Tarihsel Süreklilik ve Kopuşlar Üzerinden Yemen İç Savaşı

Atay Akdevelioğlu; Nuri Yeşilyurt; Gökhan Erdem

doi:10.26513/tocd.1282229

TR EN

Tarihsel Süreklilik ve Kopuşlar Üzerinden Yemen İç Savaşı

Abstract

Bu çalışma, 2014’te başlayan Yemen İç Savaşı’nı ülkenin bağımsızlığından bugüne yaşanan iç savaşlar silsilesinin tarihsel derinliği içerisinde ele almayı amaçlamaktadır. Çalışmada Yemen İç Savaşı’nın ülkenin modern tarihindeki savaşlarda gözlemlenen süreklilik ve kopuş unsurlarını bünyesinde bir arada barındırdığı iddia edilmektedir. Bu çerçevede vurgulanan süreklilik unsuru, Yemen’in jeopolitik önemi nedeniyle 19. yüzyıldan bugüne bölgede stratejik üs edinmeye çalışan denizaşırı güçlerle ülkeye komşu karasal güç arasında hep bir hakimiyet mücadelesine sahne olmasıdır. Uluslararası aktörlerin rolünün asgari düzeyde olması ve hızlı sonuçlanması nedeniyle çalışmada vurgulanan temel kopuş unsuru, 1994 iç savaşıdır. Mevcut iç savaş ise sürekliliğin devamıdır. 2014’te başlayan iç savaş bir yandan 1994’teki kopuş anında ortaya çıkan Yemenli aktörleri ve çatışma dinamiklerini bünyesinde barındırmaktayken, diğer yandan bir dizi deniz aşırı ve karasal gücün müdahalesiyle uluslararasılaşmış ve böylece Yemen tarihindeki süreklilik unsuru tekrarlanmıştır.

Keywords

Denizaşırı Güç, İç Savaş, Jeopolitik, Karasal Güç, Yemen.

Thanks

Yazarlar, değerli eleştiri ve yorumlarından ötürü Prof. Dr. Çınar Özen'e teşekkür ederler.

Yemeni Civil War through Historical Continuity and Ruptures

Abstract

This study aims to analyze the Yemeni Civil War, which started in 2014, within the historical depth of the series of civil wars that have occurred since the country's independence. The study argues that the Yemeni Civil War contains both elements of continuity and rupture observed in modern Yemen history. The element of continuity emphasized in this framework is that due to the geopolitical importance of Yemen, it has always been the scene of a struggle for dominance between overseas powers, which have been trying to acquire a strategic base in the region since the 19th century, and neighboring territorial power. The main element of rupture emphasized in the study is the 1994 civil war, which ended quickly without the intervention of external powers. The current civil war is the continuation of continuity. While the civil war that started in 2014 included Yemeni actors and conflict dynamics that had initially emerged at the time of the rupture in 1994, on the other hand, it became international with the intervention of several overseas and territorial powers, thus repeating the element of continuity in Yemeni history.

Keywords

Yemen, Civil War, Geopolitics, Territorial Power, Overseas Power.

