Development of Online Trolling Scale: Validity and Reliability Study

Abstract

This study aims to develop a valid and reliable measurement tool to determine trolling in online environments. Two different study groups were used in the study. The study group for the exploratory factor analysis consisted of 493 university students (72.2% female; 27.8% male). The study group for confirmatory factor analysis consisted of 690 university students (71.7% female; 28.3% male). As a result of the exploratory factor analysis, it was seen that it consisted of 16 items and 3 sub-dimensions that explained 56.80% of the variance. The model obtained after the exploratory factor analysis was tested with confirmatory factor analysis and it was determined that the fit index values were within acceptable limits. The criterion validity of the scale was carried out with the Revised Cyberbullying Scale for University Students. Whereas the Cronbach alpha value for the entire scale was .89 for all of the scales, the same was found for sub-dimensions as .85, .73, and .66. As a result, it can be stated that the scale is a valid and reliable measurement tool.

Keywords

• Trolling
• Internet
• Social Media
• Online
• Scale Development

Çevrimiçi Trollük Ölçeğinin Geliştirilmesi: Geçerlilik ve Güvenilirlik Çalışması

Abstract

Bu çalışmanın amacı çevrimiçi ortamlarda trollüğü belirlemeye yönelik geçerli ve güvenilir bir ölçme aracının geliştirilmesidir. Araştırmada iki farklı çalışma grubu kullanılmıştır. Açımlayıcı faktör analizi için çalışma grubunu 493 üniversite öğrencisi (%72.2 kadın; %27.8 erkek) oluşturmaktadır. Doğrulayıcı faktör analizi için çalışma grubunu ise 690 üniversite öğrencisi (%71.7 kadın; %28.3 erkek) oluşturmaktadır. Gerçekleştirilen açımlayıcı faktör analizi sonucunda varyansın %56.80’ini açıklayan 16 madde ve 3 alt boyuttan oluştuğu görülmüştür. Açımlayıcı faktör analizi sonrasında elde edilen model doğrulayıcı faktör analizi ile test edilmiş ve uyum indeks değerlerinin kabul edilebilir sınırlar içerisinde olduğu belirlenmiştir. Ölçeğin, ölçüt geçerliği ise Üniversite Öğrencileri İçin Yenilenmiş Siber Zorbalık Ölçeği ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Ölçeğin tamamı için cronbach alfa değeri .89 iken alt boyutları için .85, .73 ve .66 olarak bulunmuştur. Sonuç olarak ölçeğin geçerli ve güvenilir bir ölçme aracı olduğu ifade edilebilir.

Keywords

• Trollük
• İnternet
• Sosyal Medya
• Çevrimiçi
• Ölçek Geliştirme

References

1. Bakioğlu, F. (2017). Internet addiction and social self-efficacy: The mediator role of loneliness. Annals of Psychology, 36(3), 435-442. https://doi.org/10.6018/analesps.394031.
2. Bentley, L. A., & Cowan, D. G. (2021). The socially dominant troll: Acceptance attitudes towards trolling. Personality and Individual Differences, 173, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2021.110628
3. Buckels, E. E., Trapnell, P. D., Andjelovic, T., & Paulhus, D. L. (2019). Internet trolling and everyday sadism: Parallel effects on pain perception and moral judgment. Journal of Personality, 87(2), 328–340. https://doi.org/10.1111/jopy.12393
4. Büyükzötürk, Ş. (2020). Sosyal bilimler için veri analizi el kitabı istatistik, araştırma deseni SPSS uygulamaları ve yorum. Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
5. Craker, N., & March, E. (2016). The dark side of Facebook®: The Dark Tetrad, negative social potency, and trolling behaviours. Personality and Individual Differences, 102, 79-84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.06.043
6. Çelik, E. H., & Yılmaz, V. (2013). LISREL 9.1 ile yapısal eşitlik modellemesi temel kavramlar, uygulamalar, programlama (2.Baskı). Ankara: Anı Yayıncılık.
7. Çokluk, Ö., Şekercioğlu, G., & Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2014). Sosyal bilimler için çok değişkenli istatistik SPSS ve Lisrel uygulamaları. Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
8. Çokluk, Ö., Şekercioğlu, G., & Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2018). Sosyal bilimler için çok değişkenli istatistik SPSS ve LISREL uygulamaları. Ankara: Pegem Akademi.

