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Interaction of Two Important Health Public Problems: Smoke and Tuberculosis

Year 2010, Volume: 17 Issue: 4, 407 - 412, 01.08.2010

Abstract

Tobacco smoking and tuberculosis (TB) are two both of the world's greatest public health problems. Even though risk factors of TB well defined, association between smoking and TB is still a matter of debate and controversy. In recent studies have summarized a large body of published literature on the association between smoking and various TB outcomes produced evidence that smoking is a risk factor for TB infection and TB disease. In majority of these studies smoking causes additional mortality risk. Active TB disease treatment is not enough anymore. Convertible risk factors such as smoking are new viewpoint. World Health Organization (WHO) set up TB control programs with control from critical and preventable risk factors as smoking and alcoholism within a Directly Observed Treatment Strategy-based (DOTS) programme. Key words: Tuberculosis; Smoking; Risk Factors.

References

  • Pai M, Mohan A, Dheda K, et al. Lethal interaction: the colliding epidemics of tobacco and tuberculosis. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2007;5(3):385-91.
  • Bates MN, Khalakdina A, Pai M, et al. Risk of tuberculosis from exposure to tobacco smoke: A systematic review and meta- analysis. Arch Intern Med 2007;167(4):335-42.
  • Saltık A, Yılmaz T, Yorulmaz F, Spar Y. Edirne merkezinde 5100 orta-lise öğrencisinde sigara içme davranışı ve spielberger testi ile ölçülen kaygı düzeyinin incelenmesi. Ege Tıp Dergisi 1992;31(1):53-69.
  • Chiang CY, Slama K, Enarson DA. Associations between tobacco and tuberculosis. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2007;11(3):258- 62.
  • Doll R, Hill AB. The mortality of doctors in relation to their smoking habits. BMJ 1954, reprinted in BMJ 2002;328:1529-33.
  • Hassmiller KM. The association between smoking and tuberculosis. Salud Publica Mex. 2006; 48 Suppl 1:201-16.
  • Lin HH, Ezzati M, Murray M. Tobacco smoke, indoor air pollution and tubercolosis: A sistematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Med 2007;4: e20.
  • Slama K, Chiang CY, Enarson DA, et al. Tobacco and tuberculosis: a qulitative systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Tuberc Lung Dıs 2007;11(10):1049-61.
  • Slama K, Chiang CY, Enarson DA. Introducing brief advice in tuberculosis services. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2007 May;11(5):496- 9.
  • Schneider NK, Novotny TE. Addressing smoking cessation in tuberculosis control. Bull World Health Organ 2007;85(10):820- 4.
  • Zellweger JP. Tobacco and tuberculosis. Monaldi Arch Chest Dis. 2008;69(2):83-5.
  • Bothamley GH. Smoking and tuberculosis: a chance or causal association? Thorax 2005;57:527-8.
  • Lavigne M, Rocher I, Steensma C, Brassard P. The impact of smoking on adherence to treatment for latent tuberculosis infection. BMC Public Health 2006; 6: 66. Published online 2006 March 14. Doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-6-66.
  • Kuemmerer JM, Comstock GW. Sociologic concomitants of tuberculin sensitivity. Am Rev Respir Dis 1967;96: 885-92.
  • Singh M, Mynak ML, Kumar L, Mathew JL, Jindal SK. Prevalence and risk factors for transmission of infection among children in household contact with adults having pulmonary tuberculosis. Arch Dis Child 2005;90:624-28.
  • den Boon S, van Lill SW, Borgdorff MW, et al. Association between smoking and tuberculosis infection: a population survey in a high tuberculosis incidence area. Thorax 2005;60: 555-7.
  • Nisar M, Williams CSD, Ashby D, Davies PD. Tuberculin testing in residential homes for the elderly. Thorax 1993;48:1257-60.
  • Plant AJ, Watkins RE, Gushulak B, et al. Predictors of tuberculin reactivity among prospective Vietnamese migrants: the effect of smoking. Epidemiol Infect 2002;128:37-45.
  • Yu GP, Hsieh CC, Peng J. Risk factors associated with the prevalence of pulmanary tuberculosis among sanitary workers in Shanghai. Tubercle 1988;69:105-12.
  • Anderson RH, Sy FS, Thompson S, Addy C. Cigarette smoking and tuberculin skin test conversion among incarcerated adults. Am J Prev Med 1997;13:175-81.
  • Altet MN, Alcaide J, Plans P, et al. Passive smoking and risk of pulmonary tuberculosis in children immediately following infection. A case-control study. Tuber Lung Dis 1996;77:537-44.
  • Marais BJ, Gie RP, Schaaf HS, et al. The natural history of childhood intra-thoracic tuberculosis: a critical review of literature from the pre-chemotherapy era. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2004; 8: 392-402.
  • Ariyothai N, Podhipak A, Akarasewi P, et al. Cigarette smoking and its relation to pulmonary tuberculosis in adults. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 2004;35:219-27.
  • Alcaide J, Altet M N, Plans P, et al. Cigarette smoking as a risk factor for tuberculosis in young adults: a case-control study. Tubercle Lung Dis 1996;77:112-16.
  • Leung CC, Yew WW, Chan CK, et al. Smoking and tuberculosis in Hong Kong. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2003;7:980-6.
