Investigating The Acute Effects of Different Warm-Up Protocols on Sprint Performance in Female Volleyball Players

Abstract

The number of studies on warm-up protocols has increased in recent years. However, there are very few studies that are specific to the population of female athletes and consist of a large number of participants. This study was designed to investigate the effects of 3 different warm-up protocols on sprinting performance in young female volleyball players. A total of 62 licensed female volleyball players aged 13-17 years participated voluntarily. There were 3 sessions in the study. The participants were randomly divided into a warm-up group (GWG), a dynamic stretch group (DSG) and a static stretch group (SSG). After completing the warm-up protocols, the groups underwent a 5-minute transition period. The 20-metre sprint performance test was then performed. Data analysis was performed with the Python programming language and IBM SPSS 26 software. Shapiro-Wilk and Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests and kurtosis and skewness checks were performed. The data were indicated to be normally distributed (p> 0,05). Repeated Measures Anova test was used to detect the differences and the significance level was chosen as α=0,05. When the results were examined, it was found that there was no statistically significant difference between the GWG and SSG 20 meter sprint time values (p>0,05), whereas when the DSG and GWG and SSG 20 metre sprint time values were compared, it was found that the DSG group's sprint time improved statistically significantly (p<0,05). In conclusion, DG had a positive effect on acute sprint performance in female volleyball players whereas SG had no effect on performance. This study provides evidence that a well-designed DS warm-up routine that focuses on the lower limbs can optimize the sprint performance of competitive female volleyball players. This information may be of value to sport professionals who are working with female athletes.

Keywords

• Dynamic Stretching
• General Warm-up
• Sprint Performance
• Volleyball
• Female Athletes

Kadın Voleybolcularda Farklı Isınma Protokollerinin Sprint Performansına Akut Etkisinin İncelenmesi

Abstract

Isınma protokolleri üzerine son yıllarda yapılan araştırma sayısı artmıştır. Ancak geniş katılımcı sayısından oluşan kadın atlet popülasyonuna özgü araştırma oldukça azdır. Bu çalışmanın amacı genç kadın voleybolcularda 3 farklı ısınma protokolünün sprint performansa etkisinin incelenmesidir. Çalışmaya yaş ortalamaları 13-17 arasında, 62 lisanslı kadın voleybol oyuncusu gönüllü olarak katılmıştır. Çalışma 3 oturumda gerçekleştirilmiştir. Katılımcılar randomize bir şekilde Genel Isınma grubu (GWG), Dinamik Germe grubu (DSG) ve Statik germe grubu (SSG) olarak ayrılmıştır. Gruplar ısınma protokollerini tamamladıktan sonra 5 dakikalık geçiş fazına tabi tutulduktan sonra 20 metre sprint performans testini gerçekleştirmişlerdir. Elde edilen veriler Python programlama dili ve IBM SPSS 26 ile analiz edilmiştir. Shapiro Wilk ve Kolmogorov-Smirnov testleri ile basıklık ve çarpıklık kontrolü sonucunda, verilerin normal dağılım gösterdiği tespit edilmiştir (p> 0,05). Farkların tespit edilebilmesi için Repeated Measures Anova testi kullanılmış ve anlamlılık seviyesi α =0,05 seçilmiştir. Bulgular incelendiğinde GWG ile SSG grubunun 20 metre sprint zamanı değerleri arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı farklılık görülmezken(p>0,05), DSG ile GWG ve SSG gruplarının 20 metre sprint zamanı değerleri karşılaştırıldığında DSG grubunda sprint zamanının istatistiksel olarak anlamlı seviyede geliştiği görülmüştür(p<0,05). Çalışmanın bulguları ışığında DG’ nin kadın voleybolcuların akut sprint performans çıktısı üzerin olumlu bir etkisinin olduğu, SG’ nin ise performansı etkilemediği görüldü. Bu çalışma, iyi tasarlanmış bir alt ekstremite yönelimli DS ısınma rutininin, müsabık kadın voleybolcularda sprint koşu performansını optimize edebileceğine dair kanıt sağlar. Bu bilginin kadın atletlerle çalışan spor çalışanları için yol gösterici olacağı düşünülmektedir.

