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African Falashas: A Comparative Analysis of Falashas’ Ethnicity Theories and Religious Identities

Year 2021, Volume: 8 Issue: 2, 213 - 244, 31.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.26513/tocd.862069

Abstract

Researchers who are studying on Falashas (Beta Israel) will notice the extent of the community’s origin problem. On the one hand we are confronted with a community that observes the Sabbath and is baptized on the other. Such biblical- Hebraic elements make the situation a bit more obscure about which community they might belong to. Even though a large part of the history of the Falasha be obscure and is not the primary written source of the community, “Falasha origin” has been tried to be explained in various ways. Besides mysterious stories and various myths, perhaps the most interesting of all is the claim of the lost tribal. Various Jewish organizations were interested with the problem of Judaism of the Falashas, instead of the Falashas. Neither the Israeli parliament’s decision to recognize Falasha as a Jew under the “Law of Return” nor the migration of thousands of Ethiopian Falasha to Israel did not end the debate. Debates on their Jewish identities are still unresolved. The study analyzes at the allegations of Falasha’s origin rather than Halakha or its legal status. Trying to catch their ties with Judaism and examine how and in what way they could have acquired the biblical-Hebraic elements. The evidence goes back to the ancient civilization of Ethiopia, Aksum. The ongoing trade relations on both sides of the Red Sea from the first century point to a Jewish influence centered in South Arabia. It is understood that the Falashas who emerged in the following centuries as the source of Jewish elements in Ethiopia should not be held accountable. It was concluded that the Falasha origin should be sought within Ethiopian society itself.

