Year 2019,
Volume: 6 Issue: 2, 75 - 97, 01.11.2019
Zuhal Çilingir Ük
,
Yaşar Gültekin
,
Burak Arslan
References
- Adachi, T. (2013). Occupational gender stereotypes: Is the ratio of women to men a powerful determinant?, Psychological Reports, Vol. 112, No.2, 640-650.
- Allport, G. (1954). The Nature of Prejudice, Addison-Wesley, Cambridge, MA.
- Arlı, E. (2013). Deniz turizm sektöründe algılanan cinsiyet ayrımcılığı ve cinsiyet önyargısı: Karamürsel meslek yüksekokulu öğrencileri üzerine bir araştırma, Çalışma ve Toplum, Cilt. 38, Sayı:3, 238-302.
- Blumer, H. (1969). Symbolic Interaction, Perspective and Method, Englewood Cliff, Berkeley.
- Devine, P. (1989). Stereotypes and prejudice: Their automatic and controlled components, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 56, No.1, 5–18.
- Drake, C. E., Primeaux, S., & Thomas, J. (2018). Comparing implicit gender stereotypes between women and men with the implicit relational assessment procedure, Gender Issues, Vol. 35, No.1, 3-20.
- Duncan, B. L. (1976). Differential social perception and attribution of intergroup violence: testing the lowerlimits of stereotyping of blacks, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 34, No.4, 590–598.
- Eagly, A. H., & Steffen, V. J. (1984). Gender stereotypes stem from the distribution of women and men into social roles. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 46, No.4, 735-754.
- Eagly, A. H., & Wood, W. (2011). Social role theory, Handbook of Theories in Social Psychology, Vol. 2, 458-476.
- Forsman, J. A., & Barth, J. M. (2017). The effect of occupational gender stereotypes on men’s interest in female-dominated occupations, Sex Roles, Vol. 76, No.7-8, 460-472.
- Gadassi, R., & Gati, I. (2009). The effect of gender stereotypes on explicit and implicit career preferences, The Counseling Psychologist, Vol. 37, No.6, 902-922.
- Gaertner, S. L., & Dovidio, J. F. (1986). The aversive form of racism. In J. F. Dovidio, & S. L. Gaertner (Eds.) Prejudice, Discrimination and Racism, New York: Academic Press, 61-89.
- Gottfredson, L. S. (1981). Circumscription and compromise: A developmental theory of occupational aspirations, Journal of Counseling psychology, Vol. 28, No.6, 545-579.
- Güngör, Ö. (2013). Sosyolojik bir teori olarak sembolik etkileşimciliğin ontolojik temeli ve din olgusu, Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, Cilt. 13, Sayı:1, 57-91.
- Hamilton, D. L. (1979). A cognitive-attributional analysis of stereotyping, In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, New York: Academic Press, Vol. 12, 53-84.
- Kaplan, B. (1957). Personality and social structure, (Edit. Gittler, Joseph B.), Review of Sociology, New York: John Wiley&Sons Inc, NY.
- Katz, D., & Braly, K. W. (1933). Racial stereotypes of 100 college students, Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, Vol. 28, No.3, 28–290.
- Kendall, L. (2011). White and nerdy: Computers, race, and the nerd stereotype, The Journal of Popular Culture, Vol. 44, No.3, 505-524.
- Kuzgun, Y. (2006). Meslek Gelişimi ve Danışmanlığı, Nobel Yayınevi, Ankara.
- Linton, R. (1936) The Study of Man, New York, D. Appleton-Century Camp. Inc.
- Lippmann, W. (1922). Stereotypes, Public Opinion and the Press, Nueva York: Mcmillan Publishing Co.
- Luoh, H. F., & Tsaur, S. H. (2007). Gender stereotypes and service quality in customer–waitperson encounters, Total Quality Management, Vol. 18, No.9, 1035-1054.
- Mead, G. H. (1934). Mind, self and society, University of Chicago Press., Chicago, 173-178.
- Miller, L., & Hayward, R. (2006). New jobs, old occupational stereotypes: gender and jobs in the new economy, Journal of Education and Work, Vol. 19, No.1, 67-93.
- Oswald, D. L. (2008). Gender stereotypes and women's reports of liking and ability in traditionally masculine and feminine occupations, Psychology of Women Quarterly, Vol. 32, No.2, 196-203.
- Peters, K., Ryan, M. K., & Haslam, S. A. (2015). Marines, medics, and machismo: Lack of fit with masculine occupational stereotypes discourages men's participation, British Journal of Psychology, Vol. 106, No.4, 635-655.
