: From Initial Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms to Severe Neurodegeneration. Turkish Medical Journal, 10(1), 29-34. https://doi.org/10.70852/tmj.1556973

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