Research Article
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Year 2025, Volume: 12 Issue: 2
https://doi.org/10.26513/tocd.1709205

Abstract

References

  • Akgül-Açıkmeşe & S., Özel, S. (2024). EU Policy towards the Israeli Palestine Conflict: The Limitations of Mitigation Strategies, The International Spectator, 59(1), 59-78.
  • Alghashian, A. (2024). A Revived Arab Peace Initiative from Saudi Arabia Could Save the Middle East, The Cairo Review of Global Affairs, https://www.thecairoreview.com/essays/a-revived-arab-peace-initiative-from-saudi-arabia-could-save-the-middle-east/
  • Almog, Z. (2011). Israel Naval Power: An Essential Factor in the Operational Battlefield, Military and Strategic Affairs, 3(1), 29-39.
  • Asseburg, M. (2019). The Impact of Divisions among EU Member States on the European Role in the Israeli Palestinian Conflict. In Asseburg, M. & Goren, N. (Ed.), Divided and Divisive: Europeans, Israel and Israeli Palestinian Peacemaking, 36-50, The Israeli Institute for Regional Foreign Policies & German Instıtute for International and Security Affairs Press.
  • Bar, S. (2020). Israeli Strategic Deterrence Doctrine and Practice, Comperative Strategy, 39 (4), 321-353.
  • Barak, O., Sheniak, A. & Shapira, A. (2020). The Shift to Defence in Israel’s Hybrid Military Strategy, Journal of Strategic Studies, 46 (2), 345-377.
  • Blanchard, C. M. (2024). Possible U.S. Saudi Agreements nd Normalization with Israel: Considirations for Congress, Congressional Research Service, 7-11; 22-29.
  • Bloom, C. (2008). The Classification of Hezbollah in Both International and Non-International Armed Conflicts, Annual Survey of International & Comperative Law,14 (1), 62-81.
  • Bialer, U. (2007). Fuel Bridge across the Middle East: Israel, Iran, and the Eilat Ashkelon Oil Pipeline, Israel Studies, 12 (3), 30-41.
  • Binder, D. (2012). Greece, Turkey and NATO, Mediterranean Quarterly, 23 (2), 95-106.
  • Boms, N. & Cohen, S. (2022). Israel and Syria: A Decade of War,2011-2021, Israel Journal of Foreign Affairs, 16 (1), 31-51.
  • Castex, R. (1993). Strategic Theories, Kindle Edition.
  • Chorev, S. (2024). Maritime Strategic Evolution for Israel 2021/2022, Maritime Policy and Strategy Research Center Paper, University of Haifa, 140-161.
  • Cook, S.A. (2021). Major Power Rivalry in the Middle East, Council on Foreign Relations Discussion Paper Series No 2, 5-18.
  • Cordesman, A.H. (2007). Israel and Syria: The Military Balance and Prospects of War, Center for Strategic and International Studies Paper, 186-193.
  • Czarkowska, E. & Koniecko, M. K. (2023). Iran-Russia-Türkiye Triangle: A Challenge for the U.S. Position in the Middle East, Insight Turkey, 25 (3), 199-218.
  • Dana, Tariq, (2023), The Geopolitics of the Abraham Accords: A Critical View on Militarization, Security in the Middle East Paper, SALAM Project.
  • Eiran, E. (2020). Structural Shifts and Regional Security: A View from Israel, Istituto Affari Internazionali Papers, (20),8-12.
  • Ellinas, C. (2022). Energy and Geopolitics in the Eastern Mediterranean, Atlantic Council Issue Brief, https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/AC_EastMediterranean.pdf
  • Helfont, S. (2021). Cultural Challenges for Israeli Sea Power in the Eastern Mediterranean, Naval War Collage Review, 74(2), 38-53.