9. Fichman, P., & Sanfilippo, M. R. (2015). The Bad Boys and Girls of Cyberspace: How Gender and Context Impact Perception of and Reaction to Trolling. Social Science Computer Review, 33(2), 163–180. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894439314533169
10. Griffiths, M. D. (2014). Adolescent trolling in online environments: A brief overview. Education and Health, 32(3), 85–87.
11. Hannan, J. (2018). trolling ourselves to death? social media and post-truth politics. Europan Journal of Communication, 33(2), 214-226. https://doi.org/10.1177/026732311876032
12. Herring, S., Job-Sluder, K., Scheckler, R., & Barab, S. (2002). Searching for safety online: Managing “trolling” in a feminist forum. Information Society, 18(5), 371–384. https://doi.org/10.1080/01972240290108186
13. Karagöz, Y. (2016). SPSS 23 ve AMOS 23 uygulamalı istatistiksel analizler. Ankara: Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık.
14. Kızıltepe, F. (2019). Developing an Online Trolling Behavior Scale and investigating awareness of trolling behavior. (Thesis No. 585305) [Master thesis, Atatürk University-Erzurum]. Council of Higher Education Thesis Center.
15. Kokkinos, C. M., & Antoniadou, N. (2019). Cyber-bullying and cyber-victimization among undergraduate student teachers through the lens of the General Aggression Model. Computers in Human Behavior, 98(April), 59–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2019.04.007
16. Manuoğlu, E. (2020). differences between trolling and cyberbullying and examination of trollingfrom self-determination theory perspective. (Thesis No. 631897) [Doctoral thesis, Middle East Tehnical University-Ankara]. Council of Higher Education Thesis Center.
17. Masui, K. (2019). Loneliness moderates the relationship between Dark Tetrad personality traits and internet trolling. Personality and Individual Differences, 150(July), 109475. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2019.06.018
18. Moor, L., & Anderson, J. R. (2019). A systematic literature review of the relationship between dark personality traits and antisocial online behaviours. Personality and Individual Differences, 144(August 2018), 40–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2019.02.027
19. Navarro-Carrillo, G., Torres-Marín, J., & Carretero-Dios, H. (2021). Do trolls just want to have fun? Assessing the role of humor-related traits in online trolling behavior. Computers in Human Behavior, 114(May 2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106551
20. Özteke Kozan, H. İ., & Hamarta, E. (2017). Body Image in Emerging Adulthood: The Role of Attachment and Social Appearance Anxiety. Turkish Psychological Counseling and Guidance Journal, 7(48), 63-81.
21. Peker, A. (2019). Rehberlik öğretmeni adaylarında dikkat kontrolünün siber zorbalığa ilişkin duyarlılık üzerindeki yordayıcı rolü. Milli Eğitim, 49(25), 343-368.
22. Sanfilippo, M., Yang, S., & Fichman, P. (2017). Trolling here, there, and everywhere: Perceptions of trolling behaviors in context. Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology, 68(10), 2313–2327. https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.23902
23. Savci M, Aysan F. (2017). Technological addictions and social connectedness: predictor effect of internet addiction, social media addiction, digital game addiction and smartphone addiction on social connectedness. Dusunen Adam The Journal of Psychiatry and Neurological Sciences, 30(3), 202-216. https://doi.org/10.5350/DAJPN2017300304.
24. Savcı, M., Akat, M., Ercengiz, M., Griffiths, M. D., & Aysan, F. (2020). problematic social media use and social connectedness in adolescence: The mediating and moderating role of family life satisfaciton. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00410-0
25. Savcı, M., Ercengiz, M., Yıldız, B., Griffiths, M. D., & Aysan, F. (2021). Can risky behaviors, gaming addiction, and family sense of coherence accurately classify gender among university students?. Current Psychology, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-020-01284-0.
26. Seigfried-Spellar, K. C., & Lankford, C. M. (2018). Personality and online environment factors differ for posters, trolls, lurkers, and confessors on Yik Yak. Personality and Individual Differences, 124(December), 54–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.11.047
27. Sest, N., & March, E. (2017). Constructing the cyber-troll: Psychopathy, sadism, and empathy. Personality and Individual Differences, 119, 69–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.06.038
28. Shachaf, P., & Hara, N. (2010). Beyond vandalism: Wikipedia trolls. Journal of Information Science, 36(3), 357–370. https://doi.org/10.1177/0165551510365390
29. Sun, Q., & Shen, C. (2021). Who would respond to A troll? A social network analysis of reactions to trolls in online communities. Computers in Human Behavior, 121, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2021.106786
30. Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2015). Çok değişkenli istatistiklerin kullanımı. (Çev. Ed. Mustafa Baloğlu). Ankara: Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık.
31. Tanrıkulu, İ., & Erdur-Baker, Ö. (2020). Psychometric properties of a cyberbullying ınventory for university students. British Journal of Guidance & Counseling, https://doi.org/10.1080/03069885.2020.1775174
32. Thacker, S., & Griffiths, M. D. (2012). An Exploratory Study of Trolling in Online Video Gaming. International Journal of Cyber Behavior, Psychology and Learning, 2(4), 17–33. https://doi.org/10.4018/ijcbpl.2012100102
33. Traş, Z., Öztemel, K., & Baltacı, U. B. (2019). Role of problematic internet use, sense of belonging and social appearance anxiety in Facebook use intensity of university students. International Education Studies, 12(8), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.5539/ies.v12n8p1
34. Zezulka, L. A., & Seigfried-Spellar, K. C. (2016). Differentiating cyberbullies and internet trolls by personality characteristics and self-esteem. Journal of Digital Forensic, Security and Law, 11(3), 7-25. https://doi.org/10.15394/jdfsl.2016.1415