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MUSIC OF ESTONIA: HEINO ELLER VIOLIN CONCERTO IN THE CONTEXT OF FOLK MUSIC

Year 2023, , 569 - 589, 01.07.2023
https://doi.org/10.7456/tojdac.1282108

Abstract

Music of Estonia: Heino Eller Violin Concerto in the Context of Folk Music*
ABSTRACT
Estonia is a country that has been under the rule of different states throughout history. This domination has conditioned the dominant cultural positioning of the dominant culture and the people of different ethnic origins in the region to live under a single cultural roof. The phenomenon of national identity, which emerged especially during World War I and as a result of the research of local cultural elements, affected Estonia as it did all over Europe. In the process towards Estonia’s independence, the elements symbolizing the national culture were brought to the forefront with the studies carried out in this direction. One of these elements was music and folk music in terms of directly pointing to national elements. The studies carried out to reveal folk music evolved towards the use of these melodies in art music in the following period. Heino Eller, one of the pioneers of the Estonian school of composition, stands out as one of the composers who used folk music melodies in his works in this way. Known as the Sibelius of Estonia, the composer contributed to the foundations of national art music with his symphonic works. Completed in 1937, the Violin Concerto in b minor is considered as a work in which the composer depicts Estonian folk music through modal structures. In this study, it is aimed to define the period within the scope of the research by analyzing Heino Eller’s violin concerto through Estonia’s cultural history and folk music and to reveal the presence of folkloric elements in the relevant work within the framework of the perspective mentioned through this definition. Descriptive research techniques were used in the study. Relevant information was compiled using the document analysis method, one of the qualitative research methods, and the data obtained were evaluated with the descriptive analysis technique. When the data obtained as a result of the study were analyzed, it was determined that in the regions that are close to the influence of surrounding cultures, musical features that are different from the general structure of Estonia were observed. It was observed that Eller exhibited a modular approach by using sequential features to reflect the character of Estonian folk music. It was evaluated that Eller, who created an ascentric effect, especially by using hexatonic expressions, also resorted to the description in terms of rhythmic character.
Keywords: Estonian Folk Music, Heino Eller, Violin Concerto.

References

  • Arukask, M. (2012). The Estonian national epic, Kalevipoeg: its sources and inception. The Voice of the People: Writing the European Folk Revival, 1760–1914. Anthem Press: 123-140. doi:10.7135/UPO9781843313533.009
  • Barnett, R. (2018). Eller violin concerto. MusicWeb-International: http://www.musicwebinternational.com/classrev/2018/Dec/Eller_VC_ODE13212.htm [10.06.2020].
  • Bogojavlenska, S. & Kusber, J. (2014). Tradition und Neuanfang: Forschungen zur Geschichte Lettlands an der Wende vom 20. zum 21. Jahrhundert: Kleine Festschrift für Erwin Oberländer. Zeitschrift für Ostmitteleuropa-Forschung. c. 65. s. 2: 314-315. ISBN: 978-3-643-12732-7
  • Creswell, J. W. (2007). Eğitim araştırmaları: nicel ve nitel araştırmanın planlanması, yürütülmesi ve değerlendirilmesi. Çev. Şamil Tatık. EDAM. ISBN: 9786051692197
  • Dahlig, E. (2000). Poland. The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music: Europe. Ed. Timothy Rice, James Porter, Chris Goertzen. Garland Publishing: 701-715. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315086491
  • Ehrenbusch, H. (2002). Folkdance. Estonica Encyclopedia about Estonia: http://www.estonica.org/en/Culture/The_art_of_dance/Folk_dance/ [16.05.2020].
  • EMIC. (2010). Heino Eller. Estonian Music Information Centre. Retrieved March 1, 2020, from https://www.emic.ee/?sisu=heliloojad&mid=58&id=11&lang=eng&action=view&method=biograafia
  • Holmes, R. & Volk T. (2001). World on a string: a sampling of musical traditions from around the World. Van Nuys, Alfred Pub. Co.
  • Iwaskiw, W. R. (1996). Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania: country studies. Library of Congress.
  • Kuutma, K. (1996). Cultural identity, nationalism and changes in singing traditions. Folklore: Electronic Journal Of Folklore. s. 2: 124-141. doi:10.7592/FEJF1996.02.ident.
  • Kütt, A. & Vahter, L. (1964). Estonia. Committee for a Free Estonia.
  • Lehiste, I. & Ross, J. (2001). The Temporal structure of Estonian runic songs. Mouton de Gruyter.
  • Lewis, R. J. ve Bårdsen Tøllefsen, I. (2015). Handbook of nordic new religions. Brill.
  • Loos, M. (2019). Pionier der estnischen Musik. Klassik.com: https://magazin.klassik.com/reviews/reviews.cfm?TASK=REVIEW&RECID= 34360&REID=18233 [10.06.2020].
  • Malm, W. P. (2015). Japanese music-Koto music. Britannica: https://www.britannica.com/art/Japanese-music/Koto-music [13.06.2020].
  • Mamedova, T. (2019). Kalevipoeg ve Oğuz Kağan Destanı arasındaki benzerlik ilişkisi. International Journal of Social and Economic Sciences, 1(2), 13–16. Retrieved from https://ijses.org/index.php/ijses/article/view/37
  • Pärt, A. (2012). The Cambridge companion to Arvo Pärt. Cambridge University Press.
  • Quinn, P. (2002). Review. Tempo. s. 220: 56-56. JSTOR: http://www.jstor.org/stable/946603 [20.10.2020].
  • Raudsepp, I. & Vikat, M. (2011). The Role of the phenomenon of joint singing in the development of national identity in Estonia. Procedia - Social And Behavioral Sciences. s. 29: 1312-1319.
  • Ruutel, I. (1998). Traditional culture in Estonia. The Smithsonian Folklife Festival: https://festival.si.edu/articles/1998/traditional-culture-in-estonia [16.05.2020].
  • Schmid, R. (2014). Estonia’s revolutionary spirit, embodied in Music. New York Times: https://nyti.ms/1k8Ey3A [10.05.2020].
  • Schwab, K. (2015). A country created through Music. The Atlantic: https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2015/11/estonia-musicsinging-revolution/415464/ [10.05.2020].
  • Tombak, K. (2015). Brief history of the Estonian music scene. Estonian World: https://estonianworld.com/culture/brief-history-of-the-estonian-music-scene [11.05.2020].
  • Vissel, A. (2004). A century of collecting and preserving Estonian traditional music. Fontes Artis Musicae. c. 51. s. 3/4: 304-314 http://www.jstor.org/stable/23510394