  • Hoffman, F. (2021). Cruise Missile Proliferation: Trends, Strategic Implications, and Counterproliferation, European Leadership Network Global Security Report, 16-19.
  • Hokayem, E. & Momtaz, R. (2024). Israel: Between the Embition of Regional Integration and the Reality of Conflict, Stretegic Dossiers, 2 (1), 204-221.
  • Jones, C. (2025). Israel and the Gulf Monarchies: A New Regional Security Complex or Just Complex Regional Security, Middle Eastern Studies, 61(3),321-328.
  • Kaunert, C. & Wertman, O. (2020). The Securitisation of Hybrid Warfare through Practices within the Iran-Israel Conflict: Israel Practices for Securitising Hezbollah’s Proxy War, Security & Defence Quarterly, 31 (4),100-109.
  • Kavaz, İ. (2021). The Energy Equation in the Eastern Mediterranean, Insight Turkey, 23 (1), 139-153.
  • Klotsman, I. & Reich, A. (2025). The East Mediterranean Gas Forum as a Platform for a Regional Energy Treaty, Israel Law Review, 58 (1), 89-120.
  • Levy, D. (2023). The Influence of Sea Power in Iran’s Proxy War, Part1: Houthi Aggression in the Red Sea, BESA Center Perspectives Paper, (244), 1-6.
  • Lampas, N. & Constantinos Filis, C. (2023). NATO’s Strategic Concept: Implications for Greece and Türkiye, Security Defence Quarterly, 44 (4), 39-50.
  • Matejcek, M. & Sostronek, M. (2023). The Ground Based Air Defence Solutions, Science & Military, 18 (1), 21-28.
  • Mazis, I. (2018). Turkey, Israel, Greece: Reshuffling in the Eastern Mediterranean, Civitas Gentium, 6 (1), 16-31. Middle East Strategic Perspectives. (2022). EastMed Energy Report, Issue 5. https://www.mesp.me/2022/03/15/the-east-med-energy-report-issue-5/.
  • Milburn, F. (2017). Iran’s Land Bridge to the Mediterranean: Possible Routes and Ensuing Challenges, Strategic Assessment,20 (3), 36-43.
  • Mizrahi, O. (2018). Israel’s Policy in its Triangular Relations with Greece and Cyprus, Strategic Assessment, 23(3), 99-105.
  • Naqvi, S.F.H. (2023). Indo-Israel Strategic Partnership in Indian Ocean and Outer Space: A Need for Regional Counter Balancing Approach, Journal of International Peace and Stability, 6 (2),20-31.
  • Novikau, A. & Muhasilovic, J. (2023). Turkey’s Quest to Become a Regional Energy Hub: Challenges and Opportunities, Heliyon, 9 (11),1-8.
  • Povlock A. P. & Wedin, L. (2019). Maritime Strategies for the XXI Century: The Contribution of Admiral Castex, Naval War College Review, 72 (3), 12-19.
  • Qian, B. (2023). Israel’s Geopolitical Strategy: Strategic Partnership, Territorial Disputes and International Support (Full Text). International Conference on Humanities and Social Sciences, China, SHS Web of Conference, pp.2-6. https://www.shs-conferences.org/articles/shsconf/pdf/2023/28/shsconf_ichess2023_05024.pdf
  • Qumsiyeh, M.B. & Abusarhan, M.A., (2021). Biodiversity and Environmental Conservation in Palestine. In: Öztürk, M., Altay, V., Efe, R. (eds) Biodiversity, Conservation and Sustainability in Asia, Springer.
  • Rubin A. & Eiran E. (2019). Regional Maritime Security in the Eastern Mediterranean: Expectations and Reality, International Affairs, 95 (5), 979-997.
  • Rehman, A. U. & Abbas, Z. (2020). Mediterranean Sea Struggle Between Turkey and Greece and its Implications for the Existance of NATO and the Wat Forward, Relationes Internationales,13 (2), 133-149.