References

Ahmed, Omar. “Remembering the 1994 Yemeni Civil War.” Middle East Monitor, 4 Mayıs 2022. https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20220504-remembering-the-1994-yemeni-civil-war/.
Al-Sofari, Mutahar. “An Exceptional Case: Saudi Relations with Yemen’s Islah Party,” The Washington Institute, 26 Temmuz 2021, https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/exceptional-case-saudi-relations-yemens-islah-party#main-content.
Al-Zandani, Ahmed A. “Yemen’s Question: From the Struggle for Freedom to the Struggle for Survival.” Türkiye Ortadoğu Çalışmaları Dergisi 2, no. 2 (2015): 89-108.
Antonius, George. The Arab Awakening: The Story of the Arab National Movement. Beyrut: Khayats, 1938.
Ayışığı, Metin. “Osmanlı’nın Son Vilayeti Yemen.” XIII. Türk Tarih Kongresi, 04-08 Ekim 1999, Cilt 3, Kısım 3 içinde,1985-2019. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu, 2002.
Başer, Hacer. “Yemen’in Stratejik Sokotra Adasında BAE’nin Emelleri Tartışılıyor.” Anadolu Ajansı, 5 Eylül 2020. https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/dunya/yemenin-stratejik-sokotra-adasinda- baenin-askeri-emelleri-tartisiliyor-/1963825.
Bostan, İdris. “Yemen: Osmanlı Dönemi.” İslam Ansiklopedisi Cilt 43, 406-412. İstanbul: Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı, 2013.
Byman, Daniel. “Yemen’s Disastrous War,” Survival 60, no. 5 (2018): 141-158.
Dalton, Melissa. “US Support for Saudi Military Operations in Yemen.” Center for Strategic and International Studies, 23 Mart 2018, https://www.csis.org/analysis/us-support-saudi-military-operations-yemen.
Dawisha, Adeed. “Intervention in the Yemen: An Analysis of Egyptian Perceptions and Policies.” The Middle East Journal 29, no. 1 (Kış, 1973): 47-63.