Keywords

• Dinamik Germe
• Genel Isınma
• Sprint Performans
• Voleybol
• Kadın Atlet

References

1. Abade, E., Sampaio, J., Gonçalves, B., Baptista, J., Alves, A., & Viana, J. (2017). Effects of different re-warm up activities in football players' performance. PLoS One, 12(6), e0180152.
2. Alipasali, F., Papadopoulou, S. D., Gissis, I., Komsis, G., Komsis, S., Kyranoudis, A., ... & Nikolaidis, P. T. (2019). The effect of static and dynamic stretching exercises on sprint ability of recreational male volleyball players. International journal of environmental research and public health, 16(16), 2835.
3. Amiri-Khorasani, M., & Kellis, E. (2013). Static vs. dynamic acute stretching effect on quadriceps muscle activity during soccer instep kicking. Journal of human kinetics, 39, 37.
4. Aydın, Y., Kafkas, A., Çınarlı, F. S., Eken, Ö., Kurt, C., & Kafkas, M. E. (2019). Acute effects of different stretching exercise protocols on some anaerobic motoric tests. Spor Hekimliği Dergisi, 54(2), 099-107.
5. Baştürk, G., Öncen, S., & Aydın, S. (2019). Taekwondo Sporcularında Aerobik Yorgunluğun Vuruş Tekniği Üzerine Etkileri. Spor Eğitim Dergisi, 3(2), 162-167.
6. Behm, D. G., Bradbury, E. E., Haynes, A. T., Hodder, J. N., Leonard, A. M., & Paddock, N. R. (2006). Flexibility is not related to stretch-induced deficits in force or power. Journal of sports science & medicine, 5(1), 33.
7. Behm, D. G., Button, D. C., & Butt, J. C. (2001). Factors affecting force loss with prolonged stretching. Canadian Journal of applied physiology, 26(3), 262-272.
8. Cohen, J., Cohen, P., West, S. G., & Aiken, L. S. (2013). Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences. Routledge.

9. Cornwell, A., Nelson, A. G., & Sidaway, B. (2002). Acute effects of stretching on the neuromechanical properties of the triceps surae muscle complex. European journal of applied physiology, 86, 428-434.
10. Chatzopoulos, D. E., Michailidis, C. J., Giannakos, A. K., Alexiou, K. C., Patikas, D. A., Antonopoulos, C. B., & Kotzamanidis, C. M. (2007). Postactivation potentiation effects after heavy resistance exercise on running speed. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 21(4), 1278-1281.
11. Chatzopoulos, D., Galazoulas, C., Patikas, D., & Kotzamanidis, C. (2014). Acute effects of static and dynamic stretching on balance, agility, reaction time and movement time. Journal of sports science & medicine, 13(2), 403.
12. Çilli, M., Gelen, E., Yildiz, S., Saglam, T., & Camur, M. H. (2014). Acute effects of a resisted dynamic warm-up protocol on jumping performance. Biology of sport, 31(4), 277-282.
13. Church, J. B., Wiggins, M. S., Moode, F. M., & Crist, R. (2001). Effect of warm-up and flexibility treatments on vertical jump performance. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 15(3), 332-336.
14. De Bruyn-Prevost, P. (1980). The effects of various warming up intensities and durations upon some physiological variables during an exercise corresponding to the WC 170. European journal of applied physiology and occupational physiology, 43, 93-100.
15. Devore, P., & Hagerman, P. (2006). A pregame soccer warm-up. Strength & Conditioning Journal, 28(1), 14-18.
16. Ekstrand, J., Gillquist, J., & Liljedahl, S. O. (1983). Prevention of soccer injuries: supervision by doctor and physiotherapist. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 11(3), 116-120.
17. Faelli, E., Panascì, M., Ferrando, V., Bisio, A., Filipas, L., Ruggeri, P., & Bove, M. (2021). The effect of static and dynamic stretching during warm-up on running economy and perception of effort in recreational endurance runners. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(16), 8386.
18. Faigenbaum, A. D., Kang, J., DiFiore, M., Finnerty, C., Garcia, A., Cipriano, L., ... & Ratamess, N. A. (2022). A Comparison of Warm-Up Effects on Maximal Aerobic Exercise Performance in Children. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(21), 14122.
19. Fernández-Agulló, R. (2022). Effects of stretching during warm-up on motor performance: a protocol for systematic reviews and meta-analysis. Journal of Physical Education and Human Movement, 4(2), 40-47.
20. Fletcher, I. M. (2010). The effect of different dynamic stretch velocities on jump performance. European journal of applied physiology, 109, 491-498.
21. Fletcher, I. M., & Anness, R. (2007). The acute effects of combined static and dynamic stretch protocols on fifty-meter sprint performance in track-and-field athletes. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 21(3), 784-787.
22. Fletcher, I. M., & Jones, B. (2004). The effect of different warm-up stretch protocols on 20 meter sprint performance in trained rugby union players. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 18(4), 885-888.
23. Fowles, J. R., Sale, D. G., & MacDougall, J. D. (2000). Reduced strength after passive stretch of the human plantarflexors. Journal of applied physiology.
24. Gelen, E. (2010). Acute effects of different warm-up methods on sprint, slalom dribbling, and penalty kick performance in soccer players. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 24(4), 950-956.
25. Granata, K. P., Padua, D. A., & Wilson, S. E. (2002). Gender differences in active musculoskeletal stiffness. Part II. Quantification of leg stiffness during functional hopping tasks. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology, 12(2), 127-135.
26. Gray, S., & Nimmo, M. (2001). Effects of active, passive or no warm-up on metabolism and performance during high-intensity exercise. Journal of Sports Sciences, 19(9), 693-700.
27. Günay, M., Tamer, K., Cicioğlu, H., & Şıktar, E. (2019). Spor fizyolojisi ve performans ölçüm testleri.
28. Günay, E., Özçelik, R., MANCI, E., Çetinkaya, C. & Bediz, C. (2023). For a Higher Sprint Running Performance, in Which Part of the Warm-Up Protocol Should the Dynamic Stretching Phase be Applied?. Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise, 25(1), 27-34.
29. Holt, B. W., & Lambourne, K. (2008). The impact of different warm-up protocols on vertical jump performance in male collegiate athletes. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 22(1), 226-229.
30. Kubo, K., Kanehisa, H., & Fukunaga, T. (2003). Gender differences in the viscoelastic properties of tendon structures. European journal of applied physiology, 88, 520-526.
31. LaRoche, D. P., Lussier, M. V., & Roy, S. J. (2008). Chronic stretching and voluntary muscle force. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 22(2), 589-596.
32. Little, T., & Williams, A. G. (2006). Effects of differential stretching protocols during warm-ups on high-speed motor capacities in professional soccer players. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 20(1), 203-307.
33. Manoel, M. E., Harris-Love, M. O., Danoff, J. V., & Miller, T. A. (2008). Acute effects of static, dynamic, and proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation stretching on muscle power in women. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 22(5), 1528-1534.
34. McArdle, W. D., Katch, F. I., & Katch, V. L. (2010). Exercise physiology: nutrition, energy, and human performance. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
35. McMillian, D. J., Moore, J. H., Hatler, B. S., & Taylor, D. C. (2006). Dynamic vs. static-stretching warm up: the effect on power and agility performance. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 20(3), 492-499.
36. Needham, R. A., Morse, C. I., & Degens, H. (2009). The acute effect of different warm-up protocols on anaerobic performance in elite youth soccer players. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 23(9), 2614-2620.
37. Neiva, H. P., Marques, M. C., Barbosa, T. M., Izquierdo, M. & Marinho, D. A. (2014). Warm-up and performance in competitive swimming. Sports medicine, 44, 319-330.
38. Nelson, A. G., Kokkonen, J., & Arnall, D. A. (2005). Acute muscle stretching inhibits muscle strength endurance performance. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 19(2), 338-343.
39. Özdamar, K. (1999). Paket programlar ile istatistiksel veri analizi-1: SPSS-MINITAB. Kaan Kitabevi.
40. Ribeiro, Y. S., & Vecchio, F. B. D. (2011). Metanálise dos efeitos agudos do alongamento na realização de corridas curtas de alta intensidade. Revista Brasileira de Educação Física e Esporte, 25, 567-581.
41. Rosenbaum, D., & Hennig, E. M. (1995). The influence of stretching and warm‐up exercises on Achilles tendon reflex activity. Journal of sports sciences, 13(6), 481-490.
42. Sale, D. G. (2002). Postactivation potentiation: role in human performance. Exercise and sport sciences reviews, 30(3), 138-143.
43. Silva, G. C. E., Silveira, A., Novaes, J., Di Masi, F., Conceicao, M., & Dantas, E. (2014). Acute effects of static and proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation stretching on sprint performance in male swimmers. Med Sport, 67, 119-28. 
44. Tsurubami, R., Oba, K., Samukawa, M., Takizawa, K., Chiba, I., Yamanaka, M., & Tohyama, H. (2020). Warm-up intensity and time course effects on jump performance. Journal of sports science & medicine, 19(4), 714.
45. Turki, O., Chaouachi, A., Behm, D. G., Chtara, H., Chtara, M., Bishop, D., ... & Amri, M. (2012). The effect of warm-ups incorporating different volumes of dynamic stretching on 10-and 20-m sprint performance in highly trained male athletes. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 26(1), 63-72.
46. Türkmen, D., Günay, E., Güdücü, Ç., Öniz, A., & Bediz, C. Ş. (2022). Effect of Post-Warm-Up Three Different Duration Self-Selected Active Rests on 100 Meter Swimming Performance: Preliminary Findings. Montenegrin Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 11(2), 57-64.
47. Unick, J., Kieffer, H. S., Cheesman, W., & Feeney, A. (2005). The acute effects of static and ballistic stretching on vertical jump performance in trained women. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 19(1), 206-212.
48. Watson, A. W. S. (1997). Sports injuries: incidence, causes, prevention. Physical Therapy Reviews, 2(3), 135-151.
49. Yamaguchi, T., & Ishii, K. (2005). Effects of static stretching for 30 seconds and dynamic stretching on leg extension power. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 19(3), 677-683.
50. Yamaguchi, T., Ishii, K., Yamanaka, M., & Yasuda, K. (2007). Acute effects of dynamic stretching exercise on power output during concentric dynamic constant external resistance leg extension. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 21(4), 1238-1244.
51. Yıldız, S., Çilli, M., Gelen, E., & Güzel, E. (2013). Acute effects of differing duration of static stretching on speed performance Farklı sürelerde uygulanan statik germenin sürat performansına akut etkisi. Journal of Human Sciences, 10(1), 1202-1213.
52. Young, W., Elias, G., & Power, J. (2006). Effects of static stretching volume and intensity on plantar flexor explosive force production and range of motion. Journal of sports medicine and physical fitness, 46(3), 403.
53. Young, W., & Elliott, S. (2001). Acute effects of static stretching, proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation stretching, and maximum voluntary contractions on explosive force production and jumping performance. Research quarterly for exercise and sport, 72(3), 273-279.
54. Zakas, A. (2005). The effect of stretching duration on the lower-extremity flexibility of adolescent soccer players. Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies, 9(3), 220-225.
55. Zaruta, D. A. (2009). Acute effects of upper extremity static stretching and dynamic warm-up protocols on range of motion, strength, and power output (Doctoral dissertation, University of Pittsburgh).
56. Zmijewski, P., Lipinska, P., Czajkowska, A., Mróz, A., Kapuściński, P., & Mazurek, K. (2020). Acute effects of a static vs. a dynamic stretching warm-up on repeated-sprint performance in female handball players. Journal of human kinetics, 72(1), 161-172.