  • Lienhardt C, Fielding K, Sillah J, et al. Investigation of the risk factors for tuberculosis: a case-control study in three countries in West Africa. Int J Epidemiol 2005;34:914-23.
  • Kolappan C, Gopi PG, Subramani R, Narayanan PR. Selected biological and behavioural risk factors associated with pulmonary tuberculosis. Int J Tuberc Lung Dıs 2007;11(9):999-1003.
  • Kolappan C, Gopi PG. Tobacco smoking and pulmonary tuberculosis. Thorax 2002;57:964-66.
  • Buskin SE, Gale JL, Weiss NS, Nolan C. Tuberculosis risk factors in adults in King County, Washington, 1988–1990. Am J Public Health 1994; 84:1750-6.
  • Gajalakshmi V, Peto R, Kanaka TS, Jha P. Smoking and mortality from tuberculosis and other diseases in India: retrospective study of 43000 adult male deaths and 35000 controls. Lancet 2003;362:507-15.
  • Leung CC, Li T, Lam TH, et al. Smoking and tuberculosis among the elderly in Hong Kong. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2004; 170:1027-33.
  • Liu BQ, Peto R, Chen ZM, et al. Emerging tobacco hazards in China: 1. Retrospective proportional mortality study of one million deaths. BMJ 1998;317:1411-22.
  • Santha T, Garg R, Frieden TR, et al. Risk factors associated with default, failure and death among tuberculosis patients treated in a DOTS programme in Tiruvallur district, South India, 2000. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2002;6:780-8.
  • Lam TH, Ho SY, Hedley AJ, et al. Mortality and smoking in Hong Kong: case control study of all adult deaths in 1998. BMJ 2001;323:1-6.
  • Sitas F, Urban M, Bradshaw D, et al. Tobacco attributable deaths in South Africa. Tobacco Control 2004;13:396-9.
  • Altet-Gomez MN, Alcaide J, Godoy P, et al. Clinical and epidemiological aspects of smoking and tuberculosis: a study of 13 038 cases. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2005;9:430-6.
  • Tuncer LY, Akaya E, Baran A ve ark. Sigara Kullanımının Tüberküloz Seyrine Etkisi. İzmir Göğüs Hastanesi Dergisi 2009;3:131-5.
  • Abal AT, Jayakrishnana B, Parwer S, et al. Effect of cigarette smoking on sputum smear conversion in adults with active pulmonary tuberculosis. Respir Med 2005;99:415-20.
  • Durban Immunotherapy Trial Group. Immunotherapy with Mycobacterium vaccae in patients with newly diagnosed pulmonary tuberculosis: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 1999;354:116-9.
  • Chang KC, Leung CC, Tam CM. Risk factors for defaulting from anti-tuberculosis treatment under directly observed treatment in Hong Kong. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2004;8:1492-8.
  • Thomas A, Gopi PG, Santha T, et al. Predictors of relapse among pulmonary tuberculosis patients treated in a DOTS programme in South India. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2005;9:556-61.
  • Santha T, Renu G, Frieden TR, et al. Are community surveys to detect tuberculosis in high prevalence areas useful? Results of a comparative study from Tiruvallur District, South India. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2002;7:258-65.
  • Chiang CY, Chang CT, Chang RE, Li CT, Huang RM. Patient and health system delays in the diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis in Southern Taiwan. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2005;9:1006-12.
  • Dos Santos MAPS, Albuquerque MFPM, Ximenes RAA, et al. Risk factors for treatment delay in pulmonary tuberculosis in Recife, Brazil. BMC Public Health 2005;18: 25.
  • Barroso EC, Mota RMS, Santos RO, Sousa ALO, Barroso JB, Rodrigues JLN. Risk factors for acquired multidrugresistant tuberculosis. J Pneumol 2003;29:89-97.
  • Ruddy M, Balabanova Y, Graham C, et al. Rates of drug resistance and risk factor analysis in civilian and prison patients with tuberculosis in Samara Region, Russia. Thorax 2005;60:130- 5.
  • Balbay O, Annakkaya AN, Arbak P, Bilgin C, Erbas M. Which patients are able to adhere to tuberculosis treatment? A study in a rural area in the northwest part of Turkey. Jpn J Infect Dis 2005;58:152-8.
  • Al-Hajjaj MS, Al-Khatim IM. High rate of non-compliance with anti-tuberculosis treatment despite a retrieval system: a call for implementation of directly observed therapy in Saudi Arabia. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2000;4:345-9.
  • Dagli E. Are low income countries targets of the tobacco industry? Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 1999;3(2):113-8.
  • Slama K. Tobacco prevention and control. A guide for low income countries. Paris, France: International UNION Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, 1998. http://www.iuatld.org/
  • Van Zyl Smit RN, Pai M, Yew WW, leung CC, Zumla A, Bateman ED, Dheda K.global lung health: the colliding epidemics of tuberculosis, tobacco smoking, HIV and COPD. Eur Respir J 2010;35:27-33.
  • Baran A, Özşeker F, Mihmanlı A ve ark. Tüberkülozlu hastalarda hastaneye yatışın ve hastalık etkisinin sigara bırakma girişimine katkısı. Toraks Derneği, 7. Yıllık Kongresi, Antalya, 2004. (Özet)
  • El Sony A, Slama K, Salieh M, Elhaj H, Adam K, Hassan A, Enarson DA. Feasibility of brief tobacco cessation advice for tuberculosis patients: a study from Sudan Int J Tuberc Lung Dis; 2007:11(2):150–5.
  • Özşeker F, Baran A, Tuncer LY ve ark. Tüberkülozlu hastalarda sigara içme alışkanlığı. Toraks Derneği, 7. Yıllık Kongresi, Antalya, 2004. (Özet)

