Research Article
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Türkiye’de yabancı turist girişleri ve askeri harcamalar arasındaki ilişki

Year 2021, Volume: 3 Issue: 2, 111 - 117, 31.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.53601/tourismandrecreation.1027684

Abstract

Turizm sektörü hem yerel hem de uluslararası sosyal, ekonomik ve siyasal gelişmelere anında tepki veren kırılgan bir sektördür. Dolayısıyla sektörün ulusal güvenlik konusunda son derece hassas olduğu ileri sürülebilir. Bilindiği gibi Türkiye önemli bir turizm merkezidir ve jeo-stratejik konumundan kaynaklanan içsel ve dışsal bazı tehditler nedeniyle birtakım güvenlik problemleri taşımaktadır. Çalışmanın amacı Türkiye bağlamında yabancı turist girişleri ile askeri harcamalar arasındaki kısa ve uzun dönem ilişkileri ARDL modeli kullanarak,1994-2019 dönemi itibarıyla tahmin etmektir. Modelde yabancı turist girişleri ile askeri harcama değişkenleri dışında kontrol değişkenleri olarak karbondioksit salınımı, GSYİH ve dışa açıklık değişkenleri kullanılmıştır. Çalışmada yabancı turist girişleri ile askeri harcamalar arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı negatif bir ilişki bulunmuştur. Yani askeri harcamalarda meydana gelen artış yabancı turist girişlerini olumsuz yönde etkilemektedir. Modelin hata düzeltme katsayısı da istatistiksel olarak anlamlı ve negatif bulunmuştur.

References

  • Asongo, S A. & Acha-Anyi, P N. (2020). Global Tourism and Waves of Terror: Perspective from Military Expenditure, Journal of Policy Research in Tourism, Leisure and Events, 12(2), 239-261.
  • Buigut, S. & Amendah, D.D. (2016). Effect of Terrorism on Demand for Tourism in Kenya, Tourism Economics, 22(5), 928-938.
  • Drakos, K. & Kutan, A.M. (2003). Regional Effects of Terrorism on Tourism in Three Mediterrnean Countries, Journal of Conflict Resolution, 47(5), 621-641.
  • Feridun, M. & Shahbaz, M. (2010). Fighting Terrorism: Are Military Measures Effective? Empirical Evidence from Turkey, Defence and Peace Economics, 21(2), 193-205.
  • Fourie, J., Rosello-Nadal, J. & Santana-Gallego, M. (2020), Fatal Attraction: How Security Threats Hurt Tourism, Journal of Travel Research, 59(2), 209-219.
  • Gupta, S., Clemens, B., Bhattacharya, R. & Chakravarti, S. (2004). Fiscal Consequences of Armed Conflict and Terrorism in lowand-middle-income Countries, IMF Working Paper: Fiscal Affairs Dep., WP/02/142, https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/wp/2002/wp02142.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 01.08.2021.
  • Jesmy, S., Zaini, M. & Shri, D. (2016). Do Military Expenditure and Conflict Affect Economic Growth in Sri Lanka? Evidence from ARDL Bounds Test Approach, International Journal of Economics and Finance, 8(3), 1-14.
  • Llorca-Vivero, R. (2008). Tourism and International Tourism: New Evidence, Defence and Peace Economics, 19(2), 169-188.
  • Nadeem, M A, Niu, Z, Xu, Y, Nawza, K, Malik, M Y. & Younis, A. (2020). Impacts of Terrorism, Governance Structure, Military Expenditures and Infrastructures upon Tourism, Eurasian Business Review, 10(1), 185-206.
  • Nassani, A A, Zaman, K., Aldakhil, A M. & Abro, M M Q. (2017). War Economy and Pleasure: assessing the effects of military expenditure on tourism growth, Quality and Quantity: International Journal of Methodology, 51(4), 1733-1754.
  • OECD, (2020). Tourism Trend and Policies 2020 (Rapor), oecdilibrary.org, Erişim Tarihi: 01.08.2021. Okafor, L E. & Khalid, U. (2021). Regaining International Tourism Attractiveness After Armed Conflict: the role of security spending, Current Issues on Tourism, 24(3), 385-402.
  • Pesaran M H., Shin Y. & Smith R J. (2001). Bounds Model Approaches to the Analysis of Level Relationships, Journal of Applied Econometrics. 16(3), 289-326.
  • Santamaria, E C. (2021). Terrorism and Tourism: Evidence from a Panel OLS Estimation, Review of Economics and Finance, 19(1), 107-115.
  • Trogish, L. & Fletcher, R. (2020). Fortress Tourism: exploring Dynamics of tourism, security and peace around Virungia transboundary conservation area, Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 1-21, https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2020.1857767, Erişim Tarihi: 01.08.2021.
  • UNCTAD, (2021). Covid 19 and Tourism: Assessing the Economic Consequences 2021 (Rapor), unctad.org/system/files/officialdocument/ditcinf2021d3_0.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 01.08.2021.
  • Walters, G., Wallin, A. & Hartley, N. (2019). The Threat of Terrorism and Tourist Choice Behavior, Journal of Travel Research, 58(3), 370-382.

