İran Kadın Hareketi'nin Ortaya Çıkışı ve Gelişimi
Year 2024,
Volume: 11 Issue: 1, 133 - 158, 13.06.2024
Rukiye Tınas
,
Esin Erginbaş Tok
Abstract
1979 devrimi sonrasında doğan İranlı kadınlar, homojen ve örgütlü bir feminist harekete öncülük etmeseler de 1990’lı yıllardan itibaren farklı platformlarda bir araya gelerek resmî ideolojiye karşı antagonizma alanları inşa etmişlerdir. Buradan hareketle, bu makalede İran’da kadın hareketinin ortaya çıkışının ve feminist bir harekete doğru gelişiminin analizi amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaçla İran’da kökenleri 19. yüzyıla kadar uzanan kadın hareketi incelenirken öncelikle tarihsel bağlamı kaçırmamak adına Kaçar ve Pehlevi hanedanlıkları döneminde kadın sorunu ve kadınların hak mücadeleleri konusu ele alınmıştır. Ardından 1979 Devrimi sürecinde ve Humeyni liderliğindeki İslam Cumhuriyeti’nde kadının rolü ve statüsüne ilişkin mücadelesi incelenmiştir. Bu temel üzerine İran kadın hareketinin gelişimi birbirini takip eden dört dönemde analize tabi tutulmuştur: 1) 1989-2005, İran’da kadınların eşit haklar mücadelesi ve İslami feminizm ortaya çıktığı dönem 2) 2005 yılında başlayan ve özellikle kadınlar üzerindeki iktidar baskısının arttığı yaklaşık dokuz yıllık dönem 3) Liberal bir havanın hissedildiği 2013 yılıyla başlayan ve 2022 yılında sona eren dönem 4) Mehsa Emini’nin ölümü üzerine protestoların gerçekleştiği 2022 yılı.
References
- Afary, J. (2009). Sexual Politics in Modern Iran. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Afkhami, M. (t.y.). An Introduction to the Women’s Organization of Iran. Foundation for Iranian Studies. https://fis-iran.org/article/an-introduction-to-the-womens-organization-of-iran/
- Arjomand, S.A. (2009). After Khomeini: Iran Under His Successors. New York: Oxford University Press.
- Baneinia, M. ve Dersan Orhan, D. (2021). Women As A Political Symbol in Iran: A Comparative Perspective Between Pahlavi Regime and Islamic Revolution. Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş Veli Üniversitesi SBE Dergisi, 11(4), 1906-1919.
- Başar, U. (t.y.). İran’da İslami Feminizm Hareketi. İram Center. https://iramcenter.org/d_hbanaliz/iranda-islami-feminizm-hareketi.pdf
- Bayat, A. (2015). İslam’ı Demokratikleştirmek: Toplumsal Hareketler ve Post-İslamcı Dönüş. çev. Özgür Gökmen. İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
- Behnam, D. (1991). Reflets d’une révolution. Révolution française et modernisation de l’Iran. CEMOTI, 12, 131-139.
- Ebadi, Ş. (2022, Aralık 28). The Iranian Feminist Movement…Why and How?. Asharq Al-Awsat. https://english.aawsat.com/home/article/4067756/iranian-feminist-movement-why-and-how.
- Gordi, K. (2019, Şubat 15). Hukuk ve Mücâzat-ı Müthem be bi-hicabi. Zenan-i Emruz, 15 Şubat 2019. https://zananemrooz.com/article/حقوق%E2%80%AD-%E2%80%ACو%E2%80%AD-%E2%80%ACمجازات%E2%80%AD-%E2%80%ACمتهم%E2%80%AD-%E2%80%ACبه%E2%80%AD-%E2%80%AC/
- Hoodfar, H. (2013, Nisan 8). Envers et contre tout: Le mouvement feministe en la République islamique d’Iran. Awid. https://www.awid.org/fr/publications/changer-leur-monde-les-mouvements-de-femmes-concepts-et-pratiques
- Hoodfar, H. (2018, Mart 6) Iranian Women Risk Arrest: Daughters of the Revolution. The Conversation. https://theconversation.com/iranian-women-risk-arrest-daughters-of-the-revolution-92880
- Hoodfar, H. (2022, Kasım 2). Iranian Feminism and “All These Different Kinds of Veils. The New Yorker. https://www.newyorker.com/news/q-and-a/iranian-feminism-and-all-these-different-kinds-of-veils
- Hoodfar H. ve Sadeghi F. (2009). Against All Odds: The Women’s Movement in the Islamic Republic of Iran. Development, 52(2), 215-223. https://doi.org/10.1057/dev.2009.19
- Hoodfar, H. ve Sadr, S. (2010). Islamic Politics and Women’s Quest for Gender Equality in Iran. Third World Quarterly, 31(6), 885–903.
