Year 2020,
Volume: 7 Issue: 1, 203 - 234, 30.06.2020
Ali Bilgenoğlu
Hikmet Mengüaslan
References
- Altunışık, M. B. (1996), A Rentier State’s Response to Oil Crisis: Economic Reform Policies in Libya, Arab Studies Quarterly, 18 (4), pp. 49-63.
- Altunışık, M. B. (2014). Rentier State Theory and the Arab Uprisings: An Appraisal, Uluslararası İlişkiler, 11 (42), pp. 75-91.
- Anderson, L. (1987). The State in the Middle East and North Africa, Comparative Politics, 20 (1), pp. 1-18.
- Anderson, L. (1991). Absolutism and the Resilience of Monarchy in the Middle East. Political Science Quarterly, 106 (1), pp. 1-15.
- Anderson, L. (2006). Searching Where the Light Shines: Studying Democratization in the Middle East, Annual Review of Political Science, 9, pp. 189-214.
- Aras, B. and Falk, R. (2015). Authoritarian ‘geopolitics’ of survival in the Arab Spring, Third World Quarterly, 36 (2), pp. 322-336.
- Aras, B. and Yorulmazlar, E. (2016), State, region and order: geopolitics of the Arab Spring, Third World Quarterly, 37 (12), pp. 2259-2273.
- Ataöv, T. (1975). Afrika Ulusal Kurtuluş Mücadeleleri, Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Yayınları.
- Bellin, E. (2012). Reconsidering the Robustness of Authoritarianism in the Middle East: Lessons from the Arab Spring, Comperative Politics, 44 (2), pp. 127-149.
- Bhaskar, R. (1998), The Possibility of Naturalism: A Philosophical Critique of the Contemporary Human Sciences. London: Routledge.
- Bhaskar, R. (2008), A Realist Theory of Science. New York: Routledge.
- Brynen, R., Korany, B. and Noble, P. (1995). Introduction: Theoretical Perspectives on Arab Liberalization and Democratization. In Brynen, R., Korany, B. and Noble, P. (Eds.). Political Liberalization and Democratization in the Arab World. Vol.1: Theoretical Perspectives (pp. 3-27). Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.
- Burnell, P. (1998). Arrivals and departures: A preliminary classification of democratic failures and their explanation, Commonwealth & Comparative Politics, 36 (3), pp. 1-29
- Carothers, T. (2002). The End of the Transition Paradigm, Journal of Democracy, 13 (1), pp. 5-21.
- Cavatorta, F. (2011). The Middle East and North Africa. In Haynes, J. (Ed.) Routledge Handbook of Democratization (pp. 79-93). New York: Routledge.
- Engelbrekt, K. and Vagnsson, C. (2013). Introduction. In Engelbrekt, K., Mohlin, M. and Vagnsson, C. (Eds.) The NATO Intervention in Libya Lessons learned from the campaign (pp. 1-13). New York: Routledge.
- Ehteshami, A. et al. (2012). Authoritarian Resilience and International Linkages in Iran and Syria. In Heydemann, S. and Leenders, R. (Ed.) Middle East Authoritarianisms: Governance, Contestation and Regime Resilience in Syria and Iran (pp. 222-242). Stanford, California: Stanford University Press.
- Esposito, J. L. and Piscatori, J. P. (1991). Democratization and Islam, Middle East Journal, 45 (3), pp. 427-440.
- Fraihat, I. (2016). Unfinished Revolutions: Yemen, Libya, and Tunisia after the Arab Spring. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Grunebaum, G. E. (1993). İslamiyet, vol. III, Ankara: Bilgi Yayınevi.
- Hinnebusch, R. (2006). Authoritarian Persistence, Democratization Theory, and the Middle East: An Overview and Critique, Democratization, 13 (3), pp. 373-395.
- Hinnebusch, R. (2014a). Historical Sociology and the Arab Uprising, Mediterranean Politics, 19 (1), pp. 137-140.
- Hinnebusch, R. (2014b). Towards a Historical Sociology of the Arab Uprising: Beyond Democratization and Post-Democratization. In Sadiki, L. (Ed.) Routledge Handbook of the Arab Spring Rethinking Democratization (pp. 39-50). New York: Routledge.