İki Büyük Halk Sağlığı Sorununun Birlikteliği: Sigara ve Tüberküloz

Year 2010, Volume: 17 Issue: 4, 407 - 412, 01.08.2010

Abstract

Günümüzde sigara kullanımı ve tüberküloz (TB) önemli iki halk sağlığı sorunudur. TB gelişiminde risk faktörleri iyi tanımlanmış olmakla birlikte sigaranın yeri hep tartışmalı kalmıştır. Son yıllarda yapılan çalışmalarda sigara içiminin TB enfeksiyonu, aktif TB gelişimi ve mortaliteye etkisi araştırılmış, sigaranın TB enfeksiyonu ve aktif TB gelişimini etkilediği, tartışmalı olmakla birlikte yayınların pek çoğunda da mortaliteyi arttırdığı sonucuna varılmıştır. Günümüzde, aktif hastalığın tedavisinin, tek başına yeterli olmadığının gösterilmesi ile değiştirilebilir risk faktörlerinin tedavideki yeri; örneğin sigara kullanımının bırakılması, yeni bakış açısı oluşturmuştur. Dünya sağlık örgütü (DSÖ) gelecekteki tüberküloz kontrol programlarını, direkt gözlem altında tedavi (DGT) uygulamaları yanı sıra sigara ve alkol gibi tehlikeli ama önlenebilir davranışsal risk faktörlerinden korunmayı da içerecek şekilde hazırlamaktadır. Anahtar kelimeler: Tüberküloz; Sigara; Risk Faktörleri.

