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Trends and Patterns of Mobile Learning: A Study of Mobile Learning Management System Access

Year 2019, Volume: 20 Issue: 1, 161 - 176, 01.01.2019
https://doi.org/10.17718/tojde.522464

Abstract

The use of mobile technology such as smartphones and tablets is deeply embedded in college life by Generation Z (students born between 1995 and 2010). Using reports generated by the Learning Management System (LMS), this research studied the mobile device access patterns of both undergraduate and graduate students enrolled in courses utilizing the Blackboard Learning Management System at a small university in South Texas over the 2015-2016 school year to determine patterns of usage. Frequency counts were employed to determine numbers of logins over 24 hours, logins over days of the weeks, and preferred operating systems. Reports determined that there were 14, 234 unique visitors, that Monday had the most logins of the days of the week, and that the most frequent time of day for logins was 10 a.m. Surprisingly, however, there were a robust number of logins between midnight and 6 a.m. The reports also show that iOS devices dominate the user base with 121,990 logins within the one year date range.

References

  • Abdullah, M. M., Arshad, M.F.M., Othman, A., & Mohamed, N. (2017). Digital mobile learning devices: The implication on performance on higher institution students. In M.F. B. Abdullah, T. B. Tuan, M. A. Salim, M. Z. Akop, R. Ismail, & H. Musa (Eds.), Proceedings of mechanical engineering research day 2017 (pp. 299-300). Melaka, Malaysia: Centre for Advanced Research on Energy. Alden, J. (2013). Accommodating Mobile Learning in College Programs. Journal of Asynchronous Learning Networks, 17(1),109-122. Allen, E. &Seaman, J. (2017). Distance Education Enrollment Report 2017. Digital Learning Compass, 2017. Retrieved from https://onlinelearningsurvey.com/reports/digtiallearningcompassenrollment2017.pdf Baron, R.S. (1986) Distraction-conflict theory: Progress and problems. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology (19), pp. 1-39. Bolton, D. (2014). Mobile pedagogy and perspectives on teaching and learning. (2013). Reference & Research Book News, (5). Bonnington, C. (2017, June 03). In Less Than Two Years, a Smartphone Could Be Your Only Computer. Retrieved January 24, 2018, from https://www.wired.com/2015/02/smartphone-only-computer/ Buff, T. (2013, October 8). Top 5 Design Considerations for Creating Mobile Learning. Retrieved February 05, 2018, from https://elearningindustry.com/top-5-design-considerations-for-creating-mobile-learning Cash, R. M. (2016). Self-regulation in the classroom: Helping students learn how to learn. Minneapolis, MN: Free Spirit Publishing Carter, D., & White, M. (2018). Leading schools in disruptive times: How to survive hyper-change. Thousand Oaks, California : Corwin. Chawinga, W. D., & Zozie, P. A. (2016). Increasing access to higher education through open and distance learning: Empirical findings from Mzuzu University, Malawi. International Review Of Research In Open & Distance Learning,17(4), 1-20. Chen, B., Seilhamer R., Bennett, L., and Bauer S. (2015). Students' mobile learning practices in higher education: A multi-year study. Retrieved from http://www.educause.edu/ero/ article/students-mobile-learning-practices-higher-education-multi-year-study?utm _source=Informz&utm_medium=sEmail+marketing&utm_campaign= EDUCAUSE Elsafi, A. (2017). Formal and informal learning using mobile technology. In S. Yu, A. Tsinakos, & M. Ally (Eds.) Mobile and ubiquitous learning: An International handbook (pp. 177-192). Singapore, Singapore: Springer. Ferron, E. (2017, May 08). 