Social Networking Usage Questionnaire: Development and Validation in an Indian Higher Education Context

Year 2018, Volume: 19 Issue: 4, 214 - 227, 01.10.2018

Savita Gupta Liyaqat Bashır

https://doi.org/10.17718/tojde.471918

Cited By: 35

Abstract

The concept of social networking has received much attention from academia over the last decade in India. Widespread research has conceptualized the term social networking with almost all of the studies either conceptual or based on case studies. This paper is an attempt to clarify the construct of social networking by developing a reliable and valid questionnaire measuring social networking usage. 420 university students from 6 universities in Jammu and Kashmir were surveyed via a random sampling technique and factor analysis carried out on their responses. The findings revealed that social networking usage can be decomposed into four factors: academic; socialization; entertainment and informativeness. The internal consistency indices, Cronbach’s alpha of social networking usage (α= .830) indicates good internal reliability. The findings revealed that the newly developed questionnaire has significant psychometric features.

Keywords

Social networking usage, university students, scale development, factor analysis

References

• Abdulahi, A., Samadi, B., & Gharleghi, B. (2014). A study on the negative effects of social networking sites such as Facebook among Asia pacific university scholars in Malaysia. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 5(10), 133-145. Ahn, J. (2011). The effect of social network sites on adolescents' social and academic development: Current theories and controversies. Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology, 62(8), 1435-1445. American Psychological Association (APA) (2011). Social networking’s good and bad impacts onkids. Retrieved from http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/08/1108062038. Andreassen, C. S., Torsheim, T., Brunborg, G. S., & Pallesen, S. (2012). Development of a Facebook addiction scale. Psych 224 Bove, L. L., Pervan, S. J., Beatty, S. E., & Shiu, E. (2009). Service worker role in encouraging customer organizational citizenship behaviors. Journal of Business Research, 62(7), 698-705. Boyd, D. M. (2008). Taken out of context: American teen sociality in networked publics. University of California, Berkeley. Child, D. (1990). The essentials of factor analysis, second edition. London: Cassel Educational Limited. Churchill, G.A. Jr (1979). A paradigm for developing better measures of marketing constructs. Journal of Marketing Research, 16, 64-73. Deng, L., & Tavares, N. J. (2013). From Moodle to Facebook: Exploring students' motivation and experiences in online communities. Computers & Education, 68, 167-176. DeVellis, R. F. (2016). Scale development: Theory and application (2nd Ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Dron, J. & Anderson, T. (2007). Collectives, networks and groups in social software for ELearning. In T. Bastiaens & S. Carliner (Eds.), Proceedings of E-Learn 2007-- World Conference on E-Learning in Corporate, Government, Healthcare, and Higher Education (pp. 2460-2467). Quebec City, Canada: Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education (AACE). Eid, M. I., & Al-Jabri, I. M. (2016). Social networking, knowledge sharing, and student learning: The case of university students. Computers & Education, 99, 14-27. Ellison, N. B. (2007). Social network sites: Definition, history, and scholarship. Journal of Computer‐Mediated Communication, 13(1), 210-230. Ellison, N. B., Steinfield, C., & Lampe, C. (2007). The benefits of Facebook “friends:” Social capital and college students’ use of online social network sites. Journal of Computer‐Mediated Communication, 12(4), 1143-1168. English, R. M., & Duncan-Howell, J. A. (2008). Facebook© goes to college: Using social networking tools to support students undertaking teaching practicum. Journal of Online Learning and Teaching, 4(4), 596-601. George, D. R., & Dellasega, C. (2011). Use of social media in graduate-level medical humanities education: two pilot studies from Penn State College of Medicine. Medical Teacher, 33(8), 429-434. George, D., & Mallery, P. (2003). Reliability analysis. SPSS for Windows, step by step: a simple guide and reference, 14th edn. Boston: Allyn & Bacon, 222-232. Gliem, J. A. & Gilem, R. R. (2003). Paper Presented at the Midwest Research-to-Practice Conference in Adult, Continuing, and Community Education, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, October 8-10, 2003. Griffiths, M. D. (2002). The educational benefits of videogames. Education and health, 20(3), 47-51. Hair, J. F. J., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate data analysis Upper Saddle River: Pearson Prentice Hall. [Links]. Hinkin, T.R. (1995). A brief tutorial on the development of measures for use in survey questionnaires. Organizational Research Methods, 1, 104-121. Hunter, J. E., & Gerbing, D. W. (1982). Unidimensional measurement, second order factor analysis, and causal models. Research in Organizational Behavior, 4, 267-320. Ito, M., Baumer, S., Bittanti, M., Cody, R., Stephenson, B. H., Horst, H. A., & Perkel, D. (2009). Hanging out, messing around, and geeking out: Kids living and learning with new media. MIT press. 