Measuring the Effect of Restaurant Servicescapes on Customer Loyalty
Year 2019,
Volume: 6 Issue: 2, 255 - 270, 01.11.2019
Nuray Türker
,
Samet Gökkaya
,
Ayşegül Acar
Abstract
This paper aims to examine
the perceptions of customers towards restaurant servicescapes and to find out
the influential role of restaurant servicescapes in customer loyalty. Therefore,
a survey was conducted at three restaurants in the context of servicescapes in
Safranbolu, Turkey. Respondents were interviewed at the end of their meal and
asked to complete a scoresheet that consisted of 35 servicescape factors. Using
data collected from 327 guests, it was found that the guests’ perception of the
restaurant servicescape influences their loyalty. Results indicate that both direct/indirect external servicescape
influences and physical environment: external presentation had the highest scores
that positively affect the loyalty of
customers.
References
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- Arneill, A.B., & Devlin, A.S. (2002), “Perceived Quality of Care: The Influence of The Waiting Room Environment,” Journal of Environmental Psychology, Vol. 22, pp. 345–60.
- Baker, J. (1987), “The Role of The Environment in Marketing Services: The Consumer Perspective,” in Czepiel, J., Congram, C.A., and Shanahan, J. (Eds), The Services Challenge: Integrating for Competitive Advantage, American Marketing Association, Chicago, IL, pp. 79–84.
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- Baker, J., Parasuraman, A., Grewal, D. & Voss, G.B. (2002), “The İnfluence of Multiple Store Environment Cues on Perceived Merchandise Value and Patronage İntentions”, Journal of Marketing, Vol. 66 No. 2, pp. 120-41.
- Bitner, M. J. (1992), “Servicescapes: The Impact of Physical Surroundings on Customers and Employees,” Journal of Marketing, Vol. 56 No. 2, pp. 57–71.
- Booms, B. H., & Bitner, M. J. (1982), “Marketing Services by Managing The Environment,” Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, Vol. 23 No. 1, pp. 35–40.
- Cronin, J.J., Jr. (2003), “Looking Back to See Forward in Services Marketing: Some Ideas to Consider,” Managing Service Quality, Vol. 13 No. 5, pp. 332–7.
- Dubé, L., Chebat, J., & Morin, S. (1995), “The Effects of Background Music on Consumers’ Desire to Affiliate in Buyer–Seller Interactions,” Psychology and Marketing, Vol. 12 No. 4, pp. 305–19.
- Eiseman, L. (1998), Colors for Your Every Mood, Capital Books, Sterling, VA.
- Eiseman, L. (2000), Pantone Guide to Communicating with Color, North Light Books, Cincinnati, OH.
- Foxall, G.R., & Yani-de-Soriano, M.M. (2005), “Situational Influence on Consumers’ Attitude and Behaviour,” Journal of Business Research, Vol. 58, pp. 518–25.
- Gifford, R. (1988), “Light, Décor, Arousal, Comfort and Communication,” Journal of Environmental Psychology, Vol. 8, pp. 177–89.
- Hall, C.M., & Mitchell, R.D. (2008), Wine Marketing: A Practical Approach, Butterworth Heinemann, Oxford.
- Han, H.S., & Ryu, K. (2009), “The Roles of The Physical Environment, Price Perception, And Customer Satisfaction in Determining Customer Loyalty in The Family Restaurant Industry,” Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Research, Vol. 33 No. 4, pp. 487–510.
- Harris, L.C., & Ezeh, C. (2008), “Servicescape and Loyalty Intentions: An Empirical Investigation,” European Journal of Marketing, Vol. 42 No. 3/4, pp. 390–422.
- Harris, P.B., & Sachau, D. (2005), “Is Cleanliness Next to Godliness? The Role of Housekeeping in Impression Formation,” Environment and Behavior, Vol. 37 No. 1, pp. 81–101.
- Herrington, J.D. (1996), “Effects of Music in Service Environments: A Field Study,” Journal of Services Marketing, Vol. 10 No. 2, pp. 1–13.
