İran Kadın Hareketi’nin Ortaya Çıkışı ve Gelişimi

Year 2024, , 133 - 158, 13.06.2024

Rukiye Tınas , Esin Erginbaş Tok

https://doi.org/10.26513/tocd.1373760

Abstract

1979 devrimi sonrasında doğan İranlı kadınlar, homojen ve örgütlü bir feminist harekete öncülük etmeseler de 1990’lı yıllardan itibaren farklı platformlarda bir araya gelerek resmî ideolojiye karşı antagonizma alanları inşa etmişlerdir. Buradan hareketle, bu makalede İran’da kadın hareketinin ortaya çıkışının ve feminist bir harekete doğru gelişiminin analizi amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaçla İran’da kökenleri 19. yüzyıla kadar uzanan kadın hareketi incelenirken öncelikle tarihsel bağlamı kaçırmamak adına Kaçar ve Pehlevi hanedanlıkları döneminde kadın sorunu ve kadınların hak mücadeleleri konusu ele alınmıştır. Ardından 1979 Devrimi sürecinde ve Humeyni liderliğindeki İslam Cumhuriyeti’nde kadının rolü ve statüsüne ilişkin mücadelesi incelenmiştir. Bu temel üzerine İran kadın hareketinin gelişimi birbirini takip eden dört dönemde analiz edilmiştir: 1) 1989-2005, İran’da kadınların eşit haklar mücadelesi ve İslami feminizm ortaya çıktığı dönem, 2) 2005 yılında başlayan ve özellikle kadınlar üzerindeki iktidar baskısının arttığı yaklaşık dokuz yıllık dönem, 3) Liberal bir havanın hissedildiği 2013 yılıyla başlayan ve 2022 yılında sona eren dönem, 4) Mehsa Emini’nin ölümü üzerine protestoların gerçekleştiği 2022 yılı. Analizi gerçekleştirmeyi sağlayacak materyal için İngilizce, Fransızca, Türkçe ve Farsça ‒ ekseriyetle ilk iki dilde ‒ akademik literatüre başvurulmuştur.

Keywords

İran, 1979 Devrimi, İslami Feminizm, Kadın Hareketi

The Emergence and Development of the Iranian Women's Movement

Abstract

Although Iranian women born after the 1979 Revolution did not lead a homogeneous and organized feminist movement, since the 1990s, they have been gathering on different platforms and building zones of antagonism against the official ideology. Based on this observation, this article aims to analyze the emergence of the women’s movement in Iran and its evolution towards a feminist movement. To this end, while examining the women’s movement in Iran, whose origins date back to the 19th century, the issue of women and the struggles of women for their rights under the Qajar and Pahlavi dynasties were discussed. Next, the struggle regarding the role and status of women during the 1979 Revolution and the Islamic Republic led by Khomeini was examined. On this basis, the movement's evolution was analyzed in four successive periods: 1) 1989-2005, the period during which women’s struggle for equal rights and Islamic feminism emerged, 2) The period began in 2005, during which the pressure from power increased, particularly on women, 3) The period begins in 2013, where a liberal atmosphere was felt and ended in 2022, 4) In 2022, when the demonstrations took place following the death of Mahsa Amini, academic literature in English, French, Türkiye, and Persian – mainly in the first two languages – was consulted for the material necessary for the analysis.

Keywords

Iran, 1979 Revolution, Islamic Feminism, Women’s Movement

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