Dawisha, Adeed. Egypt in the Arab World: The Elements of Foreign Policy. Londra: The Macmillan Press, 1976.
Derozier, Elena. “Yemen’s Second-in-Command May Have a Second Coming.” The Washington Institute, 9 Kasım 2018, https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/yemens-second-command-may-have-second-coming.
Dogan-Akkas, Betul. “The UAE’s foreign policymaking in Yemen: from bandwagoning to buck-passing.” Third World Quarterly 42, no. 4 (2021): 717-735.
Durac, Vincent. “The Joint Meeting Parties and the Politics of Opposition in Yemen.” British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 38, no. 3 (2011): 343-365.
Erboğa, Abdullah. “Bölgesel Dönüşüm Süreci ve Körfez Güvenliği.” Türkiye Ortadoğu Çalışmaları Dergisi 3, no. 1 (2016): 9-38.
Falk, Thomas O. “The limits of Iran’s influence on Yemen’s Houthi rebels.” Al-Jazeera, 8 Mart 2022.
Ferris, Jesse. Nasser’s Gamble: How Intervention in Yemen Caused the Six Day War and the Decline of Egyptian Power. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2013.
Fığlalı, Ethem Ruhi. Çağımızda İtikadi İslam Mezhepleri. Ankara: Selçuk Yayınları, 1996.
Halaçoğlu, Yusuf. “Asir.” İslam Ansiklopedisi Cilt 3, 482-484. İstanbul: Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı, 1991.
Heydemann, Steven. “Economic Governance & State Reconstruction in the Arab Middle East.” Daedalus 147, no. 1 (Kış 2018): 48-63.
Horton, Michael. “Terrorists are Tightening their Grip in Yemen.” The National Interest, 15 Ağustos 2018. https://nationalinterest.org/feature/terrorists-are-tightening-their-grip- yemen-28842.
İzol, Ramazan, ve Murat Cingöz. “Iran-Saudi Arabia Rivalry and the Yemen Crisis.” Gazi Akademik Bakış Dergisi 16, no. 31 (2022): 345-360.
Johnsen, Gregory D. “The Great Fall: Putting Together Peace Talks for a Broken Yemen.” The Arab Gulf States Institute in Washington, 2 Nisan 2021. https://agsiw.org/the-great-fall-putting-together-peace-talks-for-a-broken-yemen/.
Johnsen, Gregory D. “The UAE’s Three Strategic Interests in Yemen,” The Arab Gulf States Institute in Washington, 24 Şubat 2022, https://agsiw.org/the-uaes-three-strategic-interests-in-yemen/.
Jones, Seth G., Jared Thompson, Danielle Ngo, and Joseph S. Bermudez. The Iranian and Houthi War against Saudi Arabia. Washington DC: Center for Strategic and International Studies, 2021.
Juneau, Thomas. “Iran’s Policy towards the Houthis in Yemen: A limited return on a modest investment.” International Affairs 92, no. 3 (2016): 647–663.
Kendall, Elisabeth. “The Failing Islamic State within the Failed State of Yemen.” Perspectives on Terrorism 13, no. 1 (Şubat 2019): 78-87.
Kennedy, Paul M. “Mahan versus Mackinder.” Militärgeschichtliche Zeitschrift 16, no. 2 (2016): 39-66.
Kerr, Malcolm. The Arab Cold War: 1958-1967. New York: Oxford University Press, 1967.
Michael, Maggie, and Ahmed el-Haj. “Saleh’s death puts Yemen’s war at a crossroads.” The Washington Post, 6 Aralık 2017. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/salehs-death-puts-yemens-war-at-a-crossroads/2017/12/06/e5fdcb82-da50-11e7-a241-0848315642d0_story.html?noredirect=on&utm_term=.69a21028b352.
Montgomery, Marcus. “A Timeline of the Yemen Crisis from the 1990s to the Present.” Arab Center Washington DC, 19 Şubat 2021. https://arabcenterdc.org/resource/a-timeline-of-the-yemen-crisis-from-the-1990s-to-the-present/.
Nagi, Ahmed. “What Biden’s Visit to Saudi Arabia Means for Yemen.” Carnegie Middle East Center, 12 Temmuz 2022. https://carnegie-mec.org/2022/07/12/what-biden-s-visit-to-saudi-arabia-means-for-yemen-pub-87483.
Nedim, Mahmud. Arabistan’da Bir Ömür. İstanbul: İSİS, 2001. Orkaby, Asher. Beyond the Arab Cold War: The International History of Yemen Civil War 1962-68. New York: Oxford University Press, 2017.
Öntuğ, Murat ve Leyla Aksu Kılıç. “Osmanlı’nın Güney Siyasetinde Yemen’de Hakimiyet Mücadelesi ve Osmanlı Valileri (1850-1876).”Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 68, (2021): 397-414.
Özbaran Salih ve Don Manuell de Lyma. “The Ottoman Turks and the Portuguese in the Persian Gulf, 1534-1581.” Journal of Asian History 6, no. 1 (1972): 45-87.
Öztürk, Selim. “Nedenleri ve Sonuçları Kapsamında Yemen Krizi.” Avrasya Etüdleri 25, no. 55 (2019): 83-98.
PRO, FO 141/461-2, from the Sherif of Mecca to HE Minister, 1 Haziran 1916.
PRO, FO 141/461-3, from Chief Egypforce in Cairo to Chief London, 15 Haziran 1916.
PRO, FO 141/462-1, from the Residency in Aden to HC in Cairo, 6 Ekim 1916.
PRO, FO 686/25, Note by Cromwell in Jidda, 28 Kasım 1917.