- Hill, C.J., Garner, S.J., & Hanna, M.E. (1989), “Selection Criteria for Professional Service Providers,” Journal of Services Marketing, Vol. 3 No. 4, pp. 61–9.
- Hirsch, A.R. (1991), “Nostalgia: A Neuropsychiatric Understanding,” Paper Presented at The Annual Meeting of The Association for Consumer Research, Chicago, IL, October.
- Hirsch, A.R. (1995), “Effects of ambient odours on slot-machine usage in a Las Vegas casino,” Psychology and Marketing, Vol. 12 No. 7, pp. 585–94.
- Hoffman, D.K., Kelley, S.W., & Chung, B.C. (2003), “A Cit Investigation of Servicescape Failures and Associated Recovery Strategies,” Journal of Services Marketing, Vol. 17, pp. 322–40.
- Hooper, D., Coughlan, J., & Mullen, M.R. (2013), “The Servicescape As An Antecedent to Service Quality and Behavioral Intentions,” Journal of Services Marketing, Vol. 27 No. 4, pp. 271–80.
- Hunter, B.T. (1995), “The Sales Appeals of Scents (Using Synthetic Food Scents to Increase Sales),” Consumer Research Magazine, Vol. 18 No. 10, pp. 8–10.
- Hutton, J.D., & Richardson, L.D. (1995), “Healthscapes: The Role of The Facility and Physical Environment on Consumer Attitudes, Satisfaction, Quality Assessments and Behaviours,” Health Care Management Review, Vol. 20 No. 2, pp. 48–61.
- Kearny, T., Kennedy, A., & Coughlan, J. (2007), “Servicescapes: A Review of Contemporary Empirical Research,” Sixteenth Annual Frontiers in Service Conference, San Francisco, CA, p. 58.
- Kim, W.G., & Moon, Y.J. (2009), “Customers’ Cognitive, Emotional, and Actionable Response to The Servicescape: A Test of The Moderating Effect of The Restaurant Type,” International Journal of Hospitality Management, Vol. 28, pp. 144–56.
- Kotler, P. (1973), “Atmospheric as A marketing Tool,” Journal of Retailing, Vol. 49 No. 4, pp. 48–64.
- Kryter, K.D. (1985), The Effect of Noise on Man, Academic Press, Orlando, FL.
- Lin, I.Y. (2004), “Evaluating A Servicescape: The Effect of Cognition and Emotion,” International Journal of Hospitality Management, Vol. 23, pp. 163–78.
- Lin, I.Y., & Mattila, A.S. (2010), “Restaurant Servicescape, Service Encounter, and Perceived Congruency on Customers’ Emotions and Satisfaction,” Journal of Hospitality Marketing and Management, Vol. 19 No. 8, pp. 819–41.
- Lucas, A.F. (2003), “The Determinants and Effects of Slot Servicescape Satisfaction in A Las Vegas Hotel Casino,” UNLV Gaming Research and Review Journal, Vol. 7 No. 1, pp. 1–19.
- Mattila, A.S., & Wirtz, J. (2001), “Congruency of Scent and Music As A Driver of In-Store Evaluations and Behaviour,” Journal of Retailing, Vol. 77 No. 2, pp. 273–89.
- McDonnell, A., & Hall, C. (2008), “A framework for The Evaluation of Winery Servicescapes: A New Zealand Case,” Pasos, Vol. 6 No. 2, pp. 231–47.
- Medabesh, A., & Upadhyaya, M. (2012), “Servicescape and customer substantiation of star hotels in India’s metropolitan city of Delhi,” Journal of Marketing and Communication, Vol. 8 No. 2, pp. 39-47.
- Milliman, R. (1982), “Using Background Music to Affect The Behaviour of Supermarket Shoppers,” Journal of Marketing, Vol. 46 No. 3, pp. 86–91.
- Milliman, R. (1986), “The Influence of Background Music on The Behaviour of Restaurant Patrons,” Journal of Consumer Research, Vol. 13 No. 2, pp. 286–9.