2017 Smartphone Comparison Guide. Retrieved January 30, 2018, from https://newatlas.com/best-smartphones-specs-features-comparison-2017/49418/ Figenholtz, J., & Broderick, A. (2017, November 16). Future-proofing higher education: Understanding generation Z. Retrieved January 23, 2018, from https://www.bdcnetwork.com/blog/future-proofing-higher-education-understanding-generation-z Gikas, J., & Grant, M. M. (2013). Mobile computing devices in higher education: Student perspectives on learning with cellphones, smartphones & social media. The Internet and Higher Education, 19, 18-26. doi:10.1016/j.iheduc.2013.06.002 Glahn, C. (2016). Challenges and barriers for mobile learning in security and defense organizations. In J. Traxler & A. K. Holme (Eds.), Mobile learning: The next generation (pp. 179-189). New York, NY: Routledge. Hope, J. K. (2018). Could educational technology replace traditional schools in the future. In M. Khosrow-Pour (Ed.), Encyclopedia of information science and technology (4th ed., pp. 2421-2430). Hershey, PA: IGI Global. Han, I., & Shin, W. S. (2016). The use of a mobile learning management system and academic achievement of online students. Computers & Education, 102, 79-89. doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2016.07.003 Huang, R., Hsiao, C., Tang, T., & Lien, T. (2014). Exploring the moderating role of perceived flexibility advantages in mobile learning continuance intention (MLCI). The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning, 15(3). doi:10.19173/irrodl.v15i3.1722 Hung, P., Lam, J., Wong, C., & Chan, T. (2015). A study on using learning management system with mobile app. 2015 International Symposium on Educational Technology (ISET), 168-172. doi:10.1109/iset.2015.41 Johnson, L, Adams S, Cummins M, Estrada V, Freeman A, Hall C (2016) NMC Horizon Report: 2016 Higher Education Edition. The New Media Consortium, Austin, Texas. Retrived from: http://cdn.nmc.org/media/2016-nmc-horizon-report-he-EN.pdf Joo, Y. J., Kim, N., & Kim, N. H. (2016). Factors predicting online university students’ use of a mobile learning management system (m-LMS). Educational Technology Research and Development, 64(4), 611-630. doi:10.1007/s11423-016-9436-7 Koulopoulos, T. M., & Keldsen, D. (2014). The Gen Z effect: the six forces shaping the future of business. Brookline, MA: Bibliomotion, books media. Larson, G. C., & Kanter, R. M. (2017). PreparedU: How innovative colleges drive student success. San Francisco, CA : Jossey-Bass. Laskaris, J. (2016, January 27). 8 Ways to Enhance Your Mobile Learning Design. Retrieved February 05, 2018, from https://www.talentlms.com/blog/8-ways-to-enhance-your-mobile-learning-design/ Lentz, M., & Carson, B. (2012, October 1). Designing Content for Multiple Mobile Devices. Retrieved February 05, 2018, from https://www.learningsolutionsmag.com/articles/1018/designing-content-for-multiple-mobile-devices Li, X., & Yang, X. (2016). Effects of Learning Styles and Interest on Concentration and Achievement of Students in Mobile Learning. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 54(7), 922-945. doi:10.1177/0735633116639953 López-Nicolás, C., Molina-Castillo, F. J., & Bouwman, H. (2008). An assessment of advanced mobile services acceptance: Contributions from TAM and diffusion theory models. Information & Management, 45, 359-364. doi:10.1016/j.im.2008.05.001 McQuiggan, S., Kosturko, L., McQuiggan, J., & Sabourin, J. (2015). Mobile learning: A handbook for developers, educators, and learners. Hoboken: NJ: Wiley. Meer, J. V., Berg, D., Smith, J., Gunn, A., & Anakin, M. (2015). Shorter Is Better: Findings of a Bite-Size Mobile Learning’ Pilot Project. Creative Education, 06(03), 273-282. doi:10.4236/ce.2015.63026 Mentor, D. (2016). Preface. In D. Mentor (Ed.), Handbook of Research on Mobile Learning in Contemporary Classrooms (pp. xviii-xxiv). Hershey, PA: IGI Global. Musgrove, A., & Bryan, V. C. (n.d.). [Theory and application: Construction of multimodeal learning]. In V. C.X. Wang (Ed.), Handbook of research on education and technology in a changing society (pp. 1068-1083). Hershey, PA: IGI Global. Ossiannilsson, E., & Ioaniddes, N. (2018). Toward a framework and learning methodology for innovative mobile learning: A theoretical approach. In J. Keengwe (Ed.), Handbook of research on digital content, mobile learning, and technology integration models in teacher education. (pp. 266-286). Hershey, PA: IGI Global. Parkavi, R., Abdullah, A. S., Sujitha, S., & Karthikeyan, P. (2018). Mobile devices in the classroom. In A. A. Khan & S. Umair (Eds.), Handbook of research on mobile devices and smart gadgets in K-12 education (pp. 177-193). Hershey, PA: IGI. Paulins, N., Balina, S., & Arhipova, I. (2015). Learning Content Development Methodology for Mobile Devices. Procedia Computer Science, 43, 147-153. doi:10.1016/j.procs.2014.12.020 Pew Research Center. (2017, January 12). Mobile Fact Sheet. Retrieved November 27, 2017, from http://www.pewinternet.org/fact-sheet/mobile/# Piercy, N. (2017). Market-led strategic change: Transforming the process of going to market. London : Routledge. Poellhuber, B., Anderson, T., Racette, N., & Upton, L. (2013). Distance students readiness for and interest in collaboration and social media. Interactive Technology and Smart Education, 10(1), 63-78. doi:10.1108/17415651311326455 Rivers, L.R. The role of computer simulations and digital gaming in distance education. Distance Learning, 14(2), pp 17-26. Sailor, C., Schito, J., Kiefer, P., & Raubal, M. (2015). Teachers matter: Challenges of using a location-based mobile learning platform. In T. H. Brown & H. J. Van der Merwe (Eds.), The mobile learning voyage: From small ripples to massive open waters (pp. 239-255). New York, NY: Springer. Seemiller, C., & Grace, M. (2016). Generation Z goes to college. Francisco, CA : Jossey-Bass. Shin, W. S., & Kang, M. (2015). The use of a mobile learning management system at an online university and its effect on learning satisfaction and achievement. The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning, 16(3), 79-89. doi:10.19173/irrodl.v16i3.1984 Smith A. (2015). US. Smartphone Use in 2015. Available from: http://www.pewinternet.org/2015/04/01/us-smartphone-use-in-2015/ Spendelow, N. (2017, December 8). Best phone battery life 2017: The BEST smartphones put to the test. Retrieved January 30, 2018, from http://www.expertreviews.co.uk/mobile-phones/1402071/best-phone-battery-life-2017-the-best-smartphones-tested Straumshein, C. (2017, May 2). 'Volatile' but Growing Online Ed Market. Retrieved January 21, 2018, from https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2017/05/02/report-finds-growth-volatility-online-education-market Vázquez-Cano, E. (2014). Mobile Distance Learning with Smartphones and Apps in Higher Education. Educational Sciences: Theory & Practice. 14(4), p1505-1520. doi:10.12738/estp.2014.4.2012 Wasserman, M. E., & Fisher, S. (2018). One (lesson) for the road. What we know (and don't know) about mobile learning. In K. G. Brown (Ed.), The Cambridge handbook of workplace training and employee development (pp. 293-318). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Westermann, T. (2017). User acceptance of mobile notifications. Singapore : Springer. Yokus, G., & Yellen, T. Y. (2017). The adoption of mobile devices as digital tools for seamless learning . In S.N. Sad & M. Ebner (Eds.) Digital Tools for Seamless Learning (pp. 297-324). Hershey, PA: IGI. Yu, C., Lee, S. J., & Ewing, C. (2015). Mobile learning: Trends, issues, and challenges in teaching and learning. In J. Keengwe & M. B. Maxfield (Eds.), Advancing higher education with mobile learning technologies: Cases, trends, and inquiry-based methods (pp. 60-87). Hershey, PA: IGI Global. Zarra, E. J. (2017). The entitled generation: Helping teachers teach and reach the minds and hearts of generation Z. Lanham, Maryland : Rowman & Littlefield