- Hobden, S. (2002). Historical Sociology: back to the future of international relations. . In Hobden, S. and Hobson, J. M. (Eds.). Historical Sociology of International Relations (42-59). New York: Cambridge University Press.
- Hobson, J. M. (2000). The state and International Relations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Hobson, J. M. (2002). What’s at stake in “bringing historical sociology back into international relations”? Transcending “chronofetishism” and “tempocentrism” in international relations. In Hobden, S. and Hobson, J. M. (Eds.). Historical Sociology of International Relations (3-41). New York: Cambridge University Press.
- Joffe, G. (2011) The Arab Spring in North Africa: origins and prospects, The Journal of North African Studies, 16 (4), pp. 507-532.
Kavas, A. (2000).
- Senussiyye Tarikatı, Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi, 21.
- Kurki, M. and Wight, C. (2013). International Relations and Social Science. In Dunne, T., Kurki, M., and Smith, S. (Eds.). International Relations Theories: Discipline and Diversity (pp. 14-35). 3rd Edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Lapidus, I. M. (1999). A History of Islamic Societies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Layachi, A. (2013). Islam and Politics in North Africa, In Esposito, J. L. and Shahin, E. (Eds.) The Oxford Handbook of Islam and Politics, New York: Oxford University Press.
- Mattes, H. (2008). Formal and Informal Authority in Libya since 1969. In Vandewalle, D. (Ed.). Libya since 1969: Qadhafi’s Revolution Revisited (pp. 55-81). New York: Palgrave MACMILLAN.
- McLean, I. (1994). Democratization and economic liberalization: Which is the chicken and which is the egg?, Democratization, 1 (1), pp. 27-40.
- Noueihed, L. and Warren, A. (2012). The Battle for the Arab Spring: Revolution, Counter-revolution and the Making of a New Era. London: Yale University Press.
- Obeidi, A. S. M. (2008). Political Elites in Libya since 1969. In Vandewalle, D. (Ed.). Libya since 1969: Qadhafi’s Revolution Revisited (pp. 105-126). New York: Palgrave MACMILLAN.
- Owen, R. (2004). State, Power and Politics in the Making of Modern Middle East, London: Routledge.
- Kaddafi, M. (no date). Yeşil Kitap.
- Ritter, D. P. (2015). The Iron Cage of Liberalism International Politics and Unarmed Revolutions in the Middle East and North Africa. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Sadiki, L. (2000). Popular Uprisings and Arab Democratization, International Journal of Middle East Studies, 32 (1), pp. 71-95.
- Sadiki, L. (2012). Libya’s Arab Spring: The Long Road from Revolution to Democracy, International Studies, 49 (3&4), pp. 285–314.
- Saouli, A. (2015). Back to the future: the Arab uprisings and state (re)formation in the Arab world, Democratization, 22 (2), pp. 315-334.
- Schlumberger, O. (2000). The Arab Middle East and the question of democratization: Some critical remarks,
Democratization, 7 (4), pp. 104-132.
- Schlumberger, O. (2006). Dancing with Wolves: Dilemmas of Democracy Promotion in Authoritarian Contexts. In Jung, D. (Ed.). Democratization and Development (pp. 33-60). New York: Palgrave MACMILLAN.
- Schlumberger, O. (2008). Structural Reform, Economic Order, and Development: Patrimonial Capitalism, Review of International Political Economy, 15 (4), pp. 622-649.
- Sela, A. (2017). The Vicissitudes of the Arab States System: From its Emergence to the Arab Spring, India Quarterly, 73 (2), pp. 145–179.
- Sorensen, G. (2007). Democracy and Democratization: Processes and Prospects in a Changing World. Third Edition. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press.
- St John, R. B. (2008). The Libyan Economy in Transition Opportunities and Challenges. In Vandewalle, D. (Ed.). Libya since 1969: Qadhafi’s Revolution Revisited (pp. 127-151). New York: Palgrave MACMILLAN.
- St John, R. B. (2013). Libya’s Authoritarian Tradition. In Jebnoun, N., Kia, M. and Kirk, M. (Eds.). Modern Middle East Authoritarianism Roots, Ramifications, and Crisis (pp. 123-141). New York: Routledge.