- Morrin, M., & Ratneshwar, S. (2003), “Does It Make Sense to Use Scents to Enhance Brand Memory?” Journal of Marketing Research, Vol. 40 No. 1, pp. 10–25.
- Nguyen, N., & Leblanc, G. (2002), “Contact Personnel, Physical Environment and The Perceived Corporate Image of Intangible Services by New Clients,” International Journal of Service Industry Management, Vol. 13 No. 3/4, pp. 242–62.
- North, A.C., Hargreaves, D.J., & McKendrick, J. (1999), “The Influence of In-Store Music on Wine Selections,” Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 84 No. 2, pp. 271–6.O’Neill, R.E. (1992), “How Consumers Shop,” Progressive Grocer, Vol. 71 December, pp. 62–4.
- Reichheld, F.F., Markey, R.G., Jr., & Hopton, C. (2000), “The Loyalty Effect – The Relationship Between Loyalty and Profits,” European Business Journal, Vol. 12 No. 3, pp. 134–9.Reimer, A., & Kuehn, R. (2005), “The Impact of Servicescape on Quality Perception,” European Journal of Marketing, Vol. 39, pp. 785–808.
- Ryu, K., & Han, H. (2010), “Influence of Physical Environment on Disconfirmation, Customer Satisfaction, and Customer Loyalty for First-Time and Repeat Customers in Upscale Restaurants,” International CHRIE Conference, Refereed Track, paper 13.
- Ryu, K., & Jang, S. (2007), “The Effect of Environmental Perceptions on Behavioral Intentions Through Emotions: The Case of Upscale Restaurants,” Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Research, Vol. 31 No. 1, pp. 56–72.
- Tom, G., Barnett, T., Lew, W., & Selmants, J. (1987), “Cueing The Customer: The Role of Salient Cues in Consumer Perception,” Journal of Consumer Marketing, Vol. 4 Spring, pp. 23–8.
- Tombs, A., & McColl-Kennedy, J.R. (2003), “Social-Servicescape Conceptual Model,” Marketing Theory, Vol. 3 No. 4, pp. 447–75.
- Turley, L.W., & Milliman, R.E. (2000), “Atmospheric Effects on Shopping Behaviour: A Review of The Experimental Evidence,” Journal of Business Research, Vol. 49 No. 2, pp. 193–211.
- Ünal, S., Akkuş, G., & Akkuş, Ç. (2014), “Yiyecek İçecek İşletmelerinde Atmosfer, Duygu, Memnuniyet ve Davranışsal Sadakat İlişkisi,” Gazi Üniversitesi Turizm Fakültesi Dergisi, Vol. 1, pp. 23–49.
- Vilnai-Yavetz, I., & Gilboa, S. (2010), “The Effect of Servicescape Cleanliness on Customer Reactions,” Services Marketing Quarterly, Vol. 31, pp. 213–34.
- Wakefield, K.L., & Blodgett, J.G. (1996), “The Effect of The Servicescape on Customers’ Behavioural Intentions in Leisure Service Settings,” Journal of Services Marketing, Vol. 10 No. 6, pp. 45–61.
- Yalch, R.F., & Spangenberg, E. (1988), “An Environmental Psychological Study of Foreground and Background Music As Retail Atmospheric Factors,” in Walle, A.W. (Ed.), Efficiency and Effectiveness in Marketing: AMA Educators’ Proceedings, American Marketing Association, Chicago, IL, pp. 106–10.
- Yalch, R.F., & Spangenberg, E.R. (1990), “Effects of Store Music on Shopping Behaviour,” Journal of Consumer Marketing, Vol. 7 No. 2, pp. 55–63.
- Zeithaml, V.A., Berry, L.L., & Parasuraman, A. (1996), “The Behavioral Consequences of Service Quality,” Journal of Marketing, Vol. 60 No. 2, pp. 31–46.