Year 2019, Volume: 20 Issue: 1, 161 - 176, 01.01.2019
https://doi.org/10.17718/tojde.522464

Abstract

References

  • Abdullah, M. M., Arshad, M.F.M., Othman, A., & Mohamed, N. (2017). Digital mobile learning devices: The implication on performance on higher institution students. In M.F. B. Abdullah, T. B. Tuan, M. A. Salim, M. Z. Akop, R. Ismail, & H. Musa (Eds.), Proceedings of mechanical engineering research day 2017 (pp. 299-300). Melaka, Malaysia: Centre for Advanced Research on Energy. Alden, J. (2013). Accommodating Mobile Learning in College Programs. Journal of Asynchronous Learning Networks, 17(1),109-122. Allen, E. &Seaman, J. (2017). Distance Education Enrollment Report 2017. Digital Learning Compass, 2017. Retrieved from https://onlinelearningsurvey.com/reports/digtiallearningcompassenrollment2017.pdf Baron, R.S. (1986) Distraction-conflict theory: Progress and problems. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology (19), pp. 1-39. Bolton, D. (2014). Mobile pedagogy and perspectives on teaching and learning. (2013). Reference & Research Book News, (5). Bonnington, C. (2017, June 03). In Less Than Two Years, a Smartphone Could Be Your Only Computer. Retrieved January 24, 2018, from https://www.wired.com/2015/02/smartphone-only-computer/ Buff, T. (2013, October 8). Top 5 Design Considerations for Creating Mobile Learning. Retrieved February 05, 2018, from https://elearningindustry.com/top-5-design-considerations-for-creating-mobile-learning Cash, R. M. (2016). Self-regulation in the classroom: Helping students learn how to learn. Minneapolis, MN: Free Spirit Publishing Carter, D., & White, M. (2018). Leading schools in disruptive times: How to survive hyper-change. Thousand Oaks, California : Corwin. Chawinga, W. D., & Zozie, P. A. (2016). Increasing access to higher education through open and distance learning: Empirical findings from Mzuzu University, Malawi. International Review Of Research In Open & Distance Learning,17(4), 1-20. Chen, B., Seilhamer R., Bennett, L., and Bauer S. (2015). Students' mobile learning practices in higher education: A multi-year study. Retrieved from http://www.educause.edu/ero/ article/students-mobile-learning-practices-higher-education-multi-year-study?utm _source=Informz&utm_medium=sEmail+marketing&utm_campaign= EDUCAUSE Elsafi, A. (2017). Formal and informal learning using mobile technology. In S. Yu, A. Tsinakos, & M. Ally (Eds.) Mobile and ubiquitous learning: An International handbook (pp. 177-192). Singapore, Singapore: Springer. Ferron, E. (2017, May 08). 2017 Smartphone Comparison Guide. Retrieved January 30, 2018, from https://newatlas.com/best-smartphones-specs-features-comparison-2017/49418/ Figenholtz, J., & Broderick, A. (2017, November 16). Future-proofing higher education: Understanding generation Z. Retrieved January 23, 2018, from https://www.bdcnetwork.com/blog/future-proofing-higher-education-understanding-generation-z Gikas, J., & Grant, M. M. (2013). Mobile computing devices in higher education: Student perspectives on learning with cellphones, smartphones & social media. The Internet and Higher Education, 19, 18-26. doi:10.1016/j.iheduc.2013.06.002 Glahn, C. (2016). Challenges and barriers for mobile learning in security and defense organizations. In J. Traxler & A. K. Holme (Eds.), Mobile learning: The next generation (pp. 179-189). New York, NY: Routledge. Hope, J. K. (2018). Could educational technology replace traditional schools in the future. In M. Khosrow-Pour (Ed.), Encyclopedia of information science and technology (4th ed., pp. 2421-2430). Hershey, PA: IGI Global. Han, I., & Shin, W. S. (2016). The use of a mobile learning management system and academic achievement of online students. Computers & Education, 102, 79-89. doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2016.07.003 Huang, R., Hsiao, C., Tang, T., & Lien, T. (2014). Exploring the moderating role of perceived flexibility advantages in mobile learning continuance intention (MLCI). The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning, 15(3). doi:10.19173/irrodl.v15i3.1722 Hung, P., Lam, J., Wong, C., & Chan, T. (2015). A study on using learning management system with mobile app. 2015 International Symposium on Educational Technology (ISET), 168-172. doi:10.1109/iset.2015.41 Johnson, L, Adams S, Cummins M, Estrada V, Freeman A, Hall C (2016) NMC Horizon Report: 2016 Higher Education Edition. The New Media Consortium, Austin, Texas. Retrived from: http://cdn.nmc.org/media/2016-nmc-horizon-report-he-EN.pdf Joo, Y. J., Kim, N., & Kim, N. H. (2016). Factors predicting online university students’ use of a mobile learning management system (m-LMS). Educational Technology Research and Development, 64(4), 611-630. doi:10.1007/s11423-016-9436-7 Koulopoulos, T. M., & Keldsen, D. (2014). The Gen Z effect: the six forces shaping the future of business. Brookline, MA: Bibliomotion, books media. Larson, G. C., & Kanter, R. M. (2017). PreparedU: How innovative colleges drive student success. San Francisco, CA : Jossey-Bass. Laskaris, J. (2016, January 27). 8 Ways to Enhance Your Mobile Learning Design. Retrieved February 05, 2018, from https://www.talentlms.com/blog/8-ways-to-enhance-your-mobile-learning-design/ Lentz, M., & Carson, B. (2012, October 1). Designing Content for Multiple Mobile Devices. Retrieved February 05, 2018, from https://www.learningsolutionsmag.com/articles/1018/designing-content-for-multiple-mobile-devices Li, X., & Yang, X. (2016). Effects of Learning Styles and Interest on Concentration and Achievement of Students in Mobile Learning. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 54(7), 922-945. doi:10.1177/0735633116639953 López-Nicolás, C., Molina-Castillo, F. J., & Bouwman, H. (2008). An assessment of advanced mobile services acceptance: Contributions from TAM and diffusion theory models. Information & Management, 45, 359-364. doi:10.1016/j.im.2008.05.001 McQuiggan, S., Kosturko, L., McQuiggan, J., & Sabourin, J. (2015). Mobile learning: A handbook for developers, educators, and learners. Hoboken: NJ: Wiley. Meer, J. V., Berg, D., Smith, J., Gunn, A., & Anakin, M. (2015). Shorter Is Better: Findings of a Bite-Size Mobile Learning’ Pilot Project. Creative Education, 06(03), 273-282. doi:10.4236/ce.2015.63026 Mentor, D. (2016). Preface. In D. Mentor (Ed.), Handbook of Research on Mobile Learning in Contemporary Classrooms (pp. xviii-xxiv). Hershey, PA: IGI Global. Musgrove, A., & Bryan, V. C. (n.d.). [Theory and application: Construction of multimodeal learning]. In V. C.X. Wang (Ed.), Handbook of research on education and technology in a changing society (pp. 1068-1083). Hershey, PA: IGI Global. Ossiannilsson, E., & Ioaniddes, N. (2018). Toward a framework and learning methodology for innovative mobile learning: A theoretical approach. In J. Keengwe (Ed.), Handbook of research on digital content, mobile learning, and technology integration models in teacher education. (pp. 266-286). Hershey, PA: IGI Global. Parkavi, R., Abdullah, A. S., Sujitha, S., & Karthikeyan, P. (2018). Mobile devices in the classroom. In A. A. Khan & S. Umair (Eds.), Handbook of research on mobile devices and smart gadgets in K-12 education (pp. 177-193). Hershey, PA: IGI. Paulins, N., Balina, S., & Arhipova, I. (2015). Learning