References

  • Aescoly, Aaron Zeev. Sefer ha-Falashim, (The Book of Falasha), Jerusalem, [yayınevi belli değil], 1943.
  • Anfray, Francis. “The Civilization of Aksum from the First to the Seventh Century,” General History of Africa II, Ancient Civilizations of Africa, editör: G. Mokhtar, Kaliforniya: Heinemann, UNESCO, (1981), 362- 380.
  • Atiya, Aziz. Doğu Hristiyanlığı Tarihi, çev. Nurettin Hiçyılmaz, İstanbul: Doz Yayınları, 2005.
  • Aykıt, Dursun Ali. Etiyopya Kilisesi, İstanbul: Ayışığı Kitapları, 2013.
  • Babil Talmudu, Rosh Hashanah. Son Erişim tarihi: 1 Mart 2021. https://www.sefaria.org/Rosh_Hashanah.26a
  • Bezold, Carl. Kebra Nagast die Herrlichkeit der Könige, München: Akad- emie der Wissenschafen, 1909.
  • Bishai, Wilson B. “Sabbath Observance from Coptic Sources,” Andrews University Seminar Studies (AUSS), 1.1, 1963, 25-31.
  • Budge, Ernest Alfred Wallis. The Kebra Nagast: The Queen of Sheba and Her Only Son Menyelek, Ontario: Cambridge, 2000.
  • Bruce, James. Travels Through part of Africa, Syria, Egypt, and Arabia, into Abyssinia, to Discover the Source of the Nile (1768-1773), Londra: Printed for Scott, Webster and Geary, 36, Charterhouse Square, 1835.
  • Bruder, Edith. The Black Jews of Africa: History, Religion, Identity, Londra: Oxford University Press, 2008
  • Boykin, James H. Black Jews: Ethiophia, India, United States, [yayınevi ve yayın yeri belli değil], 1982.
  • Contenson, H. De. “Pre-Aksumite Culture,” General History of Africa II, Ancient Civilization of Africa, Editör: G. Mokhtar, Kaliforniya: Heinemann, UNESCO, (1981), 341-61.
  • Conti Rossini, Carlo. Storia d' Etiophia, (Officina D’arte Grafica A. Lucini & C. Milano:1928).
  • Corinaldi, Michael. Jewish Identity: The Case of Ethiopian Jewry, Jerusalem: Hebrew University, 1998.
  • Epstein, Abraham. Sefer Eldad ha-Dani, Viyana: [yayınevi belli değil], 1891.
  • Faitlovitch, J. “The Falashas,” The American Jewish Year book, c. 22 (Eylül 13, Ekim 2, 1921 /5681), 1920, 80-100.
  • Faitlovitch J. The Black Jews of Abyssinia, New York, [yayınevi belli değil], 2915
  • Finkelstein, Israel and Silberman, Neil Asher. David and Solomon, In Search of the Bible’s Sacred Kings and the Roots of the Western Tradition, New York: Free Press, 2007.
  • Flad, J. Martin. TThe Falashas (jews) of Abyssinia, Londra: W. Macintosh, 1989.
  • Haile, Getatchew. “The Forty-Nine Hour Sabbath of the Ethiopian Church,” Journal of Semitic Studies XXXIII/2 Sonbahar, 1988, 233-54
  • Halevy, J. Rapport au comité central de l'Alliance İsraelite Universelle, Paris, [yayınevi belli değil], 1868.
  • Halevy, J. Travels in Abyssinia, Londra: Wertheimer, Lea and Co. 1877.
  • Halevy, J. La Guerre de Sarsa Dengel contre les Falachas, Paris, E. Leroux, 1907.
  • Hess, Robert L. “Toward a History of the Falasha” içinde Eastern African History, editörler: Daniel F. McCall, Norman R. Bennett, Jeffrey But- ler, New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1969, 107-32.
  • (iy). “Saba,” Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/ place/Saba-ancient-kingdom-Arabia . Son erişim tarihi: 1 Mart 2021.
  • Kaplan, Steven. The Beta Israel (Falasha) in Ethiopia; From Earliest Times to the Twentieth Century, New York ve Londra: New York University Press, 1992.
  • Kaplan, Steven. “Ethiopia Judaism," The Encylopedia of Judaism editörler: J. Neusner, Alan J. AveryPeck, W. Scott Green, c. 4, Leiden: E.J. Brill, 2003, 1741-1754.
  • Kessler, David F. The Falashas: The Forgotten Jews of Ethiopia, New York: Holmes & Meier Publishers, 1982.
  • Kitab-ı Mukaddes Eski ve Yeni Ahit. Tevrat, Zebur (Mezmurlar) ve İncil, İstanbul: Kitabı Mukaddes Şirketi, 2001.