- Zeithaml, V.A., Bitner, M.J., & Gremler, D.D. (2006), Services Marketing: Integrating Customer Focus across The Firm (4th ed.), McGraw-Hill, New York
Year 2019,
Volume: 6 Issue: 2, 255 - 270, 01.11.2019
Nuray Türker
,
Samet Gökkaya
,
Ayşegül Acar
References
- Areni, C.S., & Kim, D. (1993), “The Influence of Background Music on Shopping Behaviour: Classical Versus Top-40 Music in A Wine Store,” in McAlister, L. and Rothschild, M.L. (Eds), Advances in Consumer Research, Association for Consumer Research, Provo, UT, pp. 336–40.
- Areni, C.S., & Kim, D. (1994), “The Influence of In-Store Lighting on Consumers’ Examination of Merchandise in A Wine Store,” International Journal of Research in Marketing, Vol. 11, pp. 117–25.
- Arneill, A.B., & Devlin, A.S. (2002), “Perceived Quality of Care: The Influence of The Waiting Room Environment,” Journal of Environmental Psychology, Vol. 22, pp. 345–60.
- Baker, J. (1987), “The Role of The Environment in Marketing Services: The Consumer Perspective,” in Czepiel, J., Congram, C.A., and Shanahan, J. (Eds), The Services Challenge: Integrating for Competitive Advantage, American Marketing Association, Chicago, IL, pp. 79–84.
- Baker, J., Levy, M., & Grewal, D. (1992), “An Experimental Approach to Making Retail Store Environmental Decisions,” Journal of Retailing, Vol. 68 No. 4, pp. 445–60.
- Baker, J., Parasuraman, A., Grewal, D. & Voss, G.B. (2002), “The İnfluence of Multiple Store Environment Cues on Perceived Merchandise Value and Patronage İntentions”, Journal of Marketing, Vol. 66 No. 2, pp. 120-41.
- Bitner, M. J. (1992), “Servicescapes: The Impact of Physical Surroundings on Customers and Employees,” Journal of Marketing, Vol. 56 No. 2, pp. 57–71.
- Booms, B. H., & Bitner, M. J. (1982), “Marketing Services by Managing The Environment,” Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, Vol. 23 No. 1, pp. 35–40.
- Cronin, J.J., Jr. (2003), “Looking Back to See Forward in Services Marketing: Some Ideas to Consider,” Managing Service Quality, Vol. 13 No. 5, pp. 332–7.
- Dubé, L., Chebat, J., & Morin, S. (1995), “The Effects of Background Music on Consumers’ Desire to Affiliate in Buyer–Seller Interactions,” Psychology and Marketing, Vol. 12 No. 4, pp. 305–19.
- Eiseman, L. (1998), Colors for Your Every Mood, Capital Books, Sterling, VA.
- Eiseman, L. (2000), Pantone Guide to Communicating with Color, North Light Books, Cincinnati, OH.
- Foxall, G.R., & Yani-de-Soriano, M.M. (2005), “Situational Influence on Consumers’ Attitude and Behaviour,” Journal of Business Research, Vol. 58, pp. 518–25.
- Gifford, R. (1988), “Light, Décor, Arousal, Comfort and Communication,” Journal of Environmental Psychology, Vol. 8, pp. 177–89.
- Hall, C.M., & Mitchell, R.D. (2008), Wine Marketing: A Practical Approach, Butterworth Heinemann, Oxford.
- Han, H.S., & Ryu, K. (2009), “The Roles of The Physical Environment, Price Perception, And Customer Satisfaction in Determining Customer Loyalty in The Family Restaurant Industry,” Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Research, Vol. 33 No. 4, pp. 487–510.
- Harris, L.C., & Ezeh, C. (2008), “Servicescape and Loyalty Intentions: An Empirical Investigation,” European Journal of Marketing, Vol. 42 No. 3/4, pp. 390–422.
- Harris, P.B., & Sachau, D. (2005), “Is Cleanliness Next to Godliness? The Role of Housekeeping in Impression Formation,” Environment and Behavior, Vol. 37 No. 1, pp. 81–101.
- Herrington, J.D. (1996), “Effects of Music in Service Environments: A Field Study,” Journal of Services Marketing, Vol. 10 No. 2, pp. 1–13.