- Hoodfar, H. ve Sadr, S. (2012). Iran: politiques islamiques et femmes en quête d’égalité. Cahiers du Genre, 3, 47-67.
- Horasani, N. A. (2018, Aralık 18). Çera Hareket-I Dohteran-ı Hıyaban-ı İnkılab Gostereş Neyaft. https://noushinahmadi.wordpress.com/2018/12/
- Khosrokhavar, Farhad ve Oliver Roy. İran: Bir Devrimin Tükenişi. çev. İsmail Yerguz. İstanbul: Metis Yayınları, 2013.
- Kian, A. (2010). Mouvements de femmes en Iran: entre l’islam et l’Occident. Christine Verschuur (Ed.), Genre, postcolonialisme et diversité de mouvements de femmes. Genève: Graduate Institute Publications.
- Kian-Thiébaut, A. (2012). Iran: le mouvement vert, révolte sans révolution. Tumultes, 38-39, 187-199. https://doi.org/10.3917/tumu.038.0187
- Ladier-Fouladi, M. (2015). La sécularisation par le bas en Iran: Femmes, familles et relations de genre. Raison publique. https://raison-publique.fr/1809/.
- Maddah, H. (2010). Un million de signatures: Mouvement des femmes iraniennes. Multitudes, 43, 199-203. https://www.cairn.info/revue-multitudes-2010-4-page-199.htm
- Mahdi, A. A. (2004). The Iranian Women’s Movement: A Century Long Struggle. The Muslim World, 94(4), 427 – 448.
- Mahmoudi, H. (2019). Freedom and the Iranian Women’s Movement. Contexts, 18(3).
- Medrese-i Feministi. (t.y.). Gozareş-i Tasviri-yi Neşt-i Hem Endişi-yi Piramun-i Mütalabat-ı Zenan. https://www.feministschool.com/spip.ph%20p?article7316
- Minoui, D. (2010). Iran: les femmes en mouvement. Les Cahiers de l’Orient, 3(99), 83-89.
- Mir-Hosseini, Z. (2002). The Conservative – Reformist Conflict over Women’s Rights in Iran. International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society, 16(1), 37–53.
- Mohammadi, M. (2007). Iranian Women and the Civil Rights Movement in Iran: Feminism Interacted. Journal of International Women’s Studies, 9(1), 1-21.
- Nakanishi, H. (2021). Impact of Iran-U.S. Relations on Women’s Movement in Iran: From Ahmadinejad Era to Today. JISMOR, 16, 77-96. -
- NCRI Women Committee. (2018, Ağustos 6). Les femmes et la Révolution constitutionnelle de 1906. http s://women.ncr-iran.org/fr/2018/08/06/les-femmes-et-la-revolution-constitutionnelle-de-1906/
- Nikfar, M. R. (2022, Eylül 21). Conbeş-i Zenan ve Ümid be İtila-yi Combeş-Umumi. Radio zamaneh. https://www.radiozamaneh.com/731863
- Osanloo, A. (2009). The Politics of Women’s Rights in Iran. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
- Paidar, P. (1995). Women and the Political Process in Twentieth Century Iran. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Papan-Matin, F. (2014). The Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran (1989 Edition). Iranian Studies, 47(1), 159 –200.
- Parsa, F. (2021, Haziran 21). After eight years as Iran’s president, what is Rouhani’s record on women’s rights?. Middle East Institute (MEI). https://www.mei.edu/publications/after-eight-years-irans-president-what-rouhanis-record-womens-rights.