References

  • Pai M, Mohan A, Dheda K, et al. Lethal interaction: the colliding epidemics of tobacco and tuberculosis. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2007;5(3):385-91.
  • Bates MN, Khalakdina A, Pai M, et al. Risk of tuberculosis from exposure to tobacco smoke: A systematic review and meta- analysis. Arch Intern Med 2007;167(4):335-42.
  • Saltık A, Yılmaz T, Yorulmaz F, Spar Y. Edirne merkezinde 5100 orta-lise öğrencisinde sigara içme davranışı ve spielberger testi ile ölçülen kaygı düzeyinin incelenmesi. Ege Tıp Dergisi 1992;31(1):53-69.
  • Chiang CY, Slama K, Enarson DA. Associations between tobacco and tuberculosis. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2007;11(3):258- 62.
  • Doll R, Hill AB. The mortality of doctors in relation to their smoking habits. BMJ 1954, reprinted in BMJ 2002;328:1529-33.
  • Hassmiller KM. The association between smoking and tuberculosis. Salud Publica Mex. 2006; 48 Suppl 1:201-16.
  • Lin HH, Ezzati M, Murray M. Tobacco smoke, indoor air pollution and tubercolosis: A sistematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Med 2007;4: e20.
  • Slama K, Chiang CY, Enarson DA, et al. Tobacco and tuberculosis: a qulitative systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Tuberc Lung Dıs 2007;11(10):1049-61.
  • Slama K, Chiang CY, Enarson DA. Introducing brief advice in tuberculosis services. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2007 May;11(5):496- 9.
  • Schneider NK, Novotny TE. Addressing smoking cessation in tuberculosis control. Bull World Health Organ 2007;85(10):820- 4.
  • Zellweger JP. Tobacco and tuberculosis. Monaldi Arch Chest Dis. 2008;69(2):83-5.
  • Bothamley GH. Smoking and tuberculosis: a chance or causal association? Thorax 2005;57:527-8.
  • Lavigne M, Rocher I, Steensma C, Brassard P. The impact of smoking on adherence to treatment for latent tuberculosis infection. BMC Public Health 2006; 6: 66. Published online 2006 March 14. Doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-6-66.
  • Kuemmerer JM, Comstock GW. Sociologic concomitants of tuberculin sensitivity. Am Rev Respir Dis 1967;96: 885-92.
  • Singh M, Mynak ML, Kumar L, Mathew JL, Jindal SK. Prevalence and risk factors for transmission of infection among children in household contact with adults having pulmonary tuberculosis. Arch Dis Child 2005;90:624-28.
  • den Boon S, van Lill SW, Borgdorff MW, et al. Association between smoking and tuberculosis infection: a population survey in a high tuberculosis incidence area. Thorax 2005;60: 555-7.
  • Nisar M, Williams CSD, Ashby D, Davies PD. Tuberculin testing in residential homes for the elderly. Thorax 1993;48:1257-60.
  • Plant AJ, Watkins RE, Gushulak B, et al. Predictors of tuberculin reactivity among prospective Vietnamese migrants: the effect of smoking. Epidemiol Infect 2002;128:37-45.
  • Yu GP, Hsieh CC, Peng J. Risk factors associated with the prevalence of pulmanary tuberculosis among sanitary workers in Shanghai. Tubercle 1988;69:105-12.
  • Anderson RH, Sy FS, Thompson S, Addy C. Cigarette smoking and tuberculin skin test conversion among incarcerated adults. Am J Prev Med 1997;13:175-81.
  • Altet MN, Alcaide J, Plans P, et al. Passive smoking and risk of pulmonary tuberculosis in children immediately following infection. A case-control study. Tuber Lung Dis 1996;77:537-44.
  • Marais BJ, Gie RP, Schaaf HS, et al. The natural history of childhood intra-thoracic tuberculosis: a critical review of literature from the pre-chemotherapy era. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2004; 8: 392-402.
  • Ariyothai N, Podhipak A, Akarasewi P, et al. Cigarette smoking and its relation to pulmonary tuberculosis in adults. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 2004;35:219-27.
  • Alcaide J, Altet M N, Plans P, et al. Cigarette smoking as a risk factor for tuberculosis in young adults: a case-control study. Tubercle Lung Dis 1996;77:112-16.
  • Leung CC, Yew WW, Chan CK, et al. Smoking and tuberculosis in Hong Kong. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2003;7:980-6.
  • Lienhardt C, Fielding K, Sillah J, et al. Investigation of the risk factors for tuberculosis: a case-control study in three countries in West Africa. Int J Epidemiol 2005;34:914-23.
  • Kolappan C, Gopi PG, Subramani R, Narayanan PR. Selected biological and behavioural risk factors associated with pulmonary tuberculosis. Int J Tuberc Lung Dıs 2007;11(9):999-1003.
  • Kolappan C, Gopi PG. Tobacco smoking and pulmonary tuberculosis. Thorax 2002;57:964-66.
  • Buskin SE, Gale JL, Weiss NS, Nolan C. Tuberculosis risk factors in adults in King County, Washington, 1988–1990. Am J Public Health 1994; 84:1750-6.