Rashad, Marwa. “Yemen’s Saleh signs deal to give up power”, Reuters, 23 Kasım 2011, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-yemen-idUSTRE7AM0D020111123.
Robinson, Kali. “Yemen’s Tragedy: War, Stalemate, and Suffering.” Council on Foreign Relations, 21 Ekim 2022. https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/yemen-crisis.
Salisbury, Peter. Yemen’s Southern Powder Keg. Londra: The Royal Institute of International Affairs, 2018.
Seyhun, Mehmet Arif. “Yemen Savaş Anıları (5 Mayıs 1914 - 5 Mart 1919).” Askeri Tarih Bülteni 22, no. 42 (1997): 1-51.
Shield, Ralph. “The Saudi Air War in Yemen: A Case for Coercive Success through Battlefield Denial,” Journal of Strategic Studies 41, no. 3 (2018): 461-489.
Stewart, Phil. “U.S. halting refueling of Saudi-led coalition aircraft in Yemen’s war.” Reuters, 10 Kasım 2018. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-yemen-refueling/u-s-halting-refueling-of-saudi-led-coalition-aircraft-in-yemens-war-idUSKCN1NE2LJ.
Stookey, Robert. South Yemen: A Marxist Republic in Arabia. Londra: Croom Helm, 1982.
Sullivan, Robert R. “Saudi Arabia in International Politics.” The Review of Politics 32, no: 4 (Ekim 1970): 436-460.
Tanin, 19 Şubat 1917.
Telci, İsmail Numan, Mustafa Yetim, ve Gökhan Ereli. Yemen İç Savaşı: Bölgesel ve Küresel Aktörler, Yerel Unsurlar ve Çatışmanın Geleceği, Ankara: Ortadoğu Araştırmaları Merkezi, 2020.
Tınas, Murat. “Yemen İç Savaşı’nda Husiler: Vekalet İlişkisinin Karmaşık Yapısı.” Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 21, no. 1 (Haziran 2020): 117-136.
Tüysüzoğlu, Göktürk. “Kızıldeniz’e Odaklanan Güç Mücadelesi: Sebepler ve Aktörler,” Ortadoğu Etütleri 11, no. 2 (2019): 324-367.
Vatikiotis, P. J. Nasser and His Generation. Londra: Croom Helm, 1978.
Warburton, David. “The Conventional War in Yemen.” The Arab Studies Journal 3, no.1 (Bahar, 1995): 20-44.
Wenner, Manfred W., Tareq Ismael, and Jacqueline Ismael. “The Republic of Yemen.” in Middle East and North Africa, editörler: Tareq Ismael, and Jacqueline Ismael, 415-451. Gainesville: Florida University Press, 1991.
Yeşilyurt, Nuri. “Collapse of Empire: Ottoman Turks and the Arabs in the First World War.” MPhil diss., University of Cambridge, 2005.
Yıldız, Melih. “Rusya’nın Ortadoğu’ya Dönüşünün Askeri Boyutu.”, Türkiye Ortadoğu Çalışmaları Dergisi 9, no.1 (2022): 83-107.
Zeidan, Adam. “Houthi movement.” Britannica. 11 Mart 2023. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Houthi-movement.
“Yahya.” Britannica Academic, Son erişim: 2 Kasım 2018. https://academic.eb.com/levels/collegiate/article/Ya%E1%B8%A5y%C4%81/77716.
“Ali Abdullah Saleh.” Global Security, Son erişim: 1 Kasım 2018, https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/yemen/saleh.htm.
“Arab Coalition Launches Offensive on Yemen’s Rebel-Held Hodeidah.” The National, 14 Haziran 2018. https://www.thenational.ae/world/mena/arab-coalition-launches-offensive-on-yemen-s-rebel-held-hodeidah-1.739551.
“Are Saudis readying Yemen's Tareq Saleh for Sanaa battle?” Al-Monitor, 27 Ocak 2020, https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2020/01/yemen-saudi-arabia-commander-sanaa-battle-war.html.
“Situation of Human Rights in Yemen, Including Violations and Abuses since September 2014”, OHCHR, 17 Ağustos 2018, http://undocs.org/A/HRC/39/43.
“UK Presents Evidence Linking Iran in Houthi Weapon Supply,” Voice of America, 13 Şubat 2023, https://www.voanews.com/a/uk-presents-evidence-linking-iran-in-houthi-weapon-supply/6961928.html.
“War in Yemen.” Council on Foreign Relations, 7 Şubat 2023. https://www.cfr.org/interactives/global-conflict-tracker#!/conflict/war-in-yemen.
“Yemen: Al-Hirak Al-Janoubi (Southern Movement).” UNHCR, 28 Haziran 2013.
“Yemen: History, Two Yemeni States.” Britannica Academic, Son erişim: 2 Kasım 2018. https://academic.eb.com/levels/collegiate/article/Yemen/110511#214513.toc.
“Yemen: History, Yemen in Transition,” Britannica Academic, Son erişim: 2 Kasım 2018, https://academic.eb.com/levels/collegiate/article/Yemen/110511#214513.toc.
“Yemeni PM sacked in major shake-up of senior officials.” Al-Jazeera, 3 Nisan 2016, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/4/3/yemeni-pm-sacked-in-major-shake-up-of-senior-officials.
“Yemen: Al-Hirak Al-Janoubi (Southern Movement), including its structure, leadership, objectives, members, activities, and area of operation; relationship with government”, Refworld, 28 Haziran 2013,https://www.refworld.org/docid/52eba6534.html.