- Pinar, M., McCuddy, M. K., Birkan, I., & Kozak, M. (2011). Gender diversity in the hospitality industry: An empirical study in Turkey, International Journal of Hospitality Management, Vol. 30, No.1, 73-81.
- Rosenberg, M. (1979). Conceiving the Self, New York: Basic Books, NY.
- Rothbart, M. (1981). Memory processes and social beliefs, In D. L. Hamilton (Ed.) cognitive processes in stereotyping and intergroup behavior, Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 145-182.
- Sagar, H. A., & Schofield, J. W. (1980). Racial and behavioral cues in black and white children’s perceptions of ambiguously aggressive cues, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 39, No.4, 590–598.
- Sirgy, M. J. and Su, C. (2000). Destination image, self-congruity and travel behaviour: Toward an integrative model, Journal of Travel Research. Vol. 38, No.2, 340-352.
- Şahin, M. C. (2005). Türkiye’de gençliğin toplumsal kimliği ve popüler tüketim kültürü, Gazi Üniversitesi Gazi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, Cilt. 25, Sayı:2, 157-181.
- Sahin, M. C., Basfirinci, C., Cilingir Uk, Z., (2017). Gender-based food stereotypes among Turkish university students, Young Consumers, Vol. 18, No.3, 223-244.
- Ulas, O., Demirtas-Zorbaz, S., & Kizildag, S. (2016). Perception of various professions in Turkey, Journal of Teaching and Education, Vol. 5, No.1, 739–744.
- Vatandaş, C. (2007). Toplumsal cinsiyet ve cinsiyet rollerinin algılanışı, Sosyoloji Konferansları, Sayı:35, 29-56.
Turizm Sektöründe Mesleki Toplumsal Cinsiyet Algılamalarının Belirlenmesi: Üniversite Öğrencileri Üzerine Bir Uygulama
Year 2019,
Volume: 6 Issue: 2, 75 - 97, 01.11.2019
Zuhal Çilingir Ük
,
Yaşar Gültekin
,
Burak Arslan
Abstract
Bu çalışmanın amacı, turizm
sektöründe yer alan 10 farklı iş pozisyonuna yönelik mesleki toplumsal cinsiyet
algılamalarını ortaya koymaktır. Hayali senaryo tekniğinden yararlanılarak 388
üniversite öğrencisinden elde edilen veriler ile turizm sektöründeki
mesleklerinin cinsiyet algısı belirlenmeye çalışılmıştır. Çalışmada ayrıca
katılımcıların mesleğe yönelik bilgi düzeylerinin mesleki toplumsal cinsiyet
algılamaları üzerinde fark yaratıp yaratmadığını tespit etmek için turizm
eğitimi alıp almadıkları, sektörel deneyime sahip olup olmadıkları, konaklama
ve yurtdışı deneyimleri de ölçülmüştür. Sonuç olarak, çalışmaya katılan
üniversite öğrencilerinin cinsiyetlerinin turizm sektöründeki iş pozisyonlarına
yönelik cinsiyet algılarında anlamlı bir farka sebep olduğu görülmekte iken
mesleğe yönelik bilginin (eğitim ve deneyimlerin) etkisinin sınırlı olduğu
söylenebilir. Literatüre yansıdığı kadarı ile turizm sektöründe mesleki
toplumsal cinsiyet algılamalarının çözümlenmesine yönelik bir araştırmanın
olmaması çalışmanın özgün değerini oluşturmaktadır.
References
- Adachi, T. (2013). Occupational gender stereotypes: Is the ratio of women to men a powerful determinant?, Psychological Reports, Vol. 112, No.2, 640-650.
- Allport, G. (1954). The Nature of Prejudice, Addison-Wesley, Cambridge, MA.
- Arlı, E. (2013). Deniz turizm sektöründe algılanan cinsiyet ayrımcılığı ve cinsiyet önyargısı: Karamürsel meslek yüksekokulu öğrencileri üzerine bir araştırma, Çalışma ve Toplum, Cilt. 38, Sayı:3, 238-302.
- Blumer, H. (1969). Symbolic Interaction, Perspective and Method, Englewood Cliff, Berkeley.
- Devine, P. (1989). Stereotypes and prejudice: Their automatic and controlled components, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 56, No.1, 5–18.
- Drake, C. E., Primeaux, S., & Thomas, J. (2018). Comparing implicit gender stereotypes between women and men with the implicit relational assessment procedure, Gender Issues, Vol. 35, No.1, 3-20.
- Duncan, B. L. (1976). Differential social perception and attribution of intergroup violence: testing the lowerlimits of stereotyping of blacks, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 34, No.4, 590–598.
- Eagly, A. H., & Steffen, V. J. (1984). Gender stereotypes stem from the distribution of women and men into social roles. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 46, No.4, 735-754.