- Hill, C.J., Garner, S.J., & Hanna, M.E. (1989), “Selection Criteria for Professional Service Providers,” Journal of Services Marketing, Vol. 3 No. 4, pp. 61–9.
- Hirsch, A.R. (1991), “Nostalgia: A Neuropsychiatric Understanding,” Paper Presented at The Annual Meeting of The Association for Consumer Research, Chicago, IL, October.
- Hirsch, A.R. (1995), “Effects of ambient odours on slot-machine usage in a Las Vegas casino,” Psychology and Marketing, Vol. 12 No. 7, pp. 585–94.
- Hoffman, D.K., Kelley, S.W., & Chung, B.C. (2003), “A Cit Investigation of Servicescape Failures and Associated Recovery Strategies,” Journal of Services Marketing, Vol. 17, pp. 322–40.
- Hooper, D., Coughlan, J., & Mullen, M.R. (2013), “The Servicescape As An Antecedent to Service Quality and Behavioral Intentions,” Journal of Services Marketing, Vol. 27 No. 4, pp. 271–80.
- Hunter, B.T. (1995), “The Sales Appeals of Scents (Using Synthetic Food Scents to Increase Sales),” Consumer Research Magazine, Vol. 18 No. 10, pp. 8–10.
- Hutton, J.D., & Richardson, L.D. (1995), “Healthscapes: The Role of The Facility and Physical Environment on Consumer Attitudes, Satisfaction, Quality Assessments and Behaviours,” Health Care Management Review, Vol. 20 No. 2, pp. 48–61.
- Kearny, T., Kennedy, A., & Coughlan, J. (2007), “Servicescapes: A Review of Contemporary Empirical Research,” Sixteenth Annual Frontiers in Service Conference, San Francisco, CA, p. 58.
- Kim, W.G., & Moon, Y.J. (2009), “Customers’ Cognitive, Emotional, and Actionable Response to The Servicescape: A Test of The Moderating Effect of The Restaurant Type,” International Journal of Hospitality Management, Vol. 28, pp. 144–56.
- Kotler, P. (1973), “Atmospheric as A marketing Tool,” Journal of Retailing, Vol. 49 No. 4, pp. 48–64.
- Kryter, K.D. (1985), The Effect of Noise on Man, Academic Press, Orlando, FL.
- Lin, I.Y. (2004), “Evaluating A Servicescape: The Effect of Cognition and Emotion,” International Journal of Hospitality Management, Vol. 23, pp. 163–78.
- Lin, I.Y., & Mattila, A.S. (2010), “Restaurant Servicescape, Service Encounter, and Perceived Congruency on Customers’ Emotions and Satisfaction,” Journal of Hospitality Marketing and Management, Vol. 19 No. 8, pp. 819–41.
- Lucas, A.F. (2003), “The Determinants and Effects of Slot Servicescape Satisfaction in A Las Vegas Hotel Casino,” UNLV Gaming Research and Review Journal, Vol. 7 No. 1, pp. 1–19.
- Mattila, A.S., & Wirtz, J. (2001), “Congruency of Scent and Music As A Driver of In-Store Evaluations and Behaviour,” Journal of Retailing, Vol. 77 No. 2, pp. 273–89.
- McDonnell, A., & Hall, C. (2008), “A framework for The Evaluation of Winery Servicescapes: A New Zealand Case,” Pasos, Vol. 6 No. 2, pp. 231–47.
- Medabesh, A., & Upadhyaya, M. (2012), “Servicescape and customer substantiation of star hotels in India’s metropolitan city of Delhi,” Journal of Marketing and Communication, Vol. 8 No. 2, pp. 39-47.
- Milliman, R. (1982), “Using Background Music to Affect The Behaviour of Supermarket Shoppers,” Journal of Marketing, Vol. 46 No. 3, pp. 86–91.
- Milliman, R. (1986), “The Influence of Background Music on The Behaviour of Restaurant Patrons,” Journal of Consumer Research, Vol. 13 No. 2, pp. 286–9.