  • Ronen, E. & Goren, N. (2019). Israel’s Foreign Policy towards the EU and its Member States. In Asseburg, M. & Goren, N. (Ed.), Divided and Divisive: Europeans, Israel and Israeli Palestinian Peacemaking, 21-35, The Israeli Institute for Regional Foreign Policies & German Instıtute for International and Security Affairs Press.
  • Salameh, R. & Chedid, R. (2020). Economic and Geopolitical Implications of Natural Gas Export from the East Mediterranean: The Case of Lebanon, Energy Policy, 140(2), 1-9.
  • Shurkin, M. (2024). Admiral Raoul Castex: The Naval Strategist for Non-Hegemons. War on Rocks. Received August, 2025 from https://warontherocks.com/2024/03/admiral-raoul-castex-the-naval-strategist-for-non-hegemons/
  • Sukkarieh, M. (2021). The East Mediterranean Gas Forum: Regional Cooperation Amid Conflicting Interests, Natural Resource Governance Institute Briefing, 4-15.
  • Stanojevic, N. (2020). Arab Countries Along the Maritime Silk Road: Costs and Benefits Analysis, The Review of International Affairs, 71(1177), 8-19.
  • Speller, I. (2012). Maritime Strategy and Policy for Smaller Navies, International Studies Association, San Diego Conference Paper, 3-12.
  • Stergiou, A. (2017). Energy Security in the Eastern Mediterranean, International Journal of Global Energy Issues, 40 (5), 328-331.
  • Teff-Seker, Y., Rubin, A. & Eiran, E. (2019). Israel’s Turn to the Sea and Its Effect on Israeli Regional Policy, Israel Affairs, 25(2), 234-255.
  • Tziarras, Z. (2016). Israel Cyprus Greece: A Comfortable Quasi-Alliance, Mediterranean Politics, 21(3),407-427. Tzogopoulos, G.N. (2023). Cyprus and Israel: A New Geopolitical Equation, Middle East Quarterly, 30 (4), 1-11.
  • United Nations. (2010). Between the Fence and Hard Place The Humanitarian Impact of Israeli Imposed Restrictions on Access to Land nd Sea in the Gaza Strip. https://www.un.org/unispal/document/auto-insert-196584/
  • U.S. Department of State. (2020). Abraham Accords Peace Agreement: Treaty of Peace, Diplomatic Relations and Full Normalization Between the United Arab Emirates and the State of Israel. https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/UAE_Israel-treaty-signed-FINAL-15-Sept-2020-508.pdf
  • U.S. Department of State. (2021). West Bank and Gaza Strip 2021 Human Rights Report. https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/313615_WEST-BANK-AND-GAZA-2021-HUMAN-RIGHTS-REPORT.pdf
  • Vakil, S. & Quilliam, N. (2023). The Abraham Acoords and Israel - UAE Normalization: Shaping a New Middle East, Middle East and North Africa Programme Research Paper,18-47.
  • Vidal, A. (2023). DP World, Adani and Port Politics: Maritime Logistics as a Lens to Understand India’s Ties with the Middle East, Middle East Institute Insight, (305), 4-16.
  • Wastnidge, E. (2024). Reinforcing the Resistance: Iran and the Levant in a Multipolar Middle East, Middle East Policy, 31 (3), 53-68.
  • Yegin, M. (2022). United States Policy in the Eastern Mediterranean, Comperative Southeast European Studies, 70 (3), 439-461.
  • Yiallourides, C. (2023). Another Step Toward Peace: The Lebanon - Israel Maritime Agreement, “The Cairo Review of Global Affairs, https://www.thecairoreview.com/essays/another-step-toward-peace-the-lebanon-israel-maritime-agreement/
  • Yiallourides, C. & Ioannides, N. A. (2024). The Lebanon - Israel 2022 Maritime Boundry Agreement, Brill,38 (1),289-322.