- Eagly, A. H., & Wood, W. (2011). Social role theory, Handbook of Theories in Social Psychology, Vol. 2, 458-476.
- Forsman, J. A., & Barth, J. M. (2017). The effect of occupational gender stereotypes on men’s interest in female-dominated occupations, Sex Roles, Vol. 76, No.7-8, 460-472.
- Gadassi, R., & Gati, I. (2009). The effect of gender stereotypes on explicit and implicit career preferences, The Counseling Psychologist, Vol. 37, No.6, 902-922.
- Gaertner, S. L., & Dovidio, J. F. (1986). The aversive form of racism. In J. F. Dovidio, & S. L. Gaertner (Eds.) Prejudice, Discrimination and Racism, New York: Academic Press, 61-89.
- Gottfredson, L. S. (1981). Circumscription and compromise: A developmental theory of occupational aspirations, Journal of Counseling psychology, Vol. 28, No.6, 545-579.
- Güngör, Ö. (2013). Sosyolojik bir teori olarak sembolik etkileşimciliğin ontolojik temeli ve din olgusu, Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, Cilt. 13, Sayı:1, 57-91.
- Hamilton, D. L. (1979). A cognitive-attributional analysis of stereotyping, In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, New York: Academic Press, Vol. 12, 53-84.
- Kaplan, B. (1957). Personality and social structure, (Edit. Gittler, Joseph B.), Review of Sociology, New York: John Wiley&Sons Inc, NY.
- Katz, D., & Braly, K. W. (1933). Racial stereotypes of 100 college students, Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, Vol. 28, No.3, 28–290.
- Kendall, L. (2011). White and nerdy: Computers, race, and the nerd stereotype, The Journal of Popular Culture, Vol. 44, No.3, 505-524.
- Kuzgun, Y. (2006). Meslek Gelişimi ve Danışmanlığı, Nobel Yayınevi, Ankara.
- Linton, R. (1936) The Study of Man, New York, D. Appleton-Century Camp. Inc.
- Lippmann, W. (1922). Stereotypes, Public Opinion and the Press, Nueva York: Mcmillan Publishing Co.
- Luoh, H. F., & Tsaur, S. H. (2007). Gender stereotypes and service quality in customer–waitperson encounters, Total Quality Management, Vol. 18, No.9, 1035-1054.
- Mead, G. H. (1934). Mind, self and society, University of Chicago Press., Chicago, 173-178.
- Miller, L., & Hayward, R. (2006). New jobs, old occupational stereotypes: gender and jobs in the new economy, Journal of Education and Work, Vol. 19, No.1, 67-93.
- Oswald, D. L. (2008). Gender stereotypes and women's reports of liking and ability in traditionally masculine and feminine occupations, Psychology of Women Quarterly, Vol. 32, No.2, 196-203.
- Peters, K., Ryan, M. K., & Haslam, S. A. (2015). Marines, medics, and machismo: Lack of fit with masculine occupational stereotypes discourages men's participation, British Journal of Psychology, Vol. 106, No.4, 635-655.
- Pinar, M., McCuddy, M. K., Birkan, I., & Kozak, M. (2011). Gender diversity in the hospitality industry: An empirical study in Turkey, International Journal of Hospitality Management, Vol. 30, No.1, 73-81.
- Rosenberg, M. (1979). Conceiving the Self, New York: Basic Books, NY.
- Rothbart, M. (1981). Memory processes and social beliefs, In D. L. Hamilton (Ed.) cognitive processes in stereotyping and intergroup behavior, Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 145-182.
- Sagar, H. A., & Schofield, J. W. (1980). Racial and behavioral cues in black and white children’s perceptions of ambiguously aggressive cues, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 39, No.4, 590–598.
- Sirgy, M. J. and Su, C. (2000). Destination image, self-congruity and travel behaviour: Toward an integrative model, Journal of Travel Research. Vol. 38, No.2, 340-352.
- Şahin, M. C. (2005). Türkiye’de gençliğin toplumsal kimliği ve popüler tüketim kültürü, Gazi Üniversitesi Gazi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, Cilt. 25, Sayı:2, 157-181.
- Sahin, M. C., Basfirinci, C., Cilingir Uk, Z., (2017). Gender-based food stereotypes among Turkish university students, Young Consumers, Vol. 18, No.3, 223-244.
- Ulas, O., Demirtas-Zorbaz, S., & Kizildag, S. (2016). Perception of various professions in Turkey, Journal of Teaching and Education, Vol. 5, No.1, 739–744.
- Vatandaş, C. (2007). Toplumsal cinsiyet ve cinsiyet rollerinin algılanışı, Sosyoloji Konferansları, Sayı:35, 29-56.