- Morrin, M., & Ratneshwar, S. (2003), “Does It Make Sense to Use Scents to Enhance Brand Memory?” Journal of Marketing Research, Vol. 40 No. 1, pp. 10–25.
- Nguyen, N., & Leblanc, G. (2002), “Contact Personnel, Physical Environment and The Perceived Corporate Image of Intangible Services by New Clients,” International Journal of Service Industry Management, Vol. 13 No. 3/4, pp. 242–62.
- North, A.C., Hargreaves, D.J., & McKendrick, J. (1999), “The Influence of In-Store Music on Wine Selections,” Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 84 No. 2, pp. 271–6.O’Neill, R.E. (1992), “How Consumers Shop,” Progressive Grocer, Vol. 71 December, pp. 62–4.
- Reichheld, F.F., Markey, R.G., Jr., & Hopton, C. (2000), “The Loyalty Effect – The Relationship Between Loyalty and Profits,” European Business Journal, Vol. 12 No. 3, pp. 134–9.Reimer, A., & Kuehn, R. (2005), “The Impact of Servicescape on Quality Perception,” European Journal of Marketing, Vol. 39, pp. 785–808.
- Ryu, K., & Han, H. (2010), “Influence of Physical Environment on Disconfirmation, Customer Satisfaction, and Customer Loyalty for First-Time and Repeat Customers in Upscale Restaurants,” International CHRIE Conference, Refereed Track, paper 13.
- Ryu, K., & Jang, S. (2007), “The Effect of Environmental Perceptions on Behavioral Intentions Through Emotions: The Case of Upscale Restaurants,” Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Research, Vol. 31 No. 1, pp. 56–72.
- Tom, G., Barnett, T., Lew, W., & Selmants, J. (1987), “Cueing The Customer: The Role of Salient Cues in Consumer Perception,” Journal of Consumer Marketing, Vol. 4 Spring, pp. 23–8.
- Tombs, A., & McColl-Kennedy, J.R. (2003), “Social-Servicescape Conceptual Model,” Marketing Theory, Vol. 3 No. 4, pp. 447–75.
- Turley, L.W., & Milliman, R.E. (2000), “Atmospheric Effects on Shopping Behaviour: A Review of The Experimental Evidence,” Journal of Business Research, Vol. 49 No. 2, pp. 193–211.
- Ünal, S., Akkuş, G., & Akkuş, Ç. (2014), “Yiyecek İçecek İşletmelerinde Atmosfer, Duygu, Memnuniyet ve Davranışsal Sadakat İlişkisi,” Gazi Üniversitesi Turizm Fakültesi Dergisi, Vol. 1, pp. 23–49.
- Vilnai-Yavetz, I., & Gilboa, S. (2010), “The Effect of Servicescape Cleanliness on Customer Reactions,” Services Marketing Quarterly, Vol. 31, pp. 213–34.
- Wakefield, K.L., & Blodgett, J.G. (1996), “The Effect of The Servicescape on Customers’ Behavioural Intentions in Leisure Service Settings,” Journal of Services Marketing, Vol. 10 No. 6, pp. 45–61.
- Yalch, R.F., & Spangenberg, E. (1988), “An Environmental Psychological Study of Foreground and Background Music As Retail Atmospheric Factors,” in Walle, A.W. (Ed.), Efficiency and Effectiveness in Marketing: AMA Educators’ Proceedings, American Marketing Association, Chicago, IL, pp. 106–10.
- Yalch, R.F., & Spangenberg, E.R. (1990), “Effects of Store Music on Shopping Behaviour,” Journal of Consumer Marketing, Vol. 7 No. 2, pp. 55–63.
- Zeithaml, V.A., Berry, L.L., & Parasuraman, A. (1996), “The Behavioral Consequences of Service Quality,” Journal of Marketing, Vol. 60 No. 2, pp. 31–46.
- Zeithaml, V.A., Bitner, M.J., & Gremler, D.D. (2006), Services Marketing: Integrating Customer Focus across The Firm (4th ed.), McGraw-Hill, New York