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The Transformation of War: New Wars and The Case of Syrian Crisis

Yıl 2015, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 1, 31 - 66, 18.09.2015

Öz

The dramatic transformation of war phenomenon has leaded to some conceptual seekings in line with the globalization process and the end of Cold War. From 1990 onwards, the “new wars” debate provided multidimensional perspective for the war’s definiton, its actors, strategies and states’ position. Objects and motivations behind wars concluded with significant transformations: Privatization of state’s monopoly over use of force, replacing the inter-state wars by intra-state wars, and the emergence of non-state actors as a main side of war. In this process, armed groups benefiting from war economy, violence and ethnic/religious seperations turned local authorities. Social media and internet platforms helped to form a warrior network in global level. Transforming to a civil war in a short period, the Syrian Crisis, which has started in 2011 as part of the Arab Spring, is an actual and comprehensive case for the new wars debate. Current situation in the country comprises a string of components that could shed light on the future position of the war phenomenon

Kaynakça

  • Kitaplar ve Makaleler
  • Andrew Heywood, Küresel Siyaset, çev. Haluk Özdemir ve Nasuh Uslu, İstanbul: Adres Yayınları, 2013.
  • Artur Malantowicz, “Civil War in Syria and the New Wars Debate”, Ams- terdam Law Forum, 2013, c. 5, sy. 3, ss.52-60.
  • Besime Yücel, “Suriye’nin Kültürel Mirası Yok Olurken”, Ortadoğu Ana- liz, 2014, c. 6, sy. 64, ss.82-85.
  • Christian Wlaschütz, “New Wars and their Consequences for Human Secu- rity Case Study: Colombia”, Human Security Perspectives, 2004, c. 1, sy. 2, ss.15-23.
  • Ferhat Pirinççi, “The Impact of the Syrian Crisis on Lebanon: An Evalua- tion on the Case of Syirans in Lebanon”, Akademik Ortadoğu, 2014, c. 8, sy. 2, ss.17-40.
  • Haldun Yalçınkaya, “Savaş”, Uluslararası İlişkilere Giriş, Şaban Kardaş ve Ali Balcı (eds.), İstanbul: Küre Yayınları, 2014, ss.272-278.
  • Haldun Yalçınkaya, Savaş: Uluslararası İlişkilerde Güç Kullanımı, Anka- ra: İmge Kitabevi, 2008.
  • Herfried Münkler, “Old and New Wars”, The Routledge Handbook of Secu- rity Studies, Myriam, Dunn Cavelty ve Victor Mauer (eds.), London: Routledge, 2010, ss.190-199.
  • Herfried Münkler, Yeni Savaşlar, çev. Zehra Aksu Yılmazer, İstanbul: İle- tişim, 2010.
  • Martin van Creveld, The Transformation of War, New York: The Free Press, 1991.
  • Mary Kaldor, “In Defence of New Wars”, Stability Journal, 2013, c. 2, sy. 1, ss.1-16.
  • Mary Kaldor, “Inconclusive Wars: Is Clausewitz Still Relevant in These Global Times?”, Global Policy, 2010, c. 1, sy. 3, ss.271-281.
  • Mary Kaldor, New & Old Wars, Second Edition, California: Stanford Uni- versity Press, 2007.
  • Mats Berdal ve David Keen, “Violence and Economic Agendas in Civil Wars: Some Policy Implications”, Millennium: Journal of Internati- onal Studies, 1997, c. 26, sy. 3, ss.795-818.
  • Michael Sheehan, “Military Security”, Contemporary Security Studies, Alan Collins (ed.), Third Edition, Hampshire: Oxford University Press, 2013, ss.147-160.
  • Michael Sheehan, “The Evolution of Modern Warfare”, Strategy in the Contemporary World, John Baylis ve diğerleri (eds.), Fourth Editi- on, Hampshire: Oxford University Press, 2013, ss.39-59.
