The Sudan's Incorporation into the Capitalist World-Economy through Modern Cultivation and Trade of Cotton

Year 2024, Volume: 11 Issue: 1, 73 - 96, 13.06.2024

Abdullah Muhsin Yıldız

https://doi.org/10.26513/tocd.1435202

Abstract

Before the 19th century, the Sudan had a distinctive social system in which decentralized kingdoms held the political power. The article assumes that this intersocietal system entered a process of incorporation into the capitalist world-economy in the 19th century. Early modernization policies pursued in the Sudan during the Turco-Egyptian administration between 1821-1885 period, known as the Turkiyya. This rule shifted to the Anglo-Egyptian administration in 1899, after British forces defeating the short-lived Mahdist rule. Upon establishment of the new condominium government, the Sudan became a peripheral supplier of the expanding world economy. Throughout the peripheralization, the British gained control of raw materials such as gum arabic and cotton from the Nile valley, which were then transported to factories located in the mainland England. This article investigates economic incorporation process of the Sudan, specifically focusing on the Gezira Scheme, established with a colonial mentality, and mainly based on cotton production. The effect of this process was evident during the 1930s, when the country had been seriously impacted by the global economic crisis of 1929.

Keywords

Sudan, Capitalism, World-Economy, Colonialism, Hegemony

Sudan’ın Pamuğun Modern Tekniklerle Yetiştirilmesi ve Ticareti Yoluyla Kapitalist Dünya-Ekonomisine Eklemlenmesi

Abstract

19. yüzyıldan önce Sudan, merkezi olmayan krallıkların siyasi gücü elinde tuttuğu kendine özgü bir sosyal sisteme sahipti. Makale, bu topluluklararası sistemin 19. yüzyılda kapitalist dünya ekonomisine dahil olma sürecine girdiğini varsaymaktadır. Sudan’da ilk modernleşme politikaları Turkiyya olarak bilinen 1821-1885 yılları arasındaki Türk-Mısır idaresi döneminde uygulandı. İngiliz kuvvetlerinin kısa ömürlü Mehdilik yönetimini yenilgiye uğratmasının ardından bu idare 1899'da İngiliz-Mısır yönetimine geçti. Yeni kondominyum hükümetinin kurulmasıyla Sudan, genişleyen dünya ekonomisinin peripheral tedarikçisi haline geldi. Periferileştirme boyunca İngilizler, Nil vadisinden gelen arap zamkı ve pamuk gibi hammaddelerin kontrolünü ele geçirdi ve bunlar daha sonra İngiltere anakarasındaki fabrikalara nakledildi. Bu makale, Sudan'ın ekonomik eklemlenme sürecini, özellikle kolonyal zihniyetle kurulan ve ağırlıklı olarak pamuk üretimine dayanan Gezira Projesi’ne odaklanarak incelemektedir. Bu sürecin etkisi, ülkenin 1929 küresel ekonomik krizinden ciddi şekilde etkilendiği 1930'larda açıkça görülmüştür.

Keywords

Sudan, Kapitalizm, Dünya-Ekonomi, Kolonyalizm, Hegemonya

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