Admiral Castex and the Israeli Navy: A Holistic View of the Eastern Mediterranean and the Middle East

Year 2025, Volume: 12 Issue: 2
https://doi.org/10.26513/tocd.1709205

Abstract

The post-regime change order debates in Syria have strengthened the place of the Eastern Mediterranean on the agenda. In this context, Israel’s maritime strategy has been considered noteworthy for both the Eastern Mediterranean and the Middle East. The study examines this strategy through French Admiral Raoul Castex's approach to naval strategy for non-hegemonic states and seeks an answer to the question of how Israel shapes its contacts with the Middle East through the geopolitics of the Eastern Mediterranean. Admiral Castex focuses on the maritime behavior of regional powers, and emphasizes two important approaches: improving the ability of maneuver and the primacy of the offensive. Within the framework of these two approaches, the study examines the Israeli navy in the Eastern Mediterranean between 2011 and 2024. Thus, on the one hand, it draws the hegemonic state-oriented approach of classical naval studies to the regional level, and on the other hand, it aims to portray the naval behavior of Israel, which is an important party to regional competition, through its contacts with the Middle East.

References

  • Akgül-Açıkmeşe & S., Özel, S. (2024). EU Policy towards the Israeli Palestine Conflict: The Limitations of Mitigation Strategies, The International Spectator, 59(1), 59-78.
  • Alghashian, A. (2024). A Revived Arab Peace Initiative from Saudi Arabia Could Save the Middle East, The Cairo Review of Global Affairs, https://www.thecairoreview.com/essays/a-revived-arab-peace-initiative-from-saudi-arabia-could-save-the-middle-east/
  • Almog, Z. (2011). Israel Naval Power: An Essential Factor in the Operational Battlefield, Military and Strategic Affairs, 3(1), 29-39.
  • Asseburg, M. (2019). The Impact of Divisions among EU Member States on the European Role in the Israeli Palestinian Conflict. In Asseburg, M. & Goren, N. (Ed.), Divided and Divisive: Europeans, Israel and Israeli Palestinian Peacemaking, 36-50, The Israeli Institute for Regional Foreign Policies & German Instıtute for International and Security Affairs Press.
  • Bar, S. (2020). Israeli Strategic Deterrence Doctrine and Practice, Comperative Strategy, 39 (4), 321-353.
  • Barak, O., Sheniak, A. & Shapira, A. (2020). The Shift to Defence in Israel’s Hybrid Military Strategy, Journal of Strategic Studies, 46 (2), 345-377.
  • Blanchard, C. M. (2024). Possible U.S. Saudi Agreements nd Normalization with Israel: Considirations for Congress, Congressional Research Service, 7-11; 22-29.
  • Bloom, C. (2008). The Classification of Hezbollah in Both International and Non-International Armed Conflicts, Annual Survey of International & Comperative Law,14 (1), 62-81.
  • Bialer, U. (2007). Fuel Bridge across the Middle East: Israel, Iran, and the Eilat Ashkelon Oil Pipeline, Israel Studies, 12 (3), 30-41.
  • Binder, D. (2012). Greece, Turkey and NATO, Mediterranean Quarterly, 23 (2), 95-106.
  • Boms, N. & Cohen, S. (2022). Israel and Syria: A Decade of War,2011-2021, Israel Journal of Foreign Affairs, 16 (1), 31-51.
  • Castex, R. (1993). Strategic Theories, Kindle Edition.
  • Chorev, S. (2024). Maritime Strategic Evolution for Israel 2021/2022, Maritime Policy and Strategy Research Center Paper, University of Haifa, 140-161.
  • Cook, S.A. (2021). Major Power Rivalry in the Middle East, Council on Foreign Relations Discussion Paper Series No 2, 5-18.
  • Cordesman, A.H. (2007). Israel and Syria: The Military Balance and Prospects of War, Center for Strategic and International Studies Paper, 186-193.
  • Czarkowska, E. & Koniecko, M. K. (2023). Iran-Russia-Türkiye Triangle: A Challenge for the U.S. Position in the Middle East, Insight Turkey, 25 (3), 199-218.