  • Patrick A. Mello, “In Search of New Wars: The Debate about a Transfor- mation of War”, European Journal of International Relations, 2010, c. 20, sy. 10, ss.1-13.
  • Recep Tayyip Gürler ve Ömer Berham Özdemir, “El Kaide’den post-Kai- de’ye Dönüşüm: IŞİD”, Türkiye Ortadoğu Çalışmalar Dergisi, 2014, c. 1, s. 1, ss.113-154.
  • Richard H. Shultz ve Andrea J. Dew, Insurgents, Terrorists and Militias: The Warriors of a Contemporary Combat, New York: Columbia Uni- versity Press, 2006.
  • Stathis N. Kalyvas, “New and Old Civil Wars: A Valid Distinction?”, World Politics, 2001, c. 54, sy. 1, ss.99-118.
  • William S. Lind ve diğerleri, “The Changing Face of War: Into the Fourth Generation”, Marine Corps Gazette, October 1989, ss.22-26. İnternet Kaynakları
  • “Some Wounded Syrians Seek Treatment from Israeli Hospitals”, Al Jaze- era America, 18 Mart 2014.
  • “IŞİD Petrolden Günde 1 Milyon Dolar Kazanıyor”, Al Jazeera Turk, 23 Ekim 2014.
  • “Al Nusra Kills Dozens of Hezbollah Militants in Syria’s Qalamoun”, ARA News, 23 Kasım 2014.
  • “Western Aid is Funding ISIS Fighters Because Jihadists are Demanding Huge Bribes to Let Trucks Carrying Supplies Reach Desperate Fa- milies, Official Claims”, Daily Mail, 20 Ekim 2014.
  • Jamie Dettmer, “US Humanitarian Aid Going to ISIS”, Daily Beast, 19 Ekim 2014.
  • “Exclusive: Israel is Tending to Wounded Syrian Rebels”, Foreign Policy, 11.06.2014.
  • Metin Gurcan, “Savaşın Evrimi ve Teorik Yaklaşımlar”, BİLGESAM, http:// www.bilgesam.org/Images/Dokumanlar/0-163-201404072m_gur- can.pdf, ss.71-129.
  • Scott Stewart, “Global Arms Markets as Seen Through the Syrian Lens”, Stratfor Global Intelligence, 25.12.2014.
  • “Foreign Jihadists Flocking to Iraq and Syria on Unprecedented Scale-UN”, Guardian, 30 Ekim 2014.
  • “Syrian Rebels Sidetracked by Scramble for Spoils of War”, Guardian, 27 Aralık 2012.
  • “Islamic State and Jabhat al-Nusra Seize Wheat Farms Developed with Aussie Aid”, Sydney Morning Herald, 06 Kasım 2014.
  • “Syrian Rebels Loot Artifacts to Raise Money for Fight Against Assad”, Washington Post, 12 Şubat 2013.
  • “UN Rights Office Condemns Destruction of Syrian Holy Sites as ISIL Terror Continues”, UN News Center, 13.10.2014.
  • US: Department of the Treasury Press Center, 25.12.2014, www.treasury. gov/press....
  • “Lebanon Army Captures Hundreds of Suspected ISIL Fighters in Bekaa Valley Refugee Camp”, World Tribune, 30 Eylül 2014.
  • “Qatar Paid Ransom for Release of Fijian Peacekeepers”, Ynet News, 27 Aralık 2014.
  • “IŞİD Militanları Mülteci Kılığında Kürdistan’a Sızacaktı”, Haberler.com, 28.12.2014.
  • http://media.clarionproject.org/files/islamic-state/islamic-state-isis-maga- zine-Issue-4-the-failed-crusade.pdf
  • “UN Report: ISIS Uses Women as Sex Slaves”, Al Arabiya, 02 Ekim 2014.
  • “İnteraktif: IŞİD’in Petrol Sahaları”, Al Jazeera Turk, 24 Aralık 2014.
  • “Rampant Torture of Protesters”, Human Rights Watch, 16.04.2011.
  • “Heritage Sites Ravaged by Syria’s War”, Al Jazeera, 24 Aralık 2014.
  • “Syria Unrest: Who are the Shabiha?”, BBC, 24.12.2014.
  • “Annual Report 2012”, Amnesty International, 27.12.2014.
  • “Syria Regional Refugee Response”, UNHCR Data, 28.12.2014, http:// data.unhcr.org/syrian...
  • Zeina Karam, “Syria’s Civil War Plays Out on Social Media”, Associated Press, 16 Kasım 2014.