  • Gajalakshmi V, Peto R, Kanaka TS, Jha P. Smoking and mortality from tuberculosis and other diseases in India: retrospective study of 43000 adult male deaths and 35000 controls. Lancet 2003;362:507-15.
  • Leung CC, Li T, Lam TH, et al. Smoking and tuberculosis among the elderly in Hong Kong. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2004; 170:1027-33.
  • Liu BQ, Peto R, Chen ZM, et al. Emerging tobacco hazards in China: 1. Retrospective proportional mortality study of one million deaths. BMJ 1998;317:1411-22.
  • Santha T, Garg R, Frieden TR, et al. Risk factors associated with default, failure and death among tuberculosis patients treated in a DOTS programme in Tiruvallur district, South India, 2000. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2002;6:780-8.
  • Lam TH, Ho SY, Hedley AJ, et al. Mortality and smoking in Hong Kong: case control study of all adult deaths in 1998. BMJ 2001;323:1-6.
  • Sitas F, Urban M, Bradshaw D, et al. Tobacco attributable deaths in South Africa. Tobacco Control 2004;13:396-9.
  • Altet-Gomez MN, Alcaide J, Godoy P, et al. Clinical and epidemiological aspects of smoking and tuberculosis: a study of 13 038 cases. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2005;9:430-6.
  • Tuncer LY, Akaya E, Baran A ve ark. Sigara Kullanımının Tüberküloz Seyrine Etkisi. İzmir Göğüs Hastanesi Dergisi 2009;3:131-5.
  • Abal AT, Jayakrishnana B, Parwer S, et al. Effect of cigarette smoking on sputum smear conversion in adults with active pulmonary tuberculosis. Respir Med 2005;99:415-20.
  • Durban Immunotherapy Trial Group. Immunotherapy with Mycobacterium vaccae in patients with newly diagnosed pulmonary tuberculosis: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 1999;354:116-9.
  • Chang KC, Leung CC, Tam CM. Risk factors for defaulting from anti-tuberculosis treatment under directly observed treatment in Hong Kong. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2004;8:1492-8.
  • Thomas A, Gopi PG, Santha T, et al. Predictors of relapse among pulmonary tuberculosis patients treated in a DOTS programme in South India. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2005;9:556-61.
  • Santha T, Renu G, Frieden TR, et al. Are community surveys to detect tuberculosis in high prevalence areas useful? Results of a comparative study from Tiruvallur District, South India. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2002;7:258-65.
  • Chiang CY, Chang CT, Chang RE, Li CT, Huang RM. Patient and health system delays in the diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis in Southern Taiwan. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2005;9:1006-12.
  • Dos Santos MAPS, Albuquerque MFPM, Ximenes RAA, et al. Risk factors for treatment delay in pulmonary tuberculosis in Recife, Brazil. BMC Public Health 2005;18: 25.
  • Barroso EC, Mota RMS, Santos RO, Sousa ALO, Barroso JB, Rodrigues JLN. Risk factors for acquired multidrugresistant tuberculosis. J Pneumol 2003;29:89-97.
  • Ruddy M, Balabanova Y, Graham C, et al. Rates of drug resistance and risk factor analysis in civilian and prison patients with tuberculosis in Samara Region, Russia. Thorax 2005;60:130- 5.
  • Balbay O, Annakkaya AN, Arbak P, Bilgin C, Erbas M. Which patients are able to adhere to tuberculosis treatment? A study in a rural area in the northwest part of Turkey. Jpn J Infect Dis 2005;58:152-8.
  • Al-Hajjaj MS, Al-Khatim IM. High rate of non-compliance with anti-tuberculosis treatment despite a retrieval system: a call for implementation of directly observed therapy in Saudi Arabia. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2000;4:345-9.
  • Dagli E. Are low income countries targets of the tobacco industry? Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 1999;3(2):113-8.
  • Slama K. Tobacco prevention and control. A guide for low income countries. Paris, France: International UNION Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, 1998. http://www.iuatld.org/
  • Van Zyl Smit RN, Pai M, Yew WW, leung CC, Zumla A, Bateman ED, Dheda K.global lung health: the colliding epidemics of tuberculosis, tobacco smoking, HIV and COPD. Eur Respir J 2010;35:27-33.
  • Baran A, Özşeker F, Mihmanlı A ve ark. Tüberkülozlu hastalarda hastaneye yatışın ve hastalık etkisinin sigara bırakma girişimine katkısı. Toraks Derneği, 7. Yıllık Kongresi, Antalya, 2004. (Özet)
  • El Sony A, Slama K, Salieh M, Elhaj H, Adam K, Hassan A, Enarson DA. Feasibility of brief tobacco cessation advice for tuberculosis patients: a study from Sudan Int J Tuberc Lung Dis; 2007:11(2):150–5.
  • Özşeker F, Baran A, Tuncer LY ve ark. Tüberkülozlu hastalarda sigara içme alışkanlığı. Toraks Derneği, 7. Yıllık Kongresi, Antalya, 2004. (Özet)
There are 54 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Murat Yalçınsoy This is me

