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Comparing Turkey and Iran in Political Science and Historical Sociology: A Critical Review

Year 2015, Volume: 2 Issue: 1, 1 - 30, 18.09.2015

Abstract

This article reviews existing comparative literature on Iran and Turkey in terms of their approaches, themes and findings. It extracts and critically analyses two dominant trends in this literature; Comparative Analyses of Cultures and Comparative Analyses of Modernizations. This paper argues that, these two common lines of approaching have serious limitations since they carry the traces of orientalist and ethnocentric assumptions. New literature on this topic however, offers new avenues of research, enabling the debate to avoid the above mentioned pitfalls. As a conclusion, this critical review points to certain dynamics to consider (over-politicization of the Iran-Turkey comparisons and the impact of international developments) in order to facilitate stronger comparative frameworks

References

  • Afacan, Serhan, “Devletle Yazışmak: Türkiye ve İran Sosyal Tarihçiliğinde Dilekçeler,” Türkiyat Mecmuası, 2011, (21).
  • Afacan, Serhan, “Kitap Değerlendirmesi: Emperyalist Çağda Modernleşme: Türk Modernleşmesi ve İran (1800- 1941),” İnsan ve Toplum, 2012, (2) 3.
  • Akyol, Taha, Türkiye ve İran’da Mezhep ve Devlet, İstanbul: Milliyet Yayınları, 1998.
  • Atabaki Touraj. & Zürcher E.J. (ed.) (2004), Men of Order: Authoritarian Modernization in Turkey and Iran, 1918-1942, New York: I. B. Tauris.
  • Atabaki, Touraj, “The Caliphate, the Clerics and Republicanism in Turkey and Iran,” in Touraj Atabaki (ed.), The State and the Subaltern: Modernization, Society and State in Turkey and Iran, London: I.B. Tauris, 2007.
  • Atabaki, Touraj, “Time, Labour Discipline and Modernization in Turkey and Iran,” in Touraj Atabaki (ed), The State and the Subaltern: Modernization, Society and State in Turkey and Iran, London I.B. Tauris, 2007.
  • Başkan, Birol, Religious Institutions and State Building: Incorporation vs. Exclusion, Unpublished PhD Dissertation, Submitted to the Graduate School, The Department of Political Science, Northwestern University, 2006.
  • Başkan, Birol, “State Secularity and Its Impact on Societal relations in Turkey and Egypt,” Arab Studies Quarterly, 2013, (35)2.
  • Başkan, Birol, From Religious Empires to Secular States: State Secularization in Turkey, Iran and Russia, New York: Routledge, 2014.
  • Başkan, Birol, “State Secularization and Religious Resurgence: Diverging Fates of Secularism in Turkey and Iran,” Politics and Religion, 2014, available on CJ02013. Doi: 10.1017/S1755048313000059.
  • Bayart, J. Francois, “Republican Trajectories in Iran and Turkey: A Tocquevillian Reading,” in Ghassam Salame (ed) Democracy without Democrats? The Renewal of Politics in the Muslim World, London and New York: I. B. Tauris, 1995.
  • Erden, Mustafa Suphi, Citizenship and Ethnicity in Turkey and Iran, Unpublished PhD dissertation submitted to The Graduate School of Social Sciences, The Department of Sociology, Middle East Technical University, 2010.
  • Farsoun, Samih and Mashayekhi, Iran: Political Culture in the Islamic Republic, New York: Routledge, 1992.
  • Floor, W. M, “The Revolutionary Character of the Iranian Ulama: Wishful Thinking or Reality?” International Journal of Middle East Studies, 1980, (12) 4.
  • Georgeon, Francois, Osmanlı Türk Modernleşmesi (1900-1930), İstanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları, 2006.
  • Gürakar Esra Çeviker, Institutions and Economic Development: An Analytic Narrative Approach to Turkish and Iranian Cases. Unpublished PhD dissertation submitted to Marmara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Iktisat (ING) Anabilim Dalı, 2011.
  • Gürakar, Tolga, Türkiye ve İranGelenek, Çağdaşlaşma ve Devrim, : İstanbul: Kaynak Yayınları, 2012.
  • Hazır, Agah, A Comparative Analysis of Religion-State Relations: A Case Study on Turkey and Iran, Unpublished PhD dissertation submitted to The Graduate School of Social Sciences, The Department of International Relations, Middle East Technical University, 2014.
  • Homayounpor, Mohammed, The Process of Modernization in Iran and Turkey: The Era of State Building. Unpublished PhD Submitted to New School for Social Research, 1978.
  • Huntington, Samuel P, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of the World Order, New York. Simon Schuster Paperbacks, 2003.