Savaş Olgusunun Dönüşümü: Yeni Savaşlar ve Suriye Krizi Örneği

Yıl 2015, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 1, 31 - 66, 18.09.2015

Öz

Küreselleşme süreci ve Soğuk Savaş’ın sona ermesiyle köklü bir dönüşüm geçiren savaş olgusu yeni birtakım kavramsal arayışları beraberinde getirmiştir. 1990’lardan günümüze ön plana çıkan “yeni savaşlar” tartışması, savaşın tanımından aktörlerine, 21.yüzyılda devletlerin savaşlardaki yerinden kullanılan taktik ve stratejilere kadar çok yönlü bir perspektif sunmaktadır. Güç kullanma tekelinin devlet egemenliğinden çıkarak özelleşmesi, devletlerarası savaşların yerini iç savaşların alması ve devlet-dışı oluşumların savaşı yürüten temel aktörler haline gelmesi; savaşı meydana getiren amaç ve motivasyonların ciddi bir dönüşüme uğramasıyla sonuçlanmıştır. Şiddetin ve etnik/dinsel kimliklerin araçsallaştırılmasıyla savaş ekonomisinden faydalanan silahlı gruplar yerel otoriteler haline gelmiştir. Bu süreçte internet ve sosyal medyanın yaygın ve etkin biçimde kullanılması küresel düzeyde bir savaşçı ağı oluşturmuştur. Arap Baharı’nın bir parçası olarak 2011’de başlayıp kısa sürede iç savaşa dönüşen Suriye Krizi, yeni savaşlar bağlamında değerlendirilebilecek kapsamlı ve güncel bir örnek teşkil etmektedir. Ülkede yaşananlar, savaş olgusunun gelecekteki konumuna projeksiyon tutacak unsurlar barındırmaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Kitaplar ve Makaleler
  • Andrew Heywood, Küresel Siyaset, çev. Haluk Özdemir ve Nasuh Uslu, İstanbul: Adres Yayınları, 2013.
  • Artur Malantowicz, “Civil War in Syria and the New Wars Debate”, Ams- terdam Law Forum, 2013, c. 5, sy. 3, ss.52-60.
  • Besime Yücel, “Suriye’nin Kültürel Mirası Yok Olurken”, Ortadoğu Ana- liz, 2014, c. 6, sy. 64, ss.82-85.
  • Christian Wlaschütz, “New Wars and their Consequences for Human Secu- rity Case Study: Colombia”, Human Security Perspectives, 2004, c. 1, sy. 2, ss.15-23.
  • Ferhat Pirinççi, “The Impact of the Syrian Crisis on Lebanon: An Evalua- tion on the Case of Syirans in Lebanon”, Akademik Ortadoğu, 2014, c. 8, sy. 2, ss.17-40.
  • Haldun Yalçınkaya, “Savaş”, Uluslararası İlişkilere Giriş, Şaban Kardaş ve Ali Balcı (eds.), İstanbul: Küre Yayınları, 2014, ss.272-278.
  • Haldun Yalçınkaya, Savaş: Uluslararası İlişkilerde Güç Kullanımı, Anka- ra: İmge Kitabevi, 2008.
  • Herfried Münkler, “Old and New Wars”, The Routledge Handbook of Secu- rity Studies, Myriam, Dunn Cavelty ve Victor Mauer (eds.), London: Routledge, 2010, ss.190-199.
  • Herfried Münkler, Yeni Savaşlar, çev. Zehra Aksu Yılmazer, İstanbul: İle- tişim, 2010.
  • Martin van Creveld, The Transformation of War, New York: The Free Press, 1991.
  • Mary Kaldor, “In Defence of New Wars”, Stability Journal, 2013, c. 2, sy. 1, ss.1-16.
  • Mary Kaldor, “Inconclusive Wars: Is Clausewitz Still Relevant in These Global Times?”, Global Policy, 2010, c. 1, sy. 3, ss.271-281.
  • Mary Kaldor, New & Old Wars, Second Edition, California: Stanford Uni- versity Press, 2007.
  • Mats Berdal ve David Keen, “Violence and Economic Agendas in Civil Wars: Some Policy Implications”, Millennium: Journal of Internati- onal Studies, 1997, c. 26, sy. 3, ss.795-818.
  • Michael Sheehan, “Military Security”, Contemporary Security Studies, Alan Collins (ed.), Third Edition, Hampshire: Oxford University Press, 2013, ss.147-160.
  • Michael Sheehan, “The Evolution of Modern Warfare”, Strategy in the Contemporary World, John Baylis ve diğerleri (eds.), Fourth Editi- on, Hampshire: Oxford University Press, 2013, ss.39-59.
  • Patrick A. Mello, “In Search of New Wars: The Debate about a Transfor- mation of War”, European Journal of International Relations, 2010, c. 20, sy. 10, ss.1-13.