  • Kobishchanov, Yuri M. “Aksum: Political System, Economics and Culture, First to Fourth Century,” General History of Africa II, Ancient Civilization of Africa, editör: G. Mokhtar, Kaliforniya: Heinemann, UNESCO, (1981), 381-401.
  • Leslau, Wolf. Falasha Anthology, Yale Judaica Series, c. 6, New York: Yale University Press, 1951.
  • Mark, Joshua J. “Quen of Sheba,” Ancient History Encylopedia, 26 Mart 2018. https://www.ancient.eu/Queen_of_Sheba/#:~:text=The%20region%20of%20Sheba%20in,before%20returning%20to%20her%20 country. Son erişim tarihi: 1 Mart 2021.
  • Midraş, Bamidbar Rabbah. https://www.sefaria.org/Bamidbar_Rabbah. Son erişim tarihi: 1 Mart 2021.
  • Milkias, Paulos. Africa in Focus, Ethiopia, ABC-CLIO, Santa Barbara, California, Denver, Colorado, Oxford, England, 2011, https://books. google.com.tr/books id=DtIRbpUNp_oC&printsec=frontcover&hl=tr&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false
  • Miller, Patrick D. The Religion of Ancient Israel, Louisville: Westminster John Knox, 2000.
  • Quirin, James. The Evolution of the Ethiopian Jews, A History of the Beta Israel (Falasha) to 1920, USA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1992.
  • Polotsky, Hans Jakob “Aramaic, Syriac, and Ge’ez” içinde Languages and Cultures of Eastern Christianity: Ethiopian ( The Worlds of Eastern Christianity, 300-1500) Editör: Alessandro Bausi, c. 4, Haziran 20, Routledge: Ashgate Variorum, 2012, 187- 196.
  • Porten, Bezalel. Archives from Elephantine: The Life of an Ancient Jewish Military Colony, USA: University of California Press, 1969.
  • Ritte, U.; Neufeld, E.; Prager, E.M.; Gross, M.; Hakim, I.; Khatib, A.; Bonne-Tamir, B. “Mitochondrial DNA Affinity of Several Jewish Communities,” Human Biology, no. 3 (Haziran, 1993), 359-385.
  • Rodinson, Maxime. “On the Question of Jewish Influences in Ethiopia” içinde Language and Cultures of Eastern Christianity: Ethiopian ( The Worlds of Eastern Christianity, 300-1500) editör: Alessandro Bausi, c. 4, Haziran 20, Routledge: Ashgate Variorum, 2012, 179-186.
  • Sarna, Nahum M. “Biblical Literature: Hebrew Scriptures,” Encyclopedia of Religion. (Second Edition), editör: Lindsay Jones, (Thomson Gale: [yayın yeri belli değil], 2005), 880.
  • Selassie, Sergew H. “The Problem of Gudit,” Journal of Ethiopian Studies, 10:1, (1972), 113-24.
  • Schalit, Abraham. “Elephantine,” Encyclopedia Judaica 6, editör: Cecil Roth, Jerusalem: Keter Publishing House, [yayın yılı belli değil], 604- 10.
  • Shelemay, K. Kaufman. Music, Ritual and Falasha History, USA: Michigan State University Press, 1989.
  • Tamrat, Taddesse. Church and State in Ethiopia 1270- 1527, Londra: Oxford University Press, 1972.
  • Tamrat, Taddesse. “A Short Note on the Traditions of Pagan Resistance to the Ethiopian Church (14th and 15th Centuries),” Journal of Ethiopian Studies, 10:1, 1972, 137-50.
  • Tibebu, Teshale. “Ethiopia: Aksumite Inharitance,”Encylopedia of African History 3, Editör: Kevin Shillington, New York: Fitzroy Dearborn, 2005.
  • Ullendorff, Edward. Ethiopia and Bible, The Schweich Lectures of the British Academy, Londra: Oxford University Press, 1968.
  • Ullendorff, Edward. “Hebraic – Jewish Elements in Abyssinian (Monophysite)
  • Christianity,” içinde Language and Cultures of Christianity: Ethiopian (The Worlds of Eastern Christianity, 300-1500) editör: Ales- sandro Bausi, c. 4, Haziran 20, Routledge: Ashgate Variorum, 2012, 121-161.
  • Waldman, Menachem. The Jews of Ethiopia: The Beta Israel Community Jerusalem: Ami-Shav, Center for Aid to Ethiopian Immigrants, 1985.
  • Wurmbrand, Max. “Falashas,” Encyclopedia Judaica 6 editör: Cecil Roth, Jerusalem: Keter Publishing House, [yayın yılı belli değil], 1143-1154.
  • Yiğit, İsmail. “Sebe,” Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi (DİA) c.36, İstanbul: Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı, 2009, 241-2.