  • Huntington, Samuel P., “The Change to Change: Modernisation Developments and Politics”, Comparative Politics, 1971, (3)3.
  • Hurd, Elizabeth Shakman, “Contested Secularisms in Turkey and Iran,” in E. S. Hurd (ed) The Politics of Secularism in International Relations, Princeton,NJ: Princeton University Press, 2008.
  • İnalcık, Halil, “Turkish and Iranian Political Theories and Traditions in Kutadgu Bilig,” in H. İnalcik, The Middle East and the Balkans under the Ottoman Empire: Essays on Economy and Society, Bloomington: Indiana University Turkish Studies and Turkish Ministry of Culture Joint Series, 1993.
  • Issawi, Charles, “Egypt, Iran and Turkey 1800-1970: Patterns of growth and development in disparities,” In Bairoch, P and Levy-Leboyer (ed) Economic Development since the Industrial Revolution, M. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1981.
  • Karasipahi, Sena, “Comparing Islamic Resurgence Movements in Turkey and Iran,” The Middle East Journal, 2009, (63) 1.
  • Kuran, Timur, İslâm’ın Ekonomik Yüzleri, İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları, 2002.
  • Kuran, Timur, “Preface: The Economic Impact of Culture, Religion and the Law,” Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 2009, (71) 5.
  • Landes, David, “Culture Makes Almost All the Difference,” in Lawrence E. Harrison, Samuel P. Huntington (ed) Culture Matters: How Values Shape Human Progress, New York, Basic Books, 2000.
  • Matin, Kamran, Recasting Iranian Modernity International Relations and Social Change, New York: Routledge, 2013.
  • Metin, Celal, Emperyalist Çağda Modernleşme: Türk Modernleşmesi ve İran (1800- 1941) Ankara: Phoenix, 2011.
  • Mottahadeh, Roy, Peygamberin Hırkası İran’da Din ve Politika, Bilgi ve Güç. İstanbul: Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları, 2003.
  • Parsa, Misagh,. Social Origins of the Iranian Revolution. New Brunswick and London: Rutgers University Press, 1989.
  • Perry, John R., “Language Reform in Turkey and Iran,” International Journal of Middle East Studies, 1985, (17) 3.
  • Pfaff, Richard F., “Disengagement from Traditionalism in Turkey and Iran,” The Western Political Quarterly, 1963, (16) 1.
  • Howard Ross Marc, “Culture,” in Mark Irving Lichbach,Alan S. Zuckerman (ed) Comparative Political Analysis, in Comparative Politics: Rationality, Culture, and Structure, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2012.
  • Roundtable, “Whither Social History?” International Journal of Middle East Studies, 2014, (46) 2.
  • Rudi, Mathee, “Transforming Dangerous Nomads into Useful Artisans, Technicians, Agriculturalists: Education in the Reza Shah Period,” in Stephanie Cronin (ed) The Making of Modern Iran State and Society under Reza Shah, 1921-1946, London: Routledge, 2003.
  • Said, Edward W., Orientalism Western Conceptions of the Orient, Noida: Penguen Books, 2003.
  • Schlosser, Dirk Berg, Mixed Methods in Comparative Politics: Principles and Applications, London: Palgrave Mc Millan, 2012.
  • Sevindi, Nevval (Çizgen), İki Ülke İki Devrim, İstanbul: Say Yayınları, 1987.
  • Shambayati, Hootan, “The Rentier State, Interest Groups, and the Paradox of Autonomy: State and Business in Turkey and Iran,” Comparative Politics, 1994, (26) 3.
  • Shambayati, Hootan, “A Tale of Two Mayors: Courts and Politics in Iran and Turkey “International Journal of Middle East Studies, 2004, (36) 2.
  • Sinkaya, Bayram, “Şii Ekseni Tartışmaları ve İran,” Avrasya Dosyası, 2007, (13) 3.
  • Skocpol Theda, States and Social Revolutions a Comparative Analysis of France, Russia and China, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1979.
  • Skocpol, Theda & Somers. Margaret, “The Uses of Comparative History in Macrosocial Inquiry,” Comparative Studies in Society and History. 1980, (22) 2.
  • Skocpol, Theda, “Rentier State and Shi’a Islam in the Iranian Revolution,” Theory and Society, 1982, (11) 3.
  • Tezcur, Güneş Murat, Muslim Reformers in Iran and Turkey the Paradox of Moderation, Austin: University of Texas Press, 2010.
  • Tipps, Dean C., “Modernisation Theory and the Comparative Study of Societies,” Comparative Studies in Society and History, 1973, (15) 2
  • Wiarda, Howard J., “the Ethnocentrism of the Social Science Implications for Research and Policy.” The Review of Politics, 1981, (43)2.
  • Zubaida, Sami, The Question of Sectarianism in Middle East Politics, 2013. https://www.opendemocracy.net/sami-zubaida/question- of-sectarianism-in-middle-east-politics