Details

Primary Language

Turkish

Subjects

International Relations, Regional Studies

Journal Section

Research Article

Authors

Atay Akdevelioğlu ^*
0000-0002-9162-0162
Türkiye

Nuri Yeşilyurt
0000-0001-6775-1640
Türkiye

Gökhan Erdem
0000-0002-9098-4909
Türkiye

Early Pub Date

June 23, 2023

Publication Date

June 23, 2023

Submission Date

April 12, 2023

Acceptance Date

May 24, 2023

Published in Issue

Year 2023 Volume: 10 Number: 1

DOI

https://doi.org/10.26513/tocd.1282229

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA25DW53KW

APA

Akdevelioğlu, A., Yeşilyurt, N., & Erdem, G. (2023). Tarihsel Süreklilik ve Kopuşlar Üzerinden Yemen İç Savaşı. Türkiye Ortadoğu Çalışmaları Dergisi, 10(1), 217-254. https://doi.org/10.26513/tocd.1282229

AMA

1.Akdevelioğlu A, Yeşilyurt N, Erdem G. Tarihsel Süreklilik ve Kopuşlar Üzerinden Yemen İç Savaşı. TJMES. 2023;10(1):217-254. doi:10.26513/tocd.1282229

Chicago

Akdevelioğlu, Atay, Nuri Yeşilyurt, and Gökhan Erdem. 2023. “Tarihsel Süreklilik Ve Kopuşlar Üzerinden Yemen İç Savaşı”. Türkiye Ortadoğu Çalışmaları Dergisi 10 (1): 217-54. https://doi.org/10.26513/tocd.1282229.

EndNote

Akdevelioğlu A, Yeşilyurt N, Erdem G (June 1, 2023) Tarihsel Süreklilik ve Kopuşlar Üzerinden Yemen İç Savaşı. Türkiye Ortadoğu Çalışmaları Dergisi 10 1 217–254.

IEEE

[1]A. Akdevelioğlu, N. Yeşilyurt, and G. Erdem, “Tarihsel Süreklilik ve Kopuşlar Üzerinden Yemen İç Savaşı”, TJMES, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 217–254, June 2023, doi: 10.26513/tocd.1282229.

ISNAD

Akdevelioğlu, Atay - Yeşilyurt, Nuri - Erdem, Gökhan. “Tarihsel Süreklilik Ve Kopuşlar Üzerinden Yemen İç Savaşı”. Türkiye Ortadoğu Çalışmaları Dergisi 10/1 (June 1, 2023): 217-254. https://doi.org/10.26513/tocd.1282229.

JAMA

1.Akdevelioğlu A, Yeşilyurt N, Erdem G. Tarihsel Süreklilik ve Kopuşlar Üzerinden Yemen İç Savaşı. TJMES. 2023;10:217–254.

MLA

Akdevelioğlu, Atay, et al. “Tarihsel Süreklilik Ve Kopuşlar Üzerinden Yemen İç Savaşı”. Türkiye Ortadoğu Çalışmaları Dergisi, vol. 10, no. 1, June 2023, pp. 217-54, doi:10.26513/tocd.1282229.

Vancouver

1.Atay Akdevelioğlu, Nuri Yeşilyurt, Gökhan Erdem. Tarihsel Süreklilik ve Kopuşlar Üzerinden Yemen İç Savaşı. TJMES. 2023 Jun. 1;10(1):217-54. doi:10.26513/tocd.1282229

Cited By

BAE ve İran’ın Yemen’deki Jeopolitik Çıkarları: Vekalet Savaşları Üzerinden Güç Dengesi Arayışları ve Sokotra Adası Sorunu

Fiscaoeconomia

https://doi.org/10.25295/fsecon.1594012

Neoklasik Realizm Çerçevesinde Ortadoğuda Şiilik-Vahhabilik Rekabetini Anlamak: Yemen Örneği

İmgelem

https://doi.org/10.53791/imgelem.1834362

The published articles in TJMES are licensed under a
Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License