Afrikalı Falaşalar: Falaşaların Etnik Köken Teorileri ve Dini Kimlikleri Üzerine Karşılaştırmalı Bir Analiz

Year 2021, Volume: 8 Issue: 2, 213 - 244, 31.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.26513/tocd.862069

Abstract

Falaşalar (Beta Israel) ile ilgili çalışma yapan araştırmacılar, topluluğun köken sorununun kapsamını fark edecektir. Bir yandan Şabat’ı gözeten diğer yandan vaftiz olan bir toplulukla karşı karşıyayızdır. Bu tür biblikal-İbrani unsurlar Falaşaların hangi topluluğa ait olabilecekleri konusunu biraz daha çıkmaza sokmaktadır. Falaşa tarihinin büyük bir kısmının belirsiz olmasına ve topluluğun birincil yazılı kaynağı olmamasına rağmen, Falaşa köken çeşitli şekillerde açıklanmaya çalışıldı. Gizemli hikayeler ve çeşitli mitlerin yanı sıra belki de en ilginç olanı kayıp kabile torunları iddiasıdır. Yüz yıldan fazladır süren Falaşaların kayıp kabile bağlantılı Yahudiliği problemi ile Falaşalar yerine çeşitli Yahudi örgütleri meşgul oldu. Ne İsrail parlamentosunun Dönüş Yasası altında Falaşaları Yahudi olarak tanıma kararı ne de binlerce Etiyopyalı Falaşa’nın İsrail’e göç etmesi kesin statüleriyle ilgili tartışmaları sona erdirdi. Yahudi kimliklerine yönelik tartışmalar hala çözüme kavuşmuş değildir. Çalışma, Falaşaların Halaha (Yahudi dini hukuku) veya legal statüsünden ziyade onların kökenine ilişkin iddiaları ele almaktadır. Yahudilikle bağlarını yakalamaya çalışıp, bünyesindeki Yahudi unsurları nasıl ve ne şekilde elde etmiş olabileceklerini incelemeye çalışmaktadır. Kanıtlar, Etiyopya’nın antik medeniyeti Aksum’a kadar uzanmaktadır. Miladi ilk yıllardan itibaren Kızıldeniz’in her iki yakasında süregelen ticari ilişkiler Güney Arabistan merkezli bir Yahudi etkiye işaret etmektedir. Etiyopya’daki Yahudi unsurların kaynağı olarak sonraki yüzyıllarda ortaya çıkan Falaşaların gösterilemeyeceği anlaşılmakla birlikte, Falaşa kökenin Etiyopya toplumunun kendi içerisinde aranması gerektiği sonucuna varılmıştır.