Siyaset Bilimi ve Tarihsel Sosyoloji İçerisinde Türkiye ve İran Karşılaştırmaları: Eleştirel Bir İnceleme

Year 2015, Volume: 2 Issue: 1, 1 - 30, 18.09.2015

Abstract

Bu çalışmada Türkiye ve İran karşılaştırmaları literatürünün yaklaşım, tema ve bulgu yönünden bir eleştirel incelemesi yapılmaktadır. Çalışma, sözkonusu literatürde iki baskın çizgi tesbit etmiştir. Karşılaştırmalı Kültür Analizi ve Karşılaştırmalı Modernleşme Analizi diye isimlendirilen bu iki temel çizgi incelenmekte ve bu çizgilerin yoğun olarak oryantalist ve etnosentrik eğilimler taşıdığı değerlendirilmektedir. Farklı temalara yoğunlaşan yeni bir literatürün de varlığı gözlemlenmiş ve bu literatürün yukarıda söz konusu edilen hataları taşımadığı görülmüştür. Çalışma, sonucunda, yeni karşılaştırma çabalarının uluslararası boyutu ve literatürdeki aşırı siyasallaşmayı gözönüne alması gereğine işaret edilmiştir.  

References

  • Afacan, Serhan, “Devletle Yazışmak: Türkiye ve İran Sosyal Tarihçiliğinde Dilekçeler,” Türkiyat Mecmuası, 2011, (21).
  • Afacan, Serhan, “Kitap Değerlendirmesi: Emperyalist Çağda Modernleşme: Türk Modernleşmesi ve İran (1800- 1941),” İnsan ve Toplum, 2012, (2) 3.
  • Akyol, Taha, Türkiye ve İran’da Mezhep ve Devlet, İstanbul: Milliyet Yayınları, 1998.
  • Atabaki Touraj. & Zürcher E.J. (ed.) (2004), Men of Order: Authoritarian Modernization in Turkey and Iran, 1918-1942, New York: I. B. Tauris.
  • Atabaki, Touraj, “The Caliphate, the Clerics and Republicanism in Turkey and Iran,” in Touraj Atabaki (ed.), The State and the Subaltern: Modernization, Society and State in Turkey and Iran, London: I.B. Tauris, 2007.
  • Atabaki, Touraj, “Time, Labour Discipline and Modernization in Turkey and Iran,” in Touraj Atabaki (ed), The State and the Subaltern: Modernization, Society and State in Turkey and Iran, London I.B. Tauris, 2007.
  • Başkan, Birol, Religious Institutions and State Building: Incorporation vs. Exclusion, Unpublished PhD Dissertation, Submitted to the Graduate School, The Department of Political Science, Northwestern University, 2006.
  • Başkan, Birol, “State Secularity and Its Impact on Societal relations in Turkey and Egypt,” Arab Studies Quarterly, 2013, (35)2.
  • Başkan, Birol, From Religious Empires to Secular States: State Secularization in Turkey, Iran and Russia, New York: Routledge, 2014.
  • Başkan, Birol, “State Secularization and Religious Resurgence: Diverging Fates of Secularism in Turkey and Iran,” Politics and Religion, 2014, available on CJ02013. Doi: 10.1017/S1755048313000059.
  • Bayart, J. Francois, “Republican Trajectories in Iran and Turkey: A Tocquevillian Reading,” in Ghassam Salame (ed) Democracy without Democrats? The Renewal of Politics in the Muslim World, London and New York: I. B. Tauris, 1995.
  • Erden, Mustafa Suphi, Citizenship and Ethnicity in Turkey and Iran, Unpublished PhD dissertation submitted to The Graduate School of Social Sciences, The Department of Sociology, Middle East Technical University, 2010.
  • Farsoun, Samih and Mashayekhi, Iran: Political Culture in the Islamic Republic, New York: Routledge, 1992.