- Talani, L. S. (2014). The Arab Spring in the Global Political Economy. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
- Taylor, W. C. (2014). Military Responses to the Arab Uprisings and the Future of Civil-Military Relations in the Middle East Analysis from Egypt, Tunisia, Libya, and Syria. New York: Palgrave MACMILLAN.
- Tilly, C. (2007). Democracy. New York: Cambridge University Press.
- Vandewalle, D. (2008). Libya’s Revolution in Perspective: 1969–2000. In Vandewalle, D. (Ed.). Libya since 1969: Qadhafi’s Revolution Revisited (pp. 9-53). New York: Palgrave MACMILLAN.
- Valbjorn, M. and Bank, A. (2010). Examining the ‘Post’ in Post- Democratization: The Future of Middle Eastern Political Rule through Lenses of the Past, Middle East Critique, 19 (3), pp. 183-200.
- Valbjorn, M. (2012). Upgrading Post-democratization Studies: Examining a Re-politicized Arab World in a Transition to Somewhere, Middle East Critique, 21 (1), pp. 25-35.
- Valbjorn, M. (2014). Three Ways of Revisiting the (post-)Democratization Debate After the Arab Uprisings, Mediterranean Politics, 19 (1), pp. 157-160.
- Volpi, F. (2013). Explaining (and re-explaining) political change in the Middle East during the Arab Spring: trajectories of democratization and of authoritarianism in the Maghreb, Democratization, 20 (6), pp. 969-990.
- Vandewalle, D. (2012). A History of Modern Libya. Second Ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Wight, C. (2006). Agents, Structures and International Relations: Politics as Ontology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Yergin, D. (1999). Petrol, Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları.
A Historical Sociology Perspective on the Legacy of State Formation and Dynamics of the Arab Spring in Libya: From Elusive Authority of Qadhafi to Masses Craving for Democracy
Year 2020,
Volume: 7 Issue: 1, 203 - 234, 30.06.2020
Ali Bilgenoğlu
Hikmet Mengüaslan
Abstract
This study aims to question the appropriateness of ‘transition to democracy’ paradigm in the Arab Spring context with a specific focus on Libya. Arguing that the real problematique lies at the meta-theoretical level, the assumptions and the empirical incongruities of democratisation and post-democratisation perspectives will be elaborated on. With a historical and social minded analysis, the political developments in Libya will be approached with a historical sociology perspective complemented with political economy of regime security. The interaction within the state-society complex in the framework of complex relationship with regional/international level dynamics will be given a specific focus and unlike deterministic-teleological and reductionist democratization/post-democratization perspectives, the answer for the question ‘what happened politically in Libya during the Arab Spring’ will be searched.
References
- Altunışık, M. B. (1996), A Rentier State’s Response to Oil Crisis: Economic Reform Policies in Libya, Arab Studies Quarterly, 18 (4), pp. 49-63.
- Altunışık, M. B. (2014). Rentier State Theory and the Arab Uprisings: An Appraisal, Uluslararası İlişkiler, 11 (42), pp. 75-91.
- Anderson, L. (1987). The State in the Middle East and North Africa, Comparative Politics, 20 (1), pp. 1-18.
- Anderson, L. (1991). Absolutism and the Resilience of Monarchy in the Middle East. Political Science Quarterly, 106 (1), pp. 1-15.
- Anderson, L. (2006). Searching Where the Light Shines: Studying Democratization in the Middle East, Annual Review of Political Science, 9, pp. 189-214.
- Aras, B. and Falk, R. (2015). Authoritarian ‘geopolitics’ of survival in the Arab Spring, Third World Quarterly, 36 (2), pp. 322-336.
- Aras, B. and Yorulmazlar, E. (2016), State, region and order: geopolitics of the Arab Spring, Third World Quarterly, 37 (12), pp. 2259-2273.
- Ataöv, T. (1975). Afrika Ulusal Kurtuluş Mücadeleleri, Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Yayınları.
- Bellin, E. (2012). Reconsidering the Robustness of Authoritarianism in the Middle East: Lessons from the Arab Spring, Comperative Politics, 44 (2), pp. 127-149.