ESTONYA’NIN MÜZİĞİ: HALK MÜZİĞİ BAĞLAMINDA HEINO ELLER KEMAN KONÇERTOSU

Year 2023, , 569 - 589, 01.07.2023
https://doi.org/10.7456/tojdac.1282108

Abstract

Estonya’nın Müziği: Halk Müziği Bağlamında Heino Eller Keman Konçertosu

ÖZ
Estonya, tarih boyunca farklı devletlerin hâkimiyeti altında bulunmuş bir ülkedir. Bu hâkimiyet, egemen kültürün baskın olarak konumlanmasını ve bölgedeki farklı etnik kökenli insanların tekil bir kültürel çatı altında yaşamalarını koşullamıştır. Özellikle I. Dünya Savaşı süreci içinde ve yerel kültürel öğelerin araştırılması sonucunda ortaya çıkan ulusal kimlik olgusu, tüm Avrupa’da olduğu gibi Estonya’yı da etkilemiştir. Estonya’nın bağımsızlığına doğru ilerleyen süreç içinde bu doğrultuda yapılan çalışmalarla birlikte ulusal kültürü simgeleyen öğeler ön plana çıkarılmıştır. Bahsedilen bu öğelerden biri müzik ve milli unsurları direk işaret etmesi bakımından da halk müziği olmuştur. Halk müziğinin ortaya çıkarılması yönünde yapılan çalışmalar, ilerleyen süreçte sanat müziği içinde bu ezgilerin kullanılması durumuna doğru evrilmiştir. Estonya bestecilik okulunun öncülerinden Heino Eller de bu şekilde halk müziği ezgilerini eserlerinde kullanan bestecilerden biri olarak ön plana çıkmaktadır. Estonya’nın Sibelius’u olarak anılan besteci, yazmış olduğu senfonik yapıtlarla ulusal sanat müziğinin temellerini atarak katkıda bulunmuştur. 1937 yılında tamamladığı si minör Keman Konçertosu, bestecinin modal yapılar üzerinden Estonya halk müziğini betimlediği bir eser olarak değerlendirilmektedir. Bu çalışmada Estonya’nın kültürel geçmişi ve halk müziği üzerinden Heino Eller’in keman konçertosu incelenerek araştırma kapsamında konu olan dönemin tanımlanması ve bu tanım üzerinden bahsedilen bakış açısı çerçevesinde ilgili eserdeki folklorik öğelerin varlığını ortaya koymak amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmada betimsel araştırma teknikleri kullanılmıştır. Nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden doküman analizi yöntemi kullanılarak ilgili bilgiler derlenmiş ve elde edilen veriler betimsel analiz tekniği ile değerlendirilmiştir. Çalışmanın sonucu itibariyle elde edilen veriler incelendiğinde, çevre kültürlerin etkisine kapalı olan bölgelerde, Estonya’nın genelinden farklı yapıda müzikal özellikler görüldüğü belirlenmiştir. Eller’in Estonya halk müziği karakterini yansıtmak üzere dizisel özellikleri kullanarak modüler bir yaklaşım sergilediği görülmüştür. Özellikle heksatonik ifadeleri kullanarak asentrik bir etki yaratan Eller’in ritmik karakter bakımından da betimleme yoluna başvurduğu değerlendirilmiştir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Estonya Halk Müziği, Heino Eller, Keman Konçertosu.