References

  • Aescoly, Aaron Zeev. Sefer ha-Falashim, (The Book of Falasha), Jerusalem, [yayınevi belli değil], 1943.
  • Anfray, Francis. “The Civilization of Aksum from the First to the Seventh Century,” General History of Africa II, Ancient Civilizations of Africa, editör: G. Mokhtar, Kaliforniya: Heinemann, UNESCO, (1981), 362- 380.
  • Atiya, Aziz. Doğu Hristiyanlığı Tarihi, çev. Nurettin Hiçyılmaz, İstanbul: Doz Yayınları, 2005.
  • Aykıt, Dursun Ali. Etiyopya Kilisesi, İstanbul: Ayışığı Kitapları, 2013.
  • Babil Talmudu, Rosh Hashanah. Son Erişim tarihi: 1 Mart 2021. https://www.sefaria.org/Rosh_Hashanah.26a
  • Bezold, Carl. Kebra Nagast die Herrlichkeit der Könige, München: Akad- emie der Wissenschafen, 1909.
  • Bishai, Wilson B. “Sabbath Observance from Coptic Sources,” Andrews University Seminar Studies (AUSS), 1.1, 1963, 25-31.
  • Budge, Ernest Alfred Wallis. The Kebra Nagast: The Queen of Sheba and Her Only Son Menyelek, Ontario: Cambridge, 2000.
  • Bruce, James. Travels Through part of Africa, Syria, Egypt, and Arabia, into Abyssinia, to Discover the Source of the Nile (1768-1773), Londra: Printed for Scott, Webster and Geary, 36, Charterhouse Square, 1835.
  • Bruder, Edith. The Black Jews of Africa: History, Religion, Identity, Londra: Oxford University Press, 2008
  • Boykin, James H. Black Jews: Ethiophia, India, United States, [yayınevi ve yayın yeri belli değil], 1982.
  • Contenson, H. De. “Pre-Aksumite Culture,” General History of Africa II, Ancient Civilization of Africa, Editör: G. Mokhtar, Kaliforniya: Heinemann, UNESCO, (1981), 341-61.
  • Conti Rossini, Carlo. Storia d' Etiophia, (Officina D’arte Grafica A. Lucini & C. Milano:1928).
  • Corinaldi, Michael. Jewish Identity: The Case of Ethiopian Jewry, Jerusalem: Hebrew University, 1998.
  • Epstein, Abraham. Sefer Eldad ha-Dani, Viyana: [yayınevi belli değil], 1891.
  • Faitlovitch, J. “The Falashas,” The American Jewish Year book, c. 22 (Eylül 13, Ekim 2, 1921 /5681), 1920, 80-100.
  • Faitlovitch J. The Black Jews of Abyssinia, New York, [yayınevi belli değil], 2915
  • Finkelstein, Israel and Silberman, Neil Asher. David and Solomon, In Search of the Bible’s Sacred Kings and the Roots of the Western Tradition, New York: Free Press, 2007.
  • Flad, J. Martin. TThe Falashas (jews) of Abyssinia, Londra: W. Macintosh, 1989.
  • Haile, Getatchew. “The Forty-Nine Hour Sabbath of the Ethiopian Church,” Journal of Semitic Studies XXXIII/2 Sonbahar, 1988, 233-54
  • Halevy, J. Rapport au comité central de l'Alliance İsraelite Universelle, Paris, [yayınevi belli değil], 1868.
  • Halevy, J. Travels in Abyssinia, Londra: Wertheimer, Lea and Co. 1877.
  • Halevy, J. La Guerre de Sarsa Dengel contre les Falachas, Paris, E. Leroux, 1907.
  • Hess, Robert L. “Toward a History of the Falasha” içinde Eastern African History, editörler: Daniel F. McCall, Norman R. Bennett, Jeffrey But- ler, New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1969, 107-32.
  • (iy). “Saba,” Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/ place/Saba-ancient-kingdom-Arabia . Son erişim tarihi: 1 Mart 2021.
  • Kaplan, Steven. The Beta Israel (Falasha) in Ethiopia; From Earliest Times to the Twentieth Century, New York ve Londra: New York University Press, 1992.
  • Kaplan, Steven. “Ethiopia Judaism," The Encylopedia of Judaism editörler: J. Neusner, Alan J. AveryPeck, W. Scott Green, c. 4, Leiden: E.J. Brill, 2003, 1741-1754.
  • Kessler, David F. The Falashas: The Forgotten Jews of Ethiopia, New York: Holmes & Meier Publishers, 1982.
  • Kitab-ı Mukaddes Eski ve Yeni Ahit. Tevrat, Zebur (Mezmurlar) ve İncil, İstanbul: Kitabı Mukaddes Şirketi, 2001.
  • Kobishchanov, Yuri M. “Aksum: Political System, Economics and Culture, First to Fourth Century,” General History of Africa II, Ancient Civilization of Africa, editör: G. Mokhtar, Kaliforniya: Heinemann, UNESCO, (1981), 381-401.
  • Leslau, Wolf. Falasha Anthology, Yale Judaica Series, c. 6, New York: Yale University Press, 1951.