- Bhaskar, R. (1998), The Possibility of Naturalism: A Philosophical Critique of the Contemporary Human Sciences. London: Routledge.
- Bhaskar, R. (2008), A Realist Theory of Science. New York: Routledge.
- Brynen, R., Korany, B. and Noble, P. (1995). Introduction: Theoretical Perspectives on Arab Liberalization and Democratization. In Brynen, R., Korany, B. and Noble, P. (Eds.). Political Liberalization and Democratization in the Arab World. Vol.1: Theoretical Perspectives (pp. 3-27). Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.
- Burnell, P. (1998). Arrivals and departures: A preliminary classification of democratic failures and their explanation, Commonwealth & Comparative Politics, 36 (3), pp. 1-29
- Carothers, T. (2002). The End of the Transition Paradigm, Journal of Democracy, 13 (1), pp. 5-21.
- Cavatorta, F. (2011). The Middle East and North Africa. In Haynes, J. (Ed.) Routledge Handbook of Democratization (pp. 79-93). New York: Routledge.
- Engelbrekt, K. and Vagnsson, C. (2013). Introduction. In Engelbrekt, K., Mohlin, M. and Vagnsson, C. (Eds.) The NATO Intervention in Libya Lessons learned from the campaign (pp. 1-13). New York: Routledge.
- Ehteshami, A. et al. (2012). Authoritarian Resilience and International Linkages in Iran and Syria. In Heydemann, S. and Leenders, R. (Ed.) Middle East Authoritarianisms: Governance, Contestation and Regime Resilience in Syria and Iran (pp. 222-242). Stanford, California: Stanford University Press.
- Esposito, J. L. and Piscatori, J. P. (1991). Democratization and Islam, Middle East Journal, 45 (3), pp. 427-440.
- Fraihat, I. (2016). Unfinished Revolutions: Yemen, Libya, and Tunisia after the Arab Spring. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Grunebaum, G. E. (1993). İslamiyet, vol. III, Ankara: Bilgi Yayınevi.
- Hinnebusch, R. (2006). Authoritarian Persistence, Democratization Theory, and the Middle East: An Overview and Critique, Democratization, 13 (3), pp. 373-395.
- Hinnebusch, R. (2014a). Historical Sociology and the Arab Uprising, Mediterranean Politics, 19 (1), pp. 137-140.
- Hinnebusch, R. (2014b). Towards a Historical Sociology of the Arab Uprising: Beyond Democratization and Post-Democratization. In Sadiki, L. (Ed.) Routledge Handbook of the Arab Spring Rethinking Democratization (pp. 39-50). New York: Routledge.
- Hobden, S. (2002). Historical Sociology: back to the future of international relations. . In Hobden, S. and Hobson, J. M. (Eds.). Historical Sociology of International Relations (42-59). New York: Cambridge University Press.
- Hobson, J. M. (2000). The state and International Relations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Hobson, J. M. (2002). What’s at stake in “bringing historical sociology back into international relations”? Transcending “chronofetishism” and “tempocentrism” in international relations. In Hobden, S. and Hobson, J. M. (Eds.). Historical Sociology of International Relations (3-41). New York: Cambridge University Press.
- Joffe, G. (2011) The Arab Spring in North Africa: origins and prospects, The Journal of North African Studies, 16 (4), pp. 507-532.
Kavas, A. (2000).
- Senussiyye Tarikatı, Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi, 21.
- Kurki, M. and Wight, C. (2013). International Relations and Social Science. In Dunne, T., Kurki, M., and Smith, S. (Eds.). International Relations Theories: Discipline and Diversity (pp. 14-35). 3rd Edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Lapidus, I. M. (1999). A History of Islamic Societies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Layachi, A. (2013). Islam and Politics in North Africa, In Esposito, J. L. and Shahin, E. (Eds.) The Oxford Handbook of Islam and Politics, New York: Oxford University Press.
- Mattes, H. (2008). Formal and Informal Authority in Libya since 1969. In Vandewalle, D. (Ed.). Libya since 1969: Qadhafi’s Revolution Revisited (pp. 55-81). New York: Palgrave MACMILLAN.
- McLean, I. (1994). Democratization and economic liberalization: Which is the chicken and which is the egg?, Democratization, 1 (1), pp. 27-40.