  • Dana, Tariq, (2023), The Geopolitics of the Abraham Accords: A Critical View on Militarization, Security in the Middle East Paper, SALAM Project.
  • Eiran, E. (2020). Structural Shifts and Regional Security: A View from Israel, Istituto Affari Internazionali Papers, (20),8-12.
  • Ellinas, C. (2022). Energy and Geopolitics in the Eastern Mediterranean, Atlantic Council Issue Brief, https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/AC_EastMediterranean.pdf
  • Helfont, S. (2021). Cultural Challenges for Israeli Sea Power in the Eastern Mediterranean, Naval War Collage Review, 74(2), 38-53.
  • Hoffman, F. (2021). Cruise Missile Proliferation: Trends, Strategic Implications, and Counterproliferation, European Leadership Network Global Security Report, 16-19.
  • Hokayem, E. & Momtaz, R. (2024). Israel: Between the Embition of Regional Integration and the Reality of Conflict, Stretegic Dossiers, 2 (1), 204-221.
  • Jones, C. (2025). Israel and the Gulf Monarchies: A New Regional Security Complex or Just Complex Regional Security, Middle Eastern Studies, 61(3),321-328.
  • Kaunert, C. & Wertman, O. (2020). The Securitisation of Hybrid Warfare through Practices within the Iran-Israel Conflict: Israel Practices for Securitising Hezbollah’s Proxy War, Security & Defence Quarterly, 31 (4),100-109.
  • Kavaz, İ. (2021). The Energy Equation in the Eastern Mediterranean, Insight Turkey, 23 (1), 139-153.
  • Klotsman, I. & Reich, A. (2025). The East Mediterranean Gas Forum as a Platform for a Regional Energy Treaty, Israel Law Review, 58 (1), 89-120.
  • Levy, D. (2023). The Influence of Sea Power in Iran’s Proxy War, Part1: Houthi Aggression in the Red Sea, BESA Center Perspectives Paper, (244), 1-6.
  • Lampas, N. & Constantinos Filis, C. (2023). NATO’s Strategic Concept: Implications for Greece and Türkiye, Security Defence Quarterly, 44 (4), 39-50.
  • Matejcek, M. & Sostronek, M. (2023). The Ground Based Air Defence Solutions, Science & Military, 18 (1), 21-28.
  • Mazis, I. (2018). Turkey, Israel, Greece: Reshuffling in the Eastern Mediterranean, Civitas Gentium, 6 (1), 16-31. Middle East Strategic Perspectives. (2022). EastMed Energy Report, Issue 5. https://www.mesp.me/2022/03/15/the-east-med-energy-report-issue-5/.
  • Milburn, F. (2017). Iran’s Land Bridge to the Mediterranean: Possible Routes and Ensuing Challenges, Strategic Assessment,20 (3), 36-43.
  • Mizrahi, O. (2018). Israel’s Policy in its Triangular Relations with Greece and Cyprus, Strategic Assessment, 23(3), 99-105.
  • Naqvi, S.F.H. (2023). Indo-Israel Strategic Partnership in Indian Ocean and Outer Space: A Need for Regional Counter Balancing Approach, Journal of International Peace and Stability, 6 (2),20-31.
  • Novikau, A. & Muhasilovic, J. (2023). Turkey’s Quest to Become a Regional Energy Hub: Challenges and Opportunities, Heliyon, 9 (11),1-8.
  • Povlock A. P. & Wedin, L. (2019). Maritime Strategies for the XXI Century: The Contribution of Admiral Castex, Naval War College Review, 72 (3), 12-19.
  • Qian, B. (2023). Israel’s Geopolitical Strategy: Strategic Partnership, Territorial Disputes and International Support (Full Text). International Conference on Humanities and Social Sciences, China, SHS Web of Conference, pp.2-6. https://www.shs-conferences.org/articles/shsconf/pdf/2023/28/shsconf_ichess2023_05024.pdf
  • Qumsiyeh, M.B. & Abusarhan, M.A., (2021). Biodiversity and Environmental Conservation in Palestine. In: Öztürk, M., Altay, V., Efe, R. (eds) Biodiversity, Conservation and Sustainability in Asia, Springer.
  • Rubin A. & Eiran E. (2019). Regional Maritime Security in the Eastern Mediterranean: Expectations and Reality, International Affairs, 95 (5), 979-997.
  • Rehman, A. U. & Abbas, Z. (2020). Mediterranean Sea Struggle Between Turkey and Greece and its Implications for the Existance of NATO and the Wat Forward, Relationes Internationales,13 (2), 133-149.