Sinem Güngör This is me

Bilgen Begüm Afşar This is me

Belma Akbaba Bağcı This is me

Engin Burak Selçuk This is me

Esen Akkaya This is me

Publication Date August 1, 2010
Published in Issue Year 2010 Volume: 17 Issue: 4

Cite

APA Yalçınsoy, M., Güngör, S., Afşar, B. B., Bağcı, B. A., et al. (2010). İki Büyük Halk Sağlığı Sorununun Birlikteliği: Sigara ve Tüberküloz. Journal of Turgut Ozal Medical Center, 17(4), 407-412.
AMA Yalçınsoy M, Güngör S, Afşar BB, Bağcı BA, Selçuk EB, Akkaya E. İki Büyük Halk Sağlığı Sorununun Birlikteliği: Sigara ve Tüberküloz. J Turgut Ozal Med Cent. August 2010;17(4):407-412.
Chicago Yalçınsoy, Murat, Sinem Güngör, Bilgen Begüm Afşar, Belma Akbaba Bağcı, Engin Burak Selçuk, and Esen Akkaya. “İki Büyük Halk Sağlığı Sorununun Birlikteliği: Sigara Ve Tüberküloz”. Journal of Turgut Ozal Medical Center 17, no. 4 (August 2010): 407-12.
EndNote Yalçınsoy M, Güngör S, Afşar BB, Bağcı BA, Selçuk EB, Akkaya E (August 1, 2010) İki Büyük Halk Sağlığı Sorununun Birlikteliği: Sigara ve Tüberküloz. Journal of Turgut Ozal Medical Center 17 4 407–412.
IEEE M. Yalçınsoy, S. Güngör, B. B. Afşar, B. A. Bağcı, E. B. Selçuk, and E. Akkaya, “İki Büyük Halk Sağlığı Sorununun Birlikteliği: Sigara ve Tüberküloz”, J Turgut Ozal Med Cent, vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 407–412, 2010.
ISNAD Yalçınsoy, Murat et al. “İki Büyük Halk Sağlığı Sorununun Birlikteliği: Sigara Ve Tüberküloz”. Journal of Turgut Ozal Medical Center 17/4 (August 2010), 407-412.
JAMA Yalçınsoy M, Güngör S, Afşar BB, Bağcı BA, Selçuk EB, Akkaya E. İki Büyük Halk Sağlığı Sorununun Birlikteliği: Sigara ve Tüberküloz. J Turgut Ozal Med Cent. 2010;17:407–412.
MLA Yalçınsoy, Murat et al. “İki Büyük Halk Sağlığı Sorununun Birlikteliği: Sigara Ve Tüberküloz”. Journal of Turgut Ozal Medical Center, vol. 17, no. 4, 2010, pp. 407-12.
Vancouver Yalçınsoy M, Güngör S, Afşar BB, Bağcı BA, Selçuk EB, Akkaya E. İki Büyük Halk Sağlığı Sorununun Birlikteliği: Sigara ve Tüberküloz. J Turgut Ozal Med Cent. 2010;17(4):407-12.