- Rostami-Povey, E. (2016). The Women’s Movement in its Historical Context. Tara Povey ve Elaleh Rostami Povey(Eds). Woman, Power and Politics in 21st Century Iran. New Yok: Routledge.
- Povey, T. (2015). Social Movements in Egypt and Iran. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
- Ramazani, N. (1993). Women in Iran: The Revolutionary Ebb and Flow. Middle East Journal, 47(3), 409-428.
- Refworld. (t.y.). Islamic Penal Code of Iran. https://www.refworld.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/rwmain/opendocpdf.pdf?reldoc=y&docid=52b812384
- Refworld, 2008. Iran: Enforcement of the Official Dress Code (2005 - Dec. 2007). https://www.refworld.org/docid/47d65459c.html.
- Rouach, D. (2019). Comprendre les mutations qui affectent l’Iran à travers la question de la condition des femmes. [Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi]. IRIS Sup’.
- Salehi A., Sebar, B., Whitehead D., Hatam N., Coyne E., ve Harris N. (2020), Young Iranian women as agents of social change: A qualitative study. Women’s Studies International Forum, 79, 1-7.
- Sarret, C. (27 Mayıs 2011). Être féministe en Iran, un combat contre l’oppression. TV5 Monde. https://information.tv5monde.com/info/etre-feministe-en-iran-un-combat-contre-l-oppression-5848
- Sayın H. Ve Çırakoğlu A. (2019). İran’da Siyasal Ekoller Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme. Türkiye Ortadoğu Çalışmaları Dergisi, 6(1), 85-112.
- Sedghi, H. (2012, Aralık 30). Feminist Movements iii. In The Pahlavi Period. Encyclopaedia Iranica, 26 Ocak, 2012. http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/feminist-movements-iii.
- Sedghi, H. (2007). Women and Politics in Iran Veiling, Unveiling, and Reveiling. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Shuster, W. M. (1912). The Strangling of Persia. New York: The Century Co.
- Sinkaya, P. A. (2010). İran İslam Cumhuriyeti’nde Kadın Meselesi ve İslami Feminist Hareket. Akademik Ortadoğu, 5(1), 43-65.
- Sotoudeh M., Sotoudeh S. ve Sayyad A. (2023). Panopticon surveillance on Iranian women during the Pahlavi era, with concentration on the visibility and invisibility paradigms: the case of Dead End by Parviz Sayyad (1977). Feminist Media Studies, 23(1), 329-343.
- Şafak, T. (2022, Ekim 4). İrşat Devriyelerinin Tarihçesi. İram Center. https://iramcenter.org/irsat-devriyelerinin-tarihcesi/
- Tohidi, N. (2016). Women’s Rights and Feminist Movements in İran. SUR, 24, 75-89.
- Toor, A. (2016, Şubat 12). This app will help you avoid Iran’s morality police. The Verge, https://www.theverge.com/2016/2/12/10977296/gershad-app-iran-morality-police-women
Year 2024,
Volume: 11 Issue: 1, 133 - 158, 13.06.2024
Rukiye Tınas
,
Esin Erginbaş Tok
References
- Afary, J. (2009). Sexual Politics in Modern Iran. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Afkhami, M. (t.y.). An Introduction to the Women’s Organization of Iran. Foundation for Iranian Studies. https://fis-iran.org/article/an-introduction-to-the-womens-organization-of-iran/
- Arjomand, S.A. (2009). After Khomeini: Iran Under His Successors. New York: Oxford University Press.
- Baneinia, M. ve Dersan Orhan, D. (2021). Women As A Political Symbol in Iran: A Comparative Perspective Between Pahlavi Regime and Islamic Revolution. Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş Veli Üniversitesi SBE Dergisi, 11(4), 1906-1919.
- Başar, U. (t.y.). İran’da İslami Feminizm Hareketi. İram Center. https://iramcenter.org/d_hbanaliz/iranda-islami-feminizm-hareketi.pdf
- Bayat, A. (2015). İslam’ı Demokratikleştirmek: Toplumsal Hareketler ve Post-İslamcı Dönüş. çev. Özgür Gökmen. İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
- Behnam, D. (1991). Reflets d’une révolution. Révolution française et modernisation de l’Iran. CEMOTI, 12, 131-139.