  • Ronen, E. & Goren, N. (2019). Israel’s Foreign Policy towards the EU and its Member States. In Asseburg, M. & Goren, N. (Ed.), Divided and Divisive: Europeans, Israel and Israeli Palestinian Peacemaking, 21-35, The Israeli Institute for Regional Foreign Policies & German Instıtute for International and Security Affairs Press.
  • Salameh, R. & Chedid, R. (2020). Economic and Geopolitical Implications of Natural Gas Export from the East Mediterranean: The Case of Lebanon, Energy Policy, 140(2), 1-9.
  • Shurkin, M. (2024). Admiral Raoul Castex: The Naval Strategist for Non-Hegemons. War on Rocks. Received August, 2025 from https://warontherocks.com/2024/03/admiral-raoul-castex-the-naval-strategist-for-non-hegemons/
  • Sukkarieh, M. (2021). The East Mediterranean Gas Forum: Regional Cooperation Amid Conflicting Interests, Natural Resource Governance Institute Briefing, 4-15.
  • Stanojevic, N. (2020). Arab Countries Along the Maritime Silk Road: Costs and Benefits Analysis, The Review of International Affairs, 71(1177), 8-19.
  • Speller, I. (2012). Maritime Strategy and Policy for Smaller Navies, International Studies Association, San Diego Conference Paper, 3-12.
  • Stergiou, A. (2017). Energy Security in the Eastern Mediterranean, International Journal of Global Energy Issues, 40 (5), 328-331.
  • Teff-Seker, Y., Rubin, A. & Eiran, E. (2019). Israel’s Turn to the Sea and Its Effect on Israeli Regional Policy, Israel Affairs, 25(2), 234-255.
  • Tziarras, Z. (2016). Israel Cyprus Greece: A Comfortable Quasi-Alliance, Mediterranean Politics, 21(3),407-427. Tzogopoulos, G.N. (2023). Cyprus and Israel: A New Geopolitical Equation, Middle East Quarterly, 30 (4), 1-11.
  • United Nations. (2010). Between the Fence and Hard Place The Humanitarian Impact of Israeli Imposed Restrictions on Access to Land nd Sea in the Gaza Strip. https://www.un.org/unispal/document/auto-insert-196584/
  • U.S. Department of State. (2020). Abraham Accords Peace Agreement: Treaty of Peace, Diplomatic Relations and Full Normalization Between the United Arab Emirates and the State of Israel. https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/UAE_Israel-treaty-signed-FINAL-15-Sept-2020-508.pdf
  • U.S. Department of State. (2021). West Bank and Gaza Strip 2021 Human Rights Report. https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/313615_WEST-BANK-AND-GAZA-2021-HUMAN-RIGHTS-REPORT.pdf
  • Vakil, S. & Quilliam, N. (2023). The Abraham Acoords and Israel - UAE Normalization: Shaping a New Middle East, Middle East and North Africa Programme Research Paper,18-47.
  • Vidal, A. (2023). DP World, Adani and Port Politics: Maritime Logistics as a Lens to Understand India’s Ties with the Middle East, Middle East Institute Insight, (305), 4-16.
  • Wastnidge, E. (2024). Reinforcing the Resistance: Iran and the Levant in a Multipolar Middle East, Middle East Policy, 31 (3), 53-68.
  • Yegin, M. (2022). United States Policy in the Eastern Mediterranean, Comperative Southeast European Studies, 70 (3), 439-461.
  • Yiallourides, C. (2023). Another Step Toward Peace: The Lebanon - Israel Maritime Agreement, “The Cairo Review of Global Affairs, https://www.thecairoreview.com/essays/another-step-toward-peace-the-lebanon-israel-maritime-agreement/
  • Yiallourides, C. & Ioannides, N. A. (2024). The Lebanon - Israel 2022 Maritime Boundry Agreement, Brill,38 (1),289-322.
There are 57 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Regional Studies
Journal Section Makaleler
Authors

Meysune Yaşar 0000-0001-9073-6350

Early Pub Date August 25, 2025
Publication Date October 24, 2025
Submission Date May 29, 2025
Acceptance Date August 6, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 12 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Yaşar, M. (2025). Admiral Castex and the Israeli Navy: A Holistic View of the Eastern Mediterranean and the Middle East. Türkiye Ortadoğu Çalışmaları Dergisi, 12(2). https://doi.org/10.26513/tocd.1709205

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