References

  • Arukask, M. (2012). The Estonian national epic, Kalevipoeg: its sources and inception. The Voice of the People: Writing the European Folk Revival, 1760–1914. Anthem Press: 123-140. doi:10.7135/UPO9781843313533.009
  • Barnett, R. (2018). Eller violin concerto. MusicWeb-International: http://www.musicwebinternational.com/classrev/2018/Dec/Eller_VC_ODE13212.htm [10.06.2020].
  • Bogojavlenska, S. & Kusber, J. (2014). Tradition und Neuanfang: Forschungen zur Geschichte Lettlands an der Wende vom 20. zum 21. Jahrhundert: Kleine Festschrift für Erwin Oberländer. Zeitschrift für Ostmitteleuropa-Forschung. c. 65. s. 2: 314-315. ISBN: 978-3-643-12732-7
  • Creswell, J. W. (2007). Eğitim araştırmaları: nicel ve nitel araştırmanın planlanması, yürütülmesi ve değerlendirilmesi. Çev. Şamil Tatık. EDAM. ISBN: 9786051692197
  • Dahlig, E. (2000). Poland. The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music: Europe. Ed. Timothy Rice, James Porter, Chris Goertzen. Garland Publishing: 701-715. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315086491
  • Ehrenbusch, H. (2002). Folkdance. Estonica Encyclopedia about Estonia: http://www.estonica.org/en/Culture/The_art_of_dance/Folk_dance/ [16.05.2020].
  • EMIC. (2010). Heino Eller. Estonian Music Information Centre. Retrieved March 1, 2020, from https://www.emic.ee/?sisu=heliloojad&mid=58&id=11&lang=eng&action=view&method=biograafia
  • Holmes, R. & Volk T. (2001). World on a string: a sampling of musical traditions from around the World. Van Nuys, Alfred Pub. Co.
  • Iwaskiw, W. R. (1996). Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania: country studies. Library of Congress.
  • Kuutma, K. (1996). Cultural identity, nationalism and changes in singing traditions. Folklore: Electronic Journal Of Folklore. s. 2: 124-141. doi:10.7592/FEJF1996.02.ident.
  • Kütt, A. & Vahter, L. (1964). Estonia. Committee for a Free Estonia.
  • Lehiste, I. & Ross, J. (2001). The Temporal structure of Estonian runic songs. Mouton de Gruyter.
  • Lewis, R. J. ve Bårdsen Tøllefsen, I. (2015). Handbook of nordic new religions. Brill.
  • Loos, M. (2019). Pionier der estnischen Musik. Klassik.com: https://magazin.klassik.com/reviews/reviews.cfm?TASK=REVIEW&RECID= 34360&REID=18233 [10.06.2020].
  • Malm, W. P. (2015). Japanese music-Koto music. Britannica: https://www.britannica.com/art/Japanese-music/Koto-music [13.06.2020].
  • Mamedova, T. (2019). Kalevipoeg ve Oğuz Kağan Destanı arasındaki benzerlik ilişkisi. International Journal of Social and Economic Sciences, 1(2), 13–16. Retrieved from https://ijses.org/index.php/ijses/article/view/37
  • Pärt, A. (2012). The Cambridge companion to Arvo Pärt. Cambridge University Press.
  • Quinn, P. (2002). Review. Tempo. s. 220: 56-56. JSTOR: http://www.jstor.org/stable/946603 [20.10.2020].
  • Raudsepp, I. & Vikat, M. (2011). The Role of the phenomenon of joint singing in the development of national identity in Estonia. Procedia - Social And Behavioral Sciences. s. 29: 1312-1319.
  • Ruutel, I. (1998). Traditional culture in Estonia. The Smithsonian Folklife Festival: https://festival.si.edu/articles/1998/traditional-culture-in-estonia [16.05.2020].
  • Schmid, R. (2014). Estonia’s revolutionary spirit, embodied in Music. New York Times: https://nyti.ms/1k8Ey3A [10.05.2020].
  • Schwab, K. (2015). A country created through Music. The Atlantic: https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2015/11/estonia-musicsinging-revolution/415464/ [10.05.2020].
  • Tombak, K. (2015). Brief history of the Estonian music scene. Estonian World: https://estonianworld.com/culture/brief-history-of-the-estonian-music-scene [11.05.2020].
  • Vissel, A. (2004). A century of collecting and preserving Estonian traditional music. Fontes Artis Musicae. c. 51. s. 3/4: 304-314 http://www.jstor.org/stable/23510394
There are 24 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Makaleler
Authors

Burak Eker 0000-0001-5337-2404

Hakkı Alper Maral 0000-0001-6200-3424

Early Pub Date June 24, 2023
Publication Date July 1, 2023
Submission Date April 13, 2023
Acceptance Date May 15, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023

Cite

APA Eker, B., & Maral, H. A. (2023). ESTONYA’NIN MÜZİĞİ: HALK MÜZİĞİ BAĞLAMINDA HEINO ELLER KEMAN KONÇERTOSU. Turkish Online Journal of Design Art and Communication, 13(3), 569-589. https://doi.org/10.7456/tojdac.1282108


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