225 Jenkins-Guarnieri, M. A., Wright, S. L., & Johnson, B. (2013). Development and validation of a social media use integration scale. Psychology of Popular Media Culture, 2(1), 38. Jöreskog, K. G., & Sörbom, D. (2006). “LISRELS 8.80. Scientific Software International”. Inc, Copyright. Kio, S. I. (2016). Extending social networking into the secondary education sector. British Journal of Educational Technology, 47(4), 721-733. Kuss, D. J., & Griffiths, M. D. (2011). Addiction to social networks on the internet: A literature review of empirical research. International Journal of Environment and Public Health, 8(9), 3528-3552. Lampe, C., Ellison, N., & Steinfield, C. (2007). A Face(book) in the crowd: Social searching vs. social browsing. Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on human factors in computing systems, 434-444. Leung, L. (2002). Loneliness, self-disclosure, and ICQ (" I seek you") use. Cyber Psychology & Behavior, 5(3), 241-251. Likert, R. A. (1932). A Technique for the Measurement of Attitudes. Archives of Psychology. 22(140): 55. Retrieved from, http://psycnet.apa.org/psycinfo/1933- 01885-001. Mahajan, R., & Bakhshi.A. (2016). Personality and subjective well-being of social network site users. Shodganga Thesis. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10603/84856. Morahan-Martin, J., & Schumacher, P. (2003). Loneliness and social uses of the Internet. Computers in Human Behavior, 19(6), 659-671.htt O'Keeffe, G. S., & Clarke-Pearson, K. (2011). The impact of social media on children, adolescents, and families. Pediatrics, 127(4), 800-804. Park, C. S. (2015). Pathways to Expressive and Collective Participation: Usage Patterns, Political Efficacy, and Political Participation in Social Networking Sites. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 59(4), 698-716. Pastor, L. (2012). Breaking boundaries in entertainment and learning. eLearn Center Research Paper Series, (5), 06-13. Pempek, T. A., Yermolayeva, Y. A., & Calvert, S. L. (2009). College students' social networking experiences on Facebook. Journal of applied developmental psychology, 30(3), 227-238. Pornsakulvanich, V., & Dumrongsiri, N. (2013). Internal and external influences on social networking site usage in Thailand. Computers in Human Behavior, 29(6), 2788- 2795. Prensky, M. (2001). Digital natives, digital immigrants part 1. On the horizon, 9(5), 1-6. Ross, C., Orr, E. S., Sisic, M., Arseneault, J. M., Simmering, M. G., & Orr, R. R. (2009). Personality and motivations associated with Facebook use. Computers in human behavior, 25(2), 578-586. Salvation, M., & Adzharuddin, N. A. (2014). The influence of social network sites (SNS) upon academic performance of Malaysian students. International Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 4(10), 131-137. Shi, Y., Luo, Y. L., Yang, Z., Liu, Y., & Cai, H. (2014). The Development and Validation of the Social Network Sites (SNSs) Usage Questionnaire. In International Conference on Social Computing and Social Media (pp. 113-124). Springer, Cham. Shin, N. Y., & Lim, Y. J. (2017). Development and Validation of a Social Network Site Use Motives Scale for College Students in South Korea. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 35(3), 1-8. 226 Sridhar, P., & Vizhi, T.K. (2016).A study on advertising in social networking sites and its implications on consumer buying behavior. Indian journal of research parafix, 5(8), 200-203. Srivastava, P. (2012). Social Networking & Its Impact on Education-System in Contemporary Era. International Journal of Information Technology Infrastructure, 1(2). Subrahmanyam, K., Reich, S. M., Waechter, N., & Espinoza, G. (2008). Online and Offline Social Networks: Use of Social Networking Sites by Emerging Adults. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 29 (6), 420-433. Suhr, D. D. (2006). Exploratory or confirmatory factor analysis? (pp. 1-17). Cary: SAS Institute. Tabachnick, B.G. and Fidell, L.S. (1996). Using Multivariate Statistics 3rd ed. HarperCollins College, New York, NY. U.S. Department of Education. (2009). Evaluation of evidence-based practices in online learning: A meta-analysis and review of online learning studies. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Education, Office of Planning, Evaluation, and Policy Development. Unachukwu, G. O., & Emenike, C. B. (2016). Online social network usage and influence on academic achievement of secondary school students in anambra state, Nigeria. Implications for school administrators. International Educational Scientific Research Journal, 2(8), 10-12. Wiberg, M. (2007). Netlearning and learning through networks. Journal of Educational Technology & Society, 10(4), 49-61. Wijesundara, T. R. (2013). Motivations and usage patterns of social networking sites: Exploring cultural differences between United States & Sri Lanka (Master's thesis, University of Agder). Wilson, S. M., & Peterson, L. C. (2002). The anthropology of online communities. Annual review of anthropology, 31(1), 449-467. Yunus, M. M., Nordin, N., Salehi, H., Embi, M. A., & Salehi, Z. (2013). The use of information and communication technology (ICT) in teaching ESL writing skills. English Language Teaching, 6(7), 1-8.