  • Floor, W. M, “The Revolutionary Character of the Iranian Ulama: Wishful Thinking or Reality?” International Journal of Middle East Studies, 1980, (12) 4.
  • Georgeon, Francois, Osmanlı Türk Modernleşmesi (1900-1930), İstanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları, 2006.
  • Gürakar Esra Çeviker, Institutions and Economic Development: An Analytic Narrative Approach to Turkish and Iranian Cases. Unpublished PhD dissertation submitted to Marmara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Iktisat (ING) Anabilim Dalı, 2011.
  • Gürakar, Tolga, Türkiye ve İranGelenek, Çağdaşlaşma ve Devrim, : İstanbul: Kaynak Yayınları, 2012.
  • Hazır, Agah, A Comparative Analysis of Religion-State Relations: A Case Study on Turkey and Iran, Unpublished PhD dissertation submitted to The Graduate School of Social Sciences, The Department of International Relations, Middle East Technical University, 2014.
  • Homayounpor, Mohammed, The Process of Modernization in Iran and Turkey: The Era of State Building. Unpublished PhD Submitted to New School for Social Research, 1978.
  • Huntington, Samuel P, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of the World Order, New York. Simon Schuster Paperbacks, 2003.
  • Huntington, Samuel P., “The Change to Change: Modernisation Developments and Politics”, Comparative Politics, 1971, (3)3.
  • Hurd, Elizabeth Shakman, “Contested Secularisms in Turkey and Iran,” in E. S. Hurd (ed) The Politics of Secularism in International Relations, Princeton,NJ: Princeton University Press, 2008.
  • İnalcık, Halil, “Turkish and Iranian Political Theories and Traditions in Kutadgu Bilig,” in H. İnalcik, The Middle East and the Balkans under the Ottoman Empire: Essays on Economy and Society, Bloomington: Indiana University Turkish Studies and Turkish Ministry of Culture Joint Series, 1993.
  • Issawi, Charles, “Egypt, Iran and Turkey 1800-1970: Patterns of growth and development in disparities,” In Bairoch, P and Levy-Leboyer (ed) Economic Development since the Industrial Revolution, M. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1981.
  • Karasipahi, Sena, “Comparing Islamic Resurgence Movements in Turkey and Iran,” The Middle East Journal, 2009, (63) 1.
  • Kuran, Timur, İslâm’ın Ekonomik Yüzleri, İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları, 2002.
  • Kuran, Timur, “Preface: The Economic Impact of Culture, Religion and the Law,” Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 2009, (71) 5.
  • Landes, David, “Culture Makes Almost All the Difference,” in Lawrence E. Harrison, Samuel P. Huntington (ed) Culture Matters: How Values Shape Human Progress, New York, Basic Books, 2000.
  • Matin, Kamran, Recasting Iranian Modernity International Relations and Social Change, New York: Routledge, 2013.
  • Metin, Celal, Emperyalist Çağda Modernleşme: Türk Modernleşmesi ve İran (1800- 1941) Ankara: Phoenix, 2011.
  • Mottahadeh, Roy, Peygamberin Hırkası İran’da Din ve Politika, Bilgi ve Güç. İstanbul: Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları, 2003.
