Professional Help-Seeking Attitudes of Counselors-In-Training

Abstract

This research is a descriptive study examining university students’ attitudes studying at the Psychological Counseling and Guidance (PCG) undergraduate program in Turkey. Research participants are 416 subjects (333 females, 83 males) from various universities. The Attitude Scale for Getting Psychological Help and Personal Information Form collected data. Multivariate analysis of variance, Scheffe Test for multiple comparisons, and t-test analysis for independent samples were used. As a result of the research, it was found that age, academic achievement level, class level, type and duration of psychological counseling assistance previously received, type of assistance received by participants’ family members who had previously received psychological counseling help, and the environment that the participants and their families lived in had a significant impact. In addition, it was found that the participant’s attitudes towards receiving help differ significantly according to the variables of gender, the state of having had psychological counseling practice, their willingness when choosing the department, the status of the department suitable for their personality, interests, and abilities, and satisfaction with the department.

Keywords

• Help-Seeking
• Psychological Support
• Psychological Counseling
• Students of Psychological Counseling and Guidance
• Psychological Counseling

Psikolojik Danısma ve Rehberlik Öğrencilerinin Profesyonel Yardım Arama Tutumları

Abstract

Bu araştırma Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik (PDR) lisans programında öğrenim gören üniversite öğrencilerinin yardım alma tutumlarının incelendiği betimsel bir araştırmadır. PDR lisans öğrencilerinin demografik özelliklerine göre yardım alma tutumu puan ortalamalarında manidar bir fark olup olmadığı bu araştırmanın problem durumunu oluşturmaktadır. Bu amaçla, üniversitelerin PDR lisans programlarında öğrenim gören 416 öğrenciden bilgi toplanmıştır. Kullanılan ölçme araçları, Psikolojik Yardım Almaya İlişkin Tutum Ölçeği (PYATÖ) ve Kişisel Bilgi Formudur. Araştırmada nicel verilerin çözümlenmesinde çok yönlü varyans analizi (ANOVA), çoklu karşılaştırmalar için scheffe testi ve bağımsız örneklemler için t-testi analiz yöntemlerinden faydalanılmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda, katılımcıların yardım alma tutum puanı ortalamalarında, yaş, akademik başarı düzeyi, sınıf düzeyi, daha önce aldıkları psikolojik danışma yardımının türü ve süresi, daha önce ailelerinde psikolojik danışma yardımı almış bireylerin aldıkları yardımın türü, katılımcıların ve ailelerinin yaşadıkları yer değişkenlerine göre manidar bir fark olduğu bulunmuştur. Ayrıca yardım alma tutum puanı ortalamalarında, cinsiyet, daha önce psikolojik danışma yardımı almış olma durumu, bölümü seçerken kendi isteği ile gelme durumu, bölümü kendi kişilik, ilgi ve yeteneklerine uygun bulma durumu ve bölümden memnun olma durumu değişkenlerine göre manidar bir fark olduğu bulunmuştur.

Keywords

• Yardım Arama
• Psikolojik Destek
• Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Öğrencileri
• Psikolojik Danışma

References

1. Akaydın, F. S. (2002). Examining the relationship between university students' problem areas, problematic levels, problem-solving skills, and help-seeking behaviors [Unpublished master’s dissertation]. Karadeniz Technical University.
2. Al-Krenawi, A., Graham, J. R., Dean, Y. Z., & Eltaiba, N. (2004). A cross-national study of attitudes towards seeking professional help: Jordan, United Arab Emirates and Arabs in Israel. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 50(2), 102-114. 10.1177/0020764004040957
3. Arslantas, H. (2005). The attitude of seeking professional psychological help in adults and the factors affecting this [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Istanbul University.
4. Arslantaş, H., Dereboy, F., Aştı, N., & Pektekin, Ç. (2011). Yetiskinlerde profesyonel psikolojik yardim arama tutumu ve bunu etkileyen faktorler [Professional psychological help-seeking attitude in adults and affecting factors]. Journal of ADU Faculty of Medicine, 12(1), 17-23. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/meandrosmdj/issue/44185/545213
5. Aydın, M. (2017). Lisans öğrencilerinin psikolojik yardım aramaya gönüllülüklerinin incelenmesi [An investigation of undergraduate students' willingness to seek psychological help]. Journal of Yıldız Social Sciences Institute, 1(1), 76-94. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/ysbed/issue/29242/293349
6. Atik, G. & Yalcın, I. (2011). Help-seeking attitudes of university students: The role of personality traits and demographic factors. South African Journal of Psychology, 41(3), 328-338. https://doi.org/10.1177/008124631104100307
7. American Counseling Association. (1997). Governing council minutes of the September 1997 governing council meeting. Alexandria, VA. https://www.counseling.org/Sub/Minutes/Governing_Council/1997_1017.pdf
8. Benton, S.A., Robertson, J. M., Tseng, W.C., Newton, F.B., & Benton, S.L. (2003). Changes in counseling center client problems across 13 years. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 34(1), 66–72. 10.1037/0735-7028.34.1.66

9. Bicil, B. (2012). Examination of adults' intention to seek psychological help: A sample of Izmir province [Unpublished master's dissertation]. Ege University.
10. Boldero, J., & Fallon, B. (1995). Adolescent help-seeking: What do they get help for and from whom? Journal of Adolescence, 18(2), 193–209. https://doi.org/10.1006/jado.1995.1013
11. Burns, J. R., & Rapee, R. M. (2006). Adolescent mental health literacy: Young people's knowledge of depression and help-seeking. Journal of Adolescence, 29(2), 225-239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2005.05.004
12. Büyüköztürk, S. (2002). Data analysis handbook for social sciences. Ankara: Pegem Academia.
13. Cankaya, P. (2008). Examining help-seeking behaviors among nursing students [Unpublished master's dissertation]. Dokuz Eylül University.
14. Cebi, E. (2009). University student’s attitudes toward seeking psychological help: Effects of perceived social support, psychological distress, prior help-seeking experience, and gender [Unpublished master's dissertation]. Middle East Technical University.
15. Cihangir-Cankaya, Z. & Terzi, S. (2012). Üniversite öğrencilerinin yaşadıkları problemler ve psikolojik yardım arama gönüllükleri [Problems experienced by university students and volunteering to seek psychological help]. Education and Science, 37(164), 94-107. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/286062817_