  • Mark, Joshua J. “Quen of Sheba,” Ancient History Encylopedia, 26 Mart 2018. https://www.ancient.eu/Queen_of_Sheba/#:~:text=The%20region%20of%20Sheba%20in,before%20returning%20to%20her%20 country. Son erişim tarihi: 1 Mart 2021.
  • Midraş, Bamidbar Rabbah. https://www.sefaria.org/Bamidbar_Rabbah. Son erişim tarihi: 1 Mart 2021.
  • Milkias, Paulos. Africa in Focus, Ethiopia, ABC-CLIO, Santa Barbara, California, Denver, Colorado, Oxford, England, 2011, https://books. google.com.tr/books id=DtIRbpUNp_oC&printsec=frontcover&hl=tr&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false
  • Miller, Patrick D. The Religion of Ancient Israel, Louisville: Westminster John Knox, 2000.
  • Quirin, James. The Evolution of the Ethiopian Jews, A History of the Beta Israel (Falasha) to 1920, USA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1992.
  • Polotsky, Hans Jakob “Aramaic, Syriac, and Ge’ez” içinde Languages and Cultures of Eastern Christianity: Ethiopian ( The Worlds of Eastern Christianity, 300-1500) Editör: Alessandro Bausi, c. 4, Haziran 20, Routledge: Ashgate Variorum, 2012, 187- 196.
  • Porten, Bezalel. Archives from Elephantine: The Life of an Ancient Jewish Military Colony, USA: University of California Press, 1969.
  • Ritte, U.; Neufeld, E.; Prager, E.M.; Gross, M.; Hakim, I.; Khatib, A.; Bonne-Tamir, B. “Mitochondrial DNA Affinity of Several Jewish Communities,” Human Biology, no. 3 (Haziran, 1993), 359-385.
  • Rodinson, Maxime. “On the Question of Jewish Influences in Ethiopia” içinde Language and Cultures of Eastern Christianity: Ethiopian ( The Worlds of Eastern Christianity, 300-1500) editör: Alessandro Bausi, c. 4, Haziran 20, Routledge: Ashgate Variorum, 2012, 179-186.
  • Sarna, Nahum M. “Biblical Literature: Hebrew Scriptures,” Encyclopedia of Religion. (Second Edition), editör: Lindsay Jones, (Thomson Gale: [yayın yeri belli değil], 2005), 880.
  • Selassie, Sergew H. “The Problem of Gudit,” Journal of Ethiopian Studies, 10:1, (1972), 113-24.
  • Schalit, Abraham. “Elephantine,” Encyclopedia Judaica 6, editör: Cecil Roth, Jerusalem: Keter Publishing House, [yayın yılı belli değil], 604- 10.
  • Shelemay, K. Kaufman. Music, Ritual and Falasha History, USA: Michigan State University Press, 1989.
  • Tamrat, Taddesse. Church and State in Ethiopia 1270- 1527, Londra: Oxford University Press, 1972.
  • Tamrat, Taddesse. “A Short Note on the Traditions of Pagan Resistance to the Ethiopian Church (14th and 15th Centuries),” Journal of Ethiopian Studies, 10:1, 1972, 137-50.
  • Tibebu, Teshale. “Ethiopia: Aksumite Inharitance,”Encylopedia of African History 3, Editör: Kevin Shillington, New York: Fitzroy Dearborn, 2005.
  • Ullendorff, Edward. Ethiopia and Bible, The Schweich Lectures of the British Academy, Londra: Oxford University Press, 1968.
  • Ullendorff, Edward. “Hebraic – Jewish Elements in Abyssinian (Monophysite)
  • Christianity,” içinde Language and Cultures of Christianity: Ethiopian (The Worlds of Eastern Christianity, 300-1500) editör: Ales- sandro Bausi, c. 4, Haziran 20, Routledge: Ashgate Variorum, 2012, 121-161.
  • Waldman, Menachem. The Jews of Ethiopia: The Beta Israel Community Jerusalem: Ami-Shav, Center for Aid to Ethiopian Immigrants, 1985.
  • Wurmbrand, Max. “Falashas,” Encyclopedia Judaica 6 editör: Cecil Roth, Jerusalem: Keter Publishing House, [yayın yılı belli değil], 1143-1154.
  • Yiğit, İsmail. “Sebe,” Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi (DİA) c.36, İstanbul: Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı, 2009, 241-2.
There are 53 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Regional Studies
Journal Section Makaleler
Authors

Neslihan Kuran 0000-0002-3637-0543

Publication Date December 31, 2021
Acceptance Date April 26, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 8 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Kuran, N. (2021). Afrikalı Falaşalar: Falaşaların Etnik Köken Teorileri ve Dini Kimlikleri Üzerine Karşılaştırmalı Bir Analiz. Türkiye Ortadoğu Çalışmaları Dergisi, 8(2), 213-244. https://doi.org/10.26513/tocd.862069

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