- Ebadi, Ş. (2022, Aralık 28). The Iranian Feminist Movement…Why and How?. Asharq Al-Awsat. https://english.aawsat.com/home/article/4067756/iranian-feminist-movement-why-and-how.
- Gordi, K. (2019, Şubat 15). Hukuk ve Mücâzat-ı Müthem be bi-hicabi. Zenan-i Emruz, 15 Şubat 2019. https://zananemrooz.com/article/حقوق%E2%80%AD-%E2%80%ACو%E2%80%AD-%E2%80%ACمجازات%E2%80%AD-%E2%80%ACمتهم%E2%80%AD-%E2%80%ACبه%E2%80%AD-%E2%80%AC/
- Hoodfar, H. (2013, Nisan 8). Envers et contre tout: Le mouvement feministe en la République islamique d’Iran. Awid. https://www.awid.org/fr/publications/changer-leur-monde-les-mouvements-de-femmes-concepts-et-pratiques
- Hoodfar, H. (2018, Mart 6) Iranian Women Risk Arrest: Daughters of the Revolution. The Conversation. https://theconversation.com/iranian-women-risk-arrest-daughters-of-the-revolution-92880
- Hoodfar, H. (2022, Kasım 2). Iranian Feminism and “All These Different Kinds of Veils. The New Yorker. https://www.newyorker.com/news/q-and-a/iranian-feminism-and-all-these-different-kinds-of-veils
- Hoodfar H. ve Sadeghi F. (2009). Against All Odds: The Women’s Movement in the Islamic Republic of Iran. Development, 52(2), 215-223. https://doi.org/10.1057/dev.2009.19
- Hoodfar, H. ve Sadr, S. (2010). Islamic Politics and Women’s Quest for Gender Equality in Iran. Third World Quarterly, 31(6), 885–903.
- Hoodfar, H. ve Sadr, S. (2012). Iran: politiques islamiques et femmes en quête d’égalité. Cahiers du Genre, 3, 47-67.
- Horasani, N. A. (2018, Aralık 18). Çera Hareket-I Dohteran-ı Hıyaban-ı İnkılab Gostereş Neyaft. https://noushinahmadi.wordpress.com/2018/12/
- Khosrokhavar, Farhad ve Oliver Roy. İran: Bir Devrimin Tükenişi. çev. İsmail Yerguz. İstanbul: Metis Yayınları, 2013.
- Kian, A. (2010). Mouvements de femmes en Iran: entre l’islam et l’Occident. Christine Verschuur (Ed.), Genre, postcolonialisme et diversité de mouvements de femmes. Genève: Graduate Institute Publications.
- Kian-Thiébaut, A. (2012). Iran: le mouvement vert, révolte sans révolution. Tumultes, 38-39, 187-199. https://doi.org/10.3917/tumu.038.0187
- Ladier-Fouladi, M. (2015). La sécularisation par le bas en Iran: Femmes, familles et relations de genre. Raison publique. https://raison-publique.fr/1809/.
- Maddah, H. (2010). Un million de signatures: Mouvement des femmes iraniennes. Multitudes, 43, 199-203. https://www.cairn.info/revue-multitudes-2010-4-page-199.htm
- Mahdi, A. A. (2004). The Iranian Women’s Movement: A Century Long Struggle. The Muslim World, 94(4), 427 – 448.
- Mahmoudi, H. (2019). Freedom and the Iranian Women’s Movement. Contexts, 18(3).
- Medrese-i Feministi. (t.y.). Gozareş-i Tasviri-yi Neşt-i Hem Endişi-yi Piramun-i Mütalabat-ı Zenan. https://www.feministschool.com/spip.ph%20p?article7316
- Minoui, D. (2010). Iran: les femmes en mouvement. Les Cahiers de l’Orient, 3(99), 83-89.
- Mir-Hosseini, Z. (2002). The Conservative – Reformist Conflict over Women’s Rights in Iran. International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society, 16(1), 37–53.
- Mohammadi, M. (2007). Iranian Women and the Civil Rights Movement in Iran: Feminism Interacted. Journal of International Women’s Studies, 9(1), 1-21.