  • Recep Tayyip Gürler ve Ömer Berham Özdemir, “El Kaide’den post-Kai- de’ye Dönüşüm: IŞİD”, Türkiye Ortadoğu Çalışmalar Dergisi, 2014, c. 1, s. 1, ss.113-154.
  • Richard H. Shultz ve Andrea J. Dew, Insurgents, Terrorists and Militias: The Warriors of a Contemporary Combat, New York: Columbia Uni- versity Press, 2006.
  • Stathis N. Kalyvas, “New and Old Civil Wars: A Valid Distinction?”, World Politics, 2001, c. 54, sy. 1, ss.99-118.
  • William S. Lind ve diğerleri, “The Changing Face of War: Into the Fourth Generation”, Marine Corps Gazette, October 1989, ss.22-26. İnternet Kaynakları
  • “Some Wounded Syrians Seek Treatment from Israeli Hospitals”, Al Jaze- era America, 18 Mart 2014.
  • “IŞİD Petrolden Günde 1 Milyon Dolar Kazanıyor”, Al Jazeera Turk, 23 Ekim 2014.
  • “Al Nusra Kills Dozens of Hezbollah Militants in Syria’s Qalamoun”, ARA News, 23 Kasım 2014.
  • “Western Aid is Funding ISIS Fighters Because Jihadists are Demanding Huge Bribes to Let Trucks Carrying Supplies Reach Desperate Fa- milies, Official Claims”, Daily Mail, 20 Ekim 2014.
  • Jamie Dettmer, “US Humanitarian Aid Going to ISIS”, Daily Beast, 19 Ekim 2014.
  • “Exclusive: Israel is Tending to Wounded Syrian Rebels”, Foreign Policy, 11.06.2014.
  • Metin Gurcan, “Savaşın Evrimi ve Teorik Yaklaşımlar”, BİLGESAM, http:// www.bilgesam.org/Images/Dokumanlar/0-163-201404072m_gur- can.pdf, ss.71-129.
  • Scott Stewart, “Global Arms Markets as Seen Through the Syrian Lens”, Stratfor Global Intelligence, 25.12.2014.
  • “Foreign Jihadists Flocking to Iraq and Syria on Unprecedented Scale-UN”, Guardian, 30 Ekim 2014.
  • “Syrian Rebels Sidetracked by Scramble for Spoils of War”, Guardian, 27 Aralık 2012.
  • “Islamic State and Jabhat al-Nusra Seize Wheat Farms Developed with Aussie Aid”, Sydney Morning Herald, 06 Kasım 2014.
  • “Syrian Rebels Loot Artifacts to Raise Money for Fight Against Assad”, Washington Post, 12 Şubat 2013.
  • “UN Rights Office Condemns Destruction of Syrian Holy Sites as ISIL Terror Continues”, UN News Center, 13.10.2014.
  • US: Department of the Treasury Press Center, 25.12.2014, www.treasury. gov/press....
  • “Lebanon Army Captures Hundreds of Suspected ISIL Fighters in Bekaa Valley Refugee Camp”, World Tribune, 30 Eylül 2014.
  • “Qatar Paid Ransom for Release of Fijian Peacekeepers”, Ynet News, 27 Aralık 2014.
  • “IŞİD Militanları Mülteci Kılığında Kürdistan’a Sızacaktı”, Haberler.com, 28.12.2014.
  • http://media.clarionproject.org/files/islamic-state/islamic-state-isis-maga- zine-Issue-4-the-failed-crusade.pdf
  • “UN Report: ISIS Uses Women as Sex Slaves”, Al Arabiya, 02 Ekim 2014.
  • “İnteraktif: IŞİD’in Petrol Sahaları”, Al Jazeera Turk, 24 Aralık 2014.
  • “Rampant Torture of Protesters”, Human Rights Watch, 16.04.2011.
  • “Heritage Sites Ravaged by Syria’s War”, Al Jazeera, 24 Aralık 2014.
  • “Syria Unrest: Who are the Shabiha?”, BBC, 24.12.2014.
  • “Annual Report 2012”, Amnesty International, 27.12.2014.
  • “Syria Regional Refugee Response”, UNHCR Data, 28.12.2014, http:// data.unhcr.org/syrian...
  • Zeina Karam, “Syria’s Civil War Plays Out on Social Media”, Associated Press, 16 Kasım 2014.
Toplam 48 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Sami Eker

Yayımlanma Tarihi 18 Eylül 2015
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2015 Cilt: 2 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Eker, S. (2015). Savaş Olgusunun Dönüşümü: Yeni Savaşlar ve Suriye Krizi Örneği. Türkiye Ortadoğu Çalışmaları Dergisi, 2(1), 31-66.

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