  • Parsa, Misagh,. Social Origins of the Iranian Revolution. New Brunswick and London: Rutgers University Press, 1989.
  • Perry, John R., “Language Reform in Turkey and Iran,” International Journal of Middle East Studies, 1985, (17) 3.
  • Pfaff, Richard F., “Disengagement from Traditionalism in Turkey and Iran,” The Western Political Quarterly, 1963, (16) 1.
  • Howard Ross Marc, “Culture,” in Mark Irving Lichbach,Alan S. Zuckerman (ed) Comparative Political Analysis, in Comparative Politics: Rationality, Culture, and Structure, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2012.
  • Roundtable, “Whither Social History?” International Journal of Middle East Studies, 2014, (46) 2.
  • Rudi, Mathee, “Transforming Dangerous Nomads into Useful Artisans, Technicians, Agriculturalists: Education in the Reza Shah Period,” in Stephanie Cronin (ed) The Making of Modern Iran State and Society under Reza Shah, 1921-1946, London: Routledge, 2003.
  • Said, Edward W., Orientalism Western Conceptions of the Orient, Noida: Penguen Books, 2003.
  • Schlosser, Dirk Berg, Mixed Methods in Comparative Politics: Principles and Applications, London: Palgrave Mc Millan, 2012.
  • Sevindi, Nevval (Çizgen), İki Ülke İki Devrim, İstanbul: Say Yayınları, 1987.
  • Shambayati, Hootan, “The Rentier State, Interest Groups, and the Paradox of Autonomy: State and Business in Turkey and Iran,” Comparative Politics, 1994, (26) 3.
  • Shambayati, Hootan, “A Tale of Two Mayors: Courts and Politics in Iran and Turkey “International Journal of Middle East Studies, 2004, (36) 2.
  • Sinkaya, Bayram, “Şii Ekseni Tartışmaları ve İran,” Avrasya Dosyası, 2007, (13) 3.
  • Skocpol Theda, States and Social Revolutions a Comparative Analysis of France, Russia and China, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1979.
  • Skocpol, Theda & Somers. Margaret, “The Uses of Comparative History in Macrosocial Inquiry,” Comparative Studies in Society and History. 1980, (22) 2.
  • Skocpol, Theda, “Rentier State and Shi’a Islam in the Iranian Revolution,” Theory and Society, 1982, (11) 3.
  • Tezcur, Güneş Murat, Muslim Reformers in Iran and Turkey the Paradox of Moderation, Austin: University of Texas Press, 2010.
  • Tipps, Dean C., “Modernisation Theory and the Comparative Study of Societies,” Comparative Studies in Society and History, 1973, (15) 2
  • Wiarda, Howard J., “the Ethnocentrism of the Social Science Implications for Research and Policy.” The Review of Politics, 1981, (43)2.
  • Zubaida, Sami, The Question of Sectarianism in Middle East Politics, 2013. https://www.opendemocracy.net/sami-zubaida/question- of-sectarianism-in-middle-east-politics
There are 50 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Makaleler
Authors

Agah Hazır This is me

Publication Date September 18, 2015
Published in Issue Year 2015 Volume: 2 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Hazır, A. (2015). Comparing Turkey and Iran in Political Science and Historical Sociology: A Critical Review. Türkiye Ortadoğu Çalışmaları Dergisi, 2(1), 1-30.

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