- Nakanishi, H. (2021). Impact of Iran-U.S. Relations on Women’s Movement in Iran: From Ahmadinejad Era to Today. JISMOR, 16, 77-96. -
- NCRI Women Committee. (2018, Ağustos 6). Les femmes et la Révolution constitutionnelle de 1906. http s://women.ncr-iran.org/fr/2018/08/06/les-femmes-et-la-revolution-constitutionnelle-de-1906/
- Nikfar, M. R. (2022, Eylül 21). Conbeş-i Zenan ve Ümid be İtila-yi Combeş-Umumi. Radio zamaneh. https://www.radiozamaneh.com/731863
- Osanloo, A. (2009). The Politics of Women’s Rights in Iran. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
- Paidar, P. (1995). Women and the Political Process in Twentieth Century Iran. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Papan-Matin, F. (2014). The Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran (1989 Edition). Iranian Studies, 47(1), 159 –200.
- Parsa, F. (2021, Haziran 21). After eight years as Iran’s president, what is Rouhani’s record on women’s rights?. Middle East Institute (MEI). https://www.mei.edu/publications/after-eight-years-irans-president-what-rouhanis-record-womens-rights.
- Rostami-Povey, E. (2016). The Women’s Movement in its Historical Context. Tara Povey ve Elaleh Rostami Povey(Eds). Woman, Power and Politics in 21st Century Iran. New Yok: Routledge.
- Povey, T. (2015). Social Movements in Egypt and Iran. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
- Ramazani, N. (1993). Women in Iran: The Revolutionary Ebb and Flow. Middle East Journal, 47(3), 409-428.
- Refworld. (t.y.). Islamic Penal Code of Iran. https://www.refworld.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/rwmain/opendocpdf.pdf?reldoc=y&docid=52b812384
- Refworld, 2008. Iran: Enforcement of the Official Dress Code (2005 - Dec. 2007). https://www.refworld.org/docid/47d65459c.html.
- Rouach, D. (2019). Comprendre les mutations qui affectent l’Iran à travers la question de la condition des femmes. [Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi]. IRIS Sup’.
- Salehi A., Sebar, B., Whitehead D., Hatam N., Coyne E., ve Harris N. (2020), Young Iranian women as agents of social change: A qualitative study. Women’s Studies International Forum, 79, 1-7.
- Sarret, C. (27 Mayıs 2011). Être féministe en Iran, un combat contre l’oppression. TV5 Monde. https://information.tv5monde.com/info/etre-feministe-en-iran-un-combat-contre-l-oppression-5848
- Sayın H. Ve Çırakoğlu A. (2019). İran’da Siyasal Ekoller Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme. Türkiye Ortadoğu Çalışmaları Dergisi, 6(1), 85-112.
- Sedghi, H. (2012, Aralık 30). Feminist Movements iii. In The Pahlavi Period. Encyclopaedia Iranica, 26 Ocak, 2012. http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/feminist-movements-iii.
- Sedghi, H. (2007). Women and Politics in Iran Veiling, Unveiling, and Reveiling. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Shuster, W. M. (1912). The Strangling of Persia. New York: The Century Co.
- Sinkaya, P. A. (2010). İran İslam Cumhuriyeti’nde Kadın Meselesi ve İslami Feminist Hareket. Akademik Ortadoğu, 5(1), 43-65.
- Sotoudeh M., Sotoudeh S. ve Sayyad A. (2023). Panopticon surveillance on Iranian women during the Pahlavi era, with concentration on the visibility and invisibility paradigms: the case of Dead End by Parviz Sayyad (1977). Feminist Media Studies, 23(1), 329-343.
- Şafak, T. (2022, Ekim 4). İrşat Devriyelerinin Tarihçesi. İram Center. https://iramcenter.org/irsat-devriyelerinin-tarihcesi/
- Tohidi, N. (2016). Women’s Rights and Feminist Movements in İran. SUR, 24, 75-89.
- Toor, A. (2016, Şubat 12). This app will help you avoid Iran’s morality police. The Verge, https://www.theverge.com/2016/2/12/10977296/gershad-app-iran-morality-police-women