The relationship between foreign tourist inbounds and military expenditures in Turkey

Year 2021, Volume: 3 Issue: 2, 111 - 117, 31.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.53601/tourismandrecreation.1027684

Abstract

Tourism sector is a fragile sector that instantly reacts to both local and international social, economic and political developments. Therefore, it can be argued that the sector is extremely sensitive to national security. As known, Turkey is an important tourism center and carries some security problems due to the some internal and external threats stemming from its geostrategic location. The aim of the study is to estimate the both short and long term relationships between foreign tourist inbounds and military expenditures in the context of Turkey by using ARDL model for the period 1994-2019. Apart from the foreign tourist inbounds and military expenditures variables, carbon dioxide emissions, GDP and openness variables were used as control variables in the model. In the study, a statistically significant negative relationship was found between foreign tourist inbounds and military expenditures. In other words, the increase in military expenditures affects foreign tourist arrivals negatively. It was also found that the error correction coefficient of the model is statistically significant and negative.

References

  • Asongo, S A. & Acha-Anyi, P N. (2020). Global Tourism and Waves of Terror: Perspective from Military Expenditure, Journal of Policy Research in Tourism, Leisure and Events, 12(2), 239-261.
  • Buigut, S. & Amendah, D.D. (2016). Effect of Terrorism on Demand for Tourism in Kenya, Tourism Economics, 22(5), 928-938.
  • Drakos, K. & Kutan, A.M. (2003). Regional Effects of Terrorism on Tourism in Three Mediterrnean Countries, Journal of Conflict Resolution, 47(5), 621-641.
  • Feridun, M. & Shahbaz, M. (2010). Fighting Terrorism: Are Military Measures Effective? Empirical Evidence from Turkey, Defence and Peace Economics, 21(2), 193-205.
  • Fourie, J., Rosello-Nadal, J. & Santana-Gallego, M. (2020), Fatal Attraction: How Security Threats Hurt Tourism, Journal of Travel Research, 59(2), 209-219.
  • Gupta, S., Clemens, B., Bhattacharya, R. & Chakravarti, S. (2004). Fiscal Consequences of Armed Conflict and Terrorism in lowand-middle-income Countries, IMF Working Paper: Fiscal Affairs Dep., WP/02/142, https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/wp/2002/wp02142.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 01.08.2021.
  • Jesmy, S., Zaini, M. & Shri, D. (2016). Do Military Expenditure and Conflict Affect Economic Growth in Sri Lanka? Evidence from ARDL Bounds Test Approach, International Journal of Economics and Finance, 8(3), 1-14.
  • Llorca-Vivero, R. (2008). Tourism and International Tourism: New Evidence, Defence and Peace Economics, 19(2), 169-188.
  • Nadeem, M A, Niu, Z, Xu, Y, Nawza, K, Malik, M Y. & Younis, A. (2020). Impacts of Terrorism, Governance Structure, Military Expenditures and Infrastructures upon Tourism, Eurasian Business Review, 10(1), 185-206.
  • Nassani, A A, Zaman, K., Aldakhil, A M. & Abro, M M Q. (2017). War Economy and Pleasure: assessing the effects of military expenditure on tourism growth, Quality and Quantity: International Journal of Methodology, 51(4), 1733-1754.
  • OECD, (2020). Tourism Trend and Policies 2020 (Rapor), oecdilibrary.org, Erişim Tarihi: 01.08.2021. Okafor, L E. & Khalid, U. (2021). Regaining International Tourism Attractiveness After Armed Conflict: the role of security spending, Current Issues on Tourism, 24(3), 385-402.
  • Pesaran M H., Shin Y. & Smith R J. (2001). Bounds Model Approaches to the Analysis of Level Relationships, Journal of Applied Econometrics. 16(3), 289-326.
  • Santamaria, E C. (2021). Terrorism and Tourism: Evidence from a Panel OLS Estimation, Review of Economics and Finance, 19(1), 107-115.
  • Trogish, L. & Fletcher, R. (2020). Fortress Tourism: exploring Dynamics of tourism, security and peace around Virungia transboundary conservation area, Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 1-21, https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2020.1857767, Erişim Tarihi: 01.08.2021.
  • UNCTAD, (2021). Covid 19 and Tourism: Assessing the Economic Consequences 2021 (Rapor), unctad.org/system/files/officialdocument/ditcinf2021d3_0.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 01.08.2021.
  • Walters, G., Wallin, A. & Hartley, N. (2019). The Threat of Terrorism and Tourist Choice Behavior, Journal of Travel Research, 58(3), 370-382.
There are 16 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Bayram Güngör 0000-0001-8160-0355

Publication Date December 31, 2021
Submission Date November 23, 2021
Acceptance Date December 6, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 3 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Güngör, B. (2021). Türkiye’de yabancı turist girişleri ve askeri harcamalar arasındaki ilişki. Tourism and Recreation, 3(2), 111-117. https://doi.org/10.53601/tourismandrecreation.1027684