- Noueihed, L. and Warren, A. (2012). The Battle for the Arab Spring: Revolution, Counter-revolution and the Making of a New Era. London: Yale University Press.
- Obeidi, A. S. M. (2008). Political Elites in Libya since 1969. In Vandewalle, D. (Ed.). Libya since 1969: Qadhafi’s Revolution Revisited (pp. 105-126). New York: Palgrave MACMILLAN.
- Owen, R. (2004). State, Power and Politics in the Making of Modern Middle East, London: Routledge.
- Kaddafi, M. (no date). Yeşil Kitap.
- Ritter, D. P. (2015). The Iron Cage of Liberalism International Politics and Unarmed Revolutions in the Middle East and North Africa. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Sadiki, L. (2000). Popular Uprisings and Arab Democratization, International Journal of Middle East Studies, 32 (1), pp. 71-95.
- Sadiki, L. (2012). Libya’s Arab Spring: The Long Road from Revolution to Democracy, International Studies, 49 (3&4), pp. 285–314.
- Saouli, A. (2015). Back to the future: the Arab uprisings and state (re)formation in the Arab world, Democratization, 22 (2), pp. 315-334.
- Schlumberger, O. (2000). The Arab Middle East and the question of democratization: Some critical remarks,
Democratization, 7 (4), pp. 104-132.
- Schlumberger, O. (2006). Dancing with Wolves: Dilemmas of Democracy Promotion in Authoritarian Contexts. In Jung, D. (Ed.). Democratization and Development (pp. 33-60). New York: Palgrave MACMILLAN.
- Schlumberger, O. (2008). Structural Reform, Economic Order, and Development: Patrimonial Capitalism, Review of International Political Economy, 15 (4), pp. 622-649.
- Sela, A. (2017). The Vicissitudes of the Arab States System: From its Emergence to the Arab Spring, India Quarterly, 73 (2), pp. 145–179.
- Sorensen, G. (2007). Democracy and Democratization: Processes and Prospects in a Changing World. Third Edition. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press.
- St John, R. B. (2008). The Libyan Economy in Transition Opportunities and Challenges. In Vandewalle, D. (Ed.). Libya since 1969: Qadhafi’s Revolution Revisited (pp. 127-151). New York: Palgrave MACMILLAN.
- St John, R. B. (2013). Libya’s Authoritarian Tradition. In Jebnoun, N., Kia, M. and Kirk, M. (Eds.). Modern Middle East Authoritarianism Roots, Ramifications, and Crisis (pp. 123-141). New York: Routledge.
- Talani, L. S. (2014). The Arab Spring in the Global Political Economy. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
- Taylor, W. C. (2014). Military Responses to the Arab Uprisings and the Future of Civil-Military Relations in the Middle East Analysis from Egypt, Tunisia, Libya, and Syria. New York: Palgrave MACMILLAN.
- Tilly, C. (2007). Democracy. New York: Cambridge University Press.
- Vandewalle, D. (2008). Libya’s Revolution in Perspective: 1969–2000. In Vandewalle, D. (Ed.). Libya since 1969: Qadhafi’s Revolution Revisited (pp. 9-53). New York: Palgrave MACMILLAN.
- Valbjorn, M. and Bank, A. (2010). Examining the ‘Post’ in Post- Democratization: The Future of Middle Eastern Political Rule through Lenses of the Past, Middle East Critique, 19 (3), pp. 183-200.
- Valbjorn, M. (2012). Upgrading Post-democratization Studies: Examining a Re-politicized Arab World in a Transition to Somewhere, Middle East Critique, 21 (1), pp. 25-35.
- Valbjorn, M. (2014). Three Ways of Revisiting the (post-)Democratization Debate After the Arab Uprisings, Mediterranean Politics, 19 (1), pp. 157-160.
- Volpi, F. (2013). Explaining (and re-explaining) political change in the Middle East during the Arab Spring: trajectories of democratization and of authoritarianism in the Maghreb, Democratization, 20 (6), pp. 969-990.
- Vandewalle, D. (2012). A History of Modern Libya. Second Ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Wight, C. (2006). Agents, Structures and International Relations: Politics as Ontology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Yergin, D. (1999). Petrol, Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları.