Research Article
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Assessing Growth Performance and Yields of Spinach (Spinacia Oleracea L.) Irrigated with Sea Water

Year 2021, Volume: 10 Issue: 2, 127 - 133, 23.09.2021
https://doi.org/10.21657/topraksu.984152

Abstract

This study was carried out to determine the utilization possibility of sea water in spinach plant cultivation, and to evaluate the effect on yield and growth parameters of spinach irrigated with sea water diluted at different rates. The experiment consists of 5 different irrigation water salinity. The tap water was taken as a control (T1; 0.33 dS/m), and 10% (T2;4 dS/m), 20% (T3; 7 dS/m), 30% (T4; 10 dS/m) and 40% (T5; 13 dS/m) rate of sea water diluted with tap water. According to results, the highest average fresh yield and dry matter values were obtained at T2 (%10) seawater treatment. Both T2 (10%) and T3 (20%) seawater treatments lead to increased fresh yields and dry matter compared to control conditions (T1). While using dilution 10% and %20 seawater for irrigation fresh yields increased approximately 27% and 8.5% respectively but when irrigated with 30% and 40% yields decreasing about 28% and 72% respectively. As with the yield results, the 4 dS/m seawater salinity level caused an increase in leaf heights and leaf number compared to the control treatment. In conclusion, this study shows that seawater can be used successfully when diluted 10% with good quality water without affecting the growth parameters and yields of spinach.

Supporting Institution

TÜBİTAK

Project Number

2209/B011500668

Thanks

This study was supported financially by the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey with the project number TÜBİTAK 2209/B011500668. We would like to thank for their supports.

References

  • Atzori G, Nissim WG, Caparrotta S, Masi E, Azzarello E, Pandolfi C, Vignolini P, Gonnelli C, Mancuso S. (2016). Potential and constraints of different seawater and freshwater blends as growing media for three vegetable crops. Agricultural Water Management, 176; pp. 255-262.
  • Atzori G, Vos AC, Rijsselberghe M, Vignolini P, Rozema J, Mancusoa S, Bodegomf P (2017). Effects of increased seawater salinity irrigation on growth and quality of the edible halophyte Mesembryanthemum crystallinum L. under field conditions. Agricultural Water Management, 187; 37–46.
  • Ayers RS, Westcot DW (1976). Water Quality for Agriculture. FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper No: 29, p. 31-33.
  • Ayers RS, Westcot DW (1989). Water Quality for Agriculture. FAO Irr. and Drainage Paper 29:1-174.
  • Bianciotto O, Martin FA, Arce ME, Selzer L, García JO, Paulo G, Cárdenas LAG, Robledo A, Puente EA (2021). Farming with drip sea water irrigation for Salicornia production in Tierra del Fuego. Argentina. Biotecnia / XXIII (1): 77-85.
  • Caparrotta S, Masi E, Atzori G, Diamanti I, Azzarello E, Mancuso S, Pandolf C (2019). Growing spinach (Spinacia oleracea) with different seawater concentrations: Effects on fresh, boiled and steamed leaves. Scientia Horticulturae 256; 10854.
  • Delfine, S, Tognetti, R, Alvino, A, Loreto, F (2003). Field-grown chard (Beta vulgaris L.) under soil water stress conditions: Effect on antioxidant content proc. XXVI IHC–Environmental Stress. In: Tanino, K.K. (Ed.), Acta Hortic. 618, ISHS 2003 Publication supported by Can. Int. Dev. Agency (CIDA).
  • Deveci M, Tuğrul B (2017). Ispanakta tuz stresinin yaprak fizyolojik özelliklerine etkisi. Akademik Ziraat Dergisi Cilt:6 Özel Sayı:89-98.
  • El-Mahrouk M, El-Nady M, Hegazi MA (2010). Effect of diluted seawater irrigation and exogenous proline treatments on growth, chemical composition and anatomical characteristics of Conocarpus Erectus L. Journal Agriculture Research Kafrelsheikh University, 36(4):420-446.
  • El-Nwehy S.S, Rezk AI, El-Nasharty AB, Nofal OA, Abdel-Kade H (2020). Influences of Irrigation with Diluted Seawater and Fertilization on Growth, Seed Yield and Nutrients Status of Salicornia Plants. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences. 23 (10): 1267-1275.
  • Erdem F, KALE ÇS (2018). Effects of Irrigation Water with Different Salinity and Leaching Fraction On Spinach (Spinacia Oleracea L.) Growth, Yield and Drainage Water Quality. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 73-82.
  • FAO (2017). The Future of Food and Agriculture. Trends And Challenges. p:11-12. Farhadi-Machekposhti M, Shahnazari A, Ahmadi MZ, Aghajani Gh, Ritzema H (2017). Effect of irrigation with sea water on soil salinity and yield of oleic sunflower. Agricultural Water Management, 188, pp. 69-78.
  • Ferreira JSF, Sandhu D, Liu X Halvorson JJ (2018). Spinach (Spinacea oleracea L.) Response to Salinity: Nutritional Value, Physiological Parameters, Antioxidant Capacity, and Gene Expression. Agriculture, 8;163.
  • Ferreira JFS, Silva JB, Liu X, Sandhu D (2020). Spinach plants favor the absorption of K+ over Na+ regardless of salinity and may benefit from Na+ when K+ is deficient in the soil. Plants, 9, 507.
  • GhassemiSahebia F, Mohammadrezapourb O, Delbaric M, KhasheiSiukid A, Ritzemae H, Cheratif A (2020). Effect of utilization of treated wastewater and seawater with Clinoptilolite Zeolite on yield and yield components of sorghum. Agricultural Water Management, 234;106-117.
  • Grieve CM, Grattan SR, Maas EV (2012). Plant salt tolerance. Agricultural Salinity Assessment and Management. Chapter 13; p:405-459. Hoffman GJ, Rhoades DJ & Letey J. 1992. Salinity Management. In: Hoffman, G.J., Howell, T.A. & Solomon, K.H. (ed.): Management of Farm Irrigation Systems. ASAE, St. Joseph, pp. 667–715.
  • Nandwal AS. Godara M. Sheokand S, Kamboj DV, Kundu BS, Kuhad MS, Kumar B. and Sharma (2000). Salinity induced changes in plant water status, nodule functioning and ionic distribution in phenotypically differing genotypes of Vigna radiata L. 1. Plant Physiol., 156, 350-359.
  • Oraman N. 1968. Sebze İlmi. Ankara University Faculty of Agriculture Publications 323, Ankara.
  • Ors S, Suarez DL (2016). Salt tolerance of spinach as related to seasonal climate. Horticulture Science, 43, 33–41.
  • Sakamoto M, Imayoshi I, Ohtsuka T, Yamaguchi M, Mori K, Kageyama R (2011). Continuous neurogenesis in the adult forebrain is required for innate olfactory responses. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 108, 8479–8484.
  • Sgherri C, Kadlecová Z, Pardossi A, Izzo RF Izzo R (2008). Irrigation with Diluted Seawater Improves the Nutritional Value of Cherry Tomatoes. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry ,56(9):3391-7.
  • Tomemori H, Hamamura K, Tanabe K (2002). Interactive Effects of Sodium and Potassium on the Growth and Photosynthesis of Spinach and Komatsuna. Plant Production Science, 5:4, 281-285Turhan A., Kuscu H., Ozmen N., Serbeci M.S., Demir A.O. 2013. Effect of different concentrations of diluted seawater on yield and quality of lettuce. Chilean Journal Of Agricultural Research. 74(1); 111-116.
  • Uçgun K, Ferreira JFS, Liu X , Silva Filho JB, Suarez D, Lacerda C and Sandhu D (2020). Germination and Growth of Spinach under Potassium Deficiency and Irrigation with High-Salinity Water. Plants 2020, 9, 1739 p: 1-19. doi:10.3390/plants9121739.
  • Ünlükara A, Yurtyeri T, Cemek B (2017). Effects of Irrigation water salinity on evapotranspiration and spinach (Spinacia oleracea L. Matador) plant parameters in greenhouse indoor and outdoor conditions. Agronomy Research 15(5), 2183–2194.

Deniz Suyuyla Sulanan Ispanağın (Spinacia Oleracea L.) Büyüme Performansının ve Veriminin Değerlendirilmesi ÖZ

Year 2021, Volume: 10 Issue: 2, 127 - 133, 23.09.2021
https://doi.org/10.21657/topraksu.984152

Abstract

Bu çalışma, deniz suyunun ıspanak yetiştiriciliğinde kullanılabilirliğini belirlemek ve farklı oranlarda sulandırılmış deniz suyu ile sulanan ıspanak bitkisinin verim ve büyüme parametrelerine olan etkisini değerlendirmek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Deneme 5 farklı sulama suyu tuzluluğundan oluşmaktadır. Musluk suyu kontrol olarak alınmış (T1; 0.33 dS/m), ve 10% (T2;4 dS/m), 20% (T3; 7 dS/m), 30% (T4; 10 dS/m) ve 40% (T5; 13 dS/m) oranlarında deniz suyu çeşme suyu ile seyreltilmiştir. Sonuçlara göre; en yüksek ortalama ıspanak verimi ve kuru madde değerleri T2 (%10) deniz suyu konusunda elde edilmiştir. Hem %10 hem de %20 oranlarında seyreltilmiş deniz suyu uygulanan konulardan, kontrol konusuna göre daha yüksek verim ve kuru madde elde edilmiştir. %10 ve %20 oranlarında seyreltilmiş deniz suyu kullanıldığında verim değerleri yaklaşık %27 ve %8.5 artarken, %30 ve %40 oranında sulandırıldığında verim değerleri %28 ve %72 oranında azalmıştır. Verim sonuçlarında olduğu gibi, 4 dS/m deniz suyu tuzluluk seviyesi (T2) kontrol konusuna kıyasla yaprak yüksekliklerinde ve yaprak sayısında artışa neden olmuştur. Sonuç olarak, bu çalışma, deniz suyunun iyi kalite su ile % 10 düzeyinde seyreltildiğinde ıspanağın büyüme parametrelerini ve verimlerini etkilemeden başarıyla kullanılabileceğini göstermektedir.

Project Number

2209/B011500668

References

  • Atzori G, Nissim WG, Caparrotta S, Masi E, Azzarello E, Pandolfi C, Vignolini P, Gonnelli C, Mancuso S. (2016). Potential and constraints of different seawater and freshwater blends as growing media for three vegetable crops. Agricultural Water Management, 176; pp. 255-262.
  • Atzori G, Vos AC, Rijsselberghe M, Vignolini P, Rozema J, Mancusoa S, Bodegomf P (2017). Effects of increased seawater salinity irrigation on growth and quality of the edible halophyte Mesembryanthemum crystallinum L. under field conditions. Agricultural Water Management, 187; 37–46.
  • Ayers RS, Westcot DW (1976). Water Quality for Agriculture. FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper No: 29, p. 31-33.
  • Ayers RS, Westcot DW (1989). Water Quality for Agriculture. FAO Irr. and Drainage Paper 29:1-174.
  • Bianciotto O, Martin FA, Arce ME, Selzer L, García JO, Paulo G, Cárdenas LAG, Robledo A, Puente EA (2021). Farming with drip sea water irrigation for Salicornia production in Tierra del Fuego. Argentina. Biotecnia / XXIII (1): 77-85.
  • Caparrotta S, Masi E, Atzori G, Diamanti I, Azzarello E, Mancuso S, Pandolf C (2019). Growing spinach (Spinacia oleracea) with different seawater concentrations: Effects on fresh, boiled and steamed leaves. Scientia Horticulturae 256; 10854.
  • Delfine, S, Tognetti, R, Alvino, A, Loreto, F (2003). Field-grown chard (Beta vulgaris L.) under soil water stress conditions: Effect on antioxidant content proc. XXVI IHC–Environmental Stress. In: Tanino, K.K. (Ed.), Acta Hortic. 618, ISHS 2003 Publication supported by Can. Int. Dev. Agency (CIDA).
  • Deveci M, Tuğrul B (2017). Ispanakta tuz stresinin yaprak fizyolojik özelliklerine etkisi. Akademik Ziraat Dergisi Cilt:6 Özel Sayı:89-98.
  • El-Mahrouk M, El-Nady M, Hegazi MA (2010). Effect of diluted seawater irrigation and exogenous proline treatments on growth, chemical composition and anatomical characteristics of Conocarpus Erectus L. Journal Agriculture Research Kafrelsheikh University, 36(4):420-446.
  • El-Nwehy S.S, Rezk AI, El-Nasharty AB, Nofal OA, Abdel-Kade H (2020). Influences of Irrigation with Diluted Seawater and Fertilization on Growth, Seed Yield and Nutrients Status of Salicornia Plants. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences. 23 (10): 1267-1275.
  • Erdem F, KALE ÇS (2018). Effects of Irrigation Water with Different Salinity and Leaching Fraction On Spinach (Spinacia Oleracea L.) Growth, Yield and Drainage Water Quality. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 73-82.
  • FAO (2017). The Future of Food and Agriculture. Trends And Challenges. p:11-12. Farhadi-Machekposhti M, Shahnazari A, Ahmadi MZ, Aghajani Gh, Ritzema H (2017). Effect of irrigation with sea water on soil salinity and yield of oleic sunflower. Agricultural Water Management, 188, pp. 69-78.
  • Ferreira JSF, Sandhu D, Liu X Halvorson JJ (2018). Spinach (Spinacea oleracea L.) Response to Salinity: Nutritional Value, Physiological Parameters, Antioxidant Capacity, and Gene Expression. Agriculture, 8;163.
  • Ferreira JFS, Silva JB, Liu X, Sandhu D (2020). Spinach plants favor the absorption of K+ over Na+ regardless of salinity and may benefit from Na+ when K+ is deficient in the soil. Plants, 9, 507.
  • GhassemiSahebia F, Mohammadrezapourb O, Delbaric M, KhasheiSiukid A, Ritzemae H, Cheratif A (2020). Effect of utilization of treated wastewater and seawater with Clinoptilolite Zeolite on yield and yield components of sorghum. Agricultural Water Management, 234;106-117.
  • Grieve CM, Grattan SR, Maas EV (2012). Plant salt tolerance. Agricultural Salinity Assessment and Management. Chapter 13; p:405-459. Hoffman GJ, Rhoades DJ & Letey J. 1992. Salinity Management. In: Hoffman, G.J., Howell, T.A. & Solomon, K.H. (ed.): Management of Farm Irrigation Systems. ASAE, St. Joseph, pp. 667–715.
  • Nandwal AS. Godara M. Sheokand S, Kamboj DV, Kundu BS, Kuhad MS, Kumar B. and Sharma (2000). Salinity induced changes in plant water status, nodule functioning and ionic distribution in phenotypically differing genotypes of Vigna radiata L. 1. Plant Physiol., 156, 350-359.
  • Oraman N. 1968. Sebze İlmi. Ankara University Faculty of Agriculture Publications 323, Ankara.
  • Ors S, Suarez DL (2016). Salt tolerance of spinach as related to seasonal climate. Horticulture Science, 43, 33–41.
  • Sakamoto M, Imayoshi I, Ohtsuka T, Yamaguchi M, Mori K, Kageyama R (2011). Continuous neurogenesis in the adult forebrain is required for innate olfactory responses. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 108, 8479–8484.
  • Sgherri C, Kadlecová Z, Pardossi A, Izzo RF Izzo R (2008). Irrigation with Diluted Seawater Improves the Nutritional Value of Cherry Tomatoes. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry ,56(9):3391-7.
  • Tomemori H, Hamamura K, Tanabe K (2002). Interactive Effects of Sodium and Potassium on the Growth and Photosynthesis of Spinach and Komatsuna. Plant Production Science, 5:4, 281-285Turhan A., Kuscu H., Ozmen N., Serbeci M.S., Demir A.O. 2013. Effect of different concentrations of diluted seawater on yield and quality of lettuce. Chilean Journal Of Agricultural Research. 74(1); 111-116.
  • Uçgun K, Ferreira JFS, Liu X , Silva Filho JB, Suarez D, Lacerda C and Sandhu D (2020). Germination and Growth of Spinach under Potassium Deficiency and Irrigation with High-Salinity Water. Plants 2020, 9, 1739 p: 1-19. doi:10.3390/plants9121739.
  • Ünlükara A, Yurtyeri T, Cemek B (2017). Effects of Irrigation water salinity on evapotranspiration and spinach (Spinacia oleracea L. Matador) plant parameters in greenhouse indoor and outdoor conditions. Agronomy Research 15(5), 2183–2194.
There are 24 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Sema Kale Çelik

Büşra Demirbaş This is me

Project Number 2209/B011500668
Publication Date September 23, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 10 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Kale Çelik, S., & Demirbaş, B. (2021). Assessing Growth Performance and Yields of Spinach (Spinacia Oleracea L.) Irrigated with Sea Water. Toprak Su Dergisi, 10(2), 127-133. https://doi.org/10.21657/topraksu.984152
AMA Kale Çelik S, Demirbaş B. Assessing Growth Performance and Yields of Spinach (Spinacia Oleracea L.) Irrigated with Sea Water. SWJ. September 2021;10(2):127-133. doi:10.21657/topraksu.984152
Chicago Kale Çelik, Sema, and Büşra Demirbaş. “Assessing Growth Performance and Yields of Spinach (Spinacia Oleracea L.) Irrigated With Sea Water”. Toprak Su Dergisi 10, no. 2 (September 2021): 127-33. https://doi.org/10.21657/topraksu.984152.
EndNote Kale Çelik S, Demirbaş B (September 1, 2021) Assessing Growth Performance and Yields of Spinach (Spinacia Oleracea L.) Irrigated with Sea Water. Toprak Su Dergisi 10 2 127–133.
IEEE S. Kale Çelik and B. Demirbaş, “Assessing Growth Performance and Yields of Spinach (Spinacia Oleracea L.) Irrigated with Sea Water”, SWJ, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 127–133, 2021, doi: 10.21657/topraksu.984152.
ISNAD Kale Çelik, Sema - Demirbaş, Büşra. “Assessing Growth Performance and Yields of Spinach (Spinacia Oleracea L.) Irrigated With Sea Water”. Toprak Su Dergisi 10/2 (September 2021), 127-133. https://doi.org/10.21657/topraksu.984152.
JAMA Kale Çelik S, Demirbaş B. Assessing Growth Performance and Yields of Spinach (Spinacia Oleracea L.) Irrigated with Sea Water. SWJ. 2021;10:127–133.
MLA Kale Çelik, Sema and Büşra Demirbaş. “Assessing Growth Performance and Yields of Spinach (Spinacia Oleracea L.) Irrigated With Sea Water”. Toprak Su Dergisi, vol. 10, no. 2, 2021, pp. 127-33, doi:10.21657/topraksu.984152.
Vancouver Kale Çelik S, Demirbaş B. Assessing Growth Performance and Yields of Spinach (Spinacia Oleracea L.) Irrigated with Sea Water. SWJ. 2021;10(2):127-33.
Kapak Tasarım : Hüseyin Oğuzhan BEŞEN
Grafik Tasarım : Filiz ERYILMAZ
Basım Yeri : Gıda Tarım ve Hayvancılık Bakanlığı - Eğitim Yayım ve Yayınlar Dairesi Başkanlığı
İvedik Caddesi Bankacılar Sokak No : 10 Yenimahalle, Ankara Türkiye