Content Development Methodology for Mobile Devices. Procedia Computer Science, 43, 147-153. doi:10.1016/j.procs.2014.12.020 Pew Research Center. (2017, January 12). Mobile Fact Sheet. Retrieved November 27, 2017, from http://www.pewinternet.org/fact-sheet/mobile/# Piercy, N. (2017). Market-led strategic change: Transforming the process of going to market. London : Routledge. Poellhuber, B., Anderson, T., Racette, N., & Upton, L. (2013). Distance students readiness for and interest in collaboration and social media. Interactive Technology and Smart Education, 10(1), 63-78. doi:10.1108/17415651311326455 Rivers, L.R. The role of computer simulations and digital gaming in distance education. Distance Learning, 14(2), pp 17-26. Sailor, C., Schito, J., Kiefer, P., & Raubal, M. (2015). Teachers matter: Challenges of using a location-based mobile learning platform. In T. H. Brown & H. J. Van der Merwe (Eds.), The mobile learning voyage: From small ripples to massive open waters (pp. 239-255). New York, NY: Springer. Seemiller, C., & Grace, M. (2016). Generation Z goes to college. Francisco, CA : Jossey-Bass. Shin, W. S., & Kang, M. (2015). The use of a mobile learning management system at an online university and its effect on learning satisfaction and achievement. The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning, 16(3), 79-89. doi:10.19173/irrodl.v16i3.1984 Smith A. (2015). US. Smartphone Use in 2015. Available from: http://www.pewinternet.org/2015/04/01/us-smartphone-use-in-2015/ Spendelow, N. (2017, December 8). Best phone battery life 2017: The BEST smartphones put to the test. Retrieved January 30, 2018, from http://www.expertreviews.co.uk/mobile-phones/1402071/best-phone-battery-life-2017-the-best-smartphones-tested Straumshein, C. (2017, May 2). 'Volatile' but Growing Online Ed Market. Retrieved January 21, 2018, from https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2017/05/02/report-finds-growth-volatility-online-education-market Vázquez-Cano, E. (2014). Mobile Distance Learning with Smartphones and Apps in Higher Education. Educational Sciences: Theory & Practice. 14(4), p1505-1520. doi:10.12738/estp.2014.4.2012 Wasserman, M. E., & Fisher, S. (2018). One (lesson) for the road. What we know (and don't know) about mobile learning. In K. G. Brown (Ed.), The Cambridge handbook of workplace training and employee development (pp. 293-318). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Westermann, T. (2017). User acceptance of mobile notifications. Singapore : Springer. Yokus, G., & Yellen, T. Y. (2017). The adoption of mobile devices as digital tools for seamless learning . In S.N. Sad & M. Ebner (Eds.) Digital Tools for Seamless Learning (pp. 297-324). Hershey, PA: IGI. Yu, C., Lee, S. J., & Ewing, C. (2015). Mobile learning: Trends, issues, and challenges in teaching and learning. In J. Keengwe & M. B. Maxfield (Eds.), Advancing higher education with mobile learning technologies: Cases, trends, and inquiry-based methods (pp. 60-87). Hershey, PA: IGI Global. Zarra, E. J. (2017). The entitled generation: Helping teachers teach and reach the minds and hearts of generation Z. Lanham, Maryland : Rowman & Littlefield
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Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Sergio Ortız This is me 0000-0002-1737-3474

Marybeth Green This is me 0000-0002-4026-2107

Publication Date January 1, 2019
Submission Date February 10, 2018
Published in Issue Year 2019 Volume: 20 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Ortız, S., & Green, M. (2019). Trends and Patterns of Mobile Learning: A Study of Mobile Learning Management System Access. Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education, 20(1), 161-176. https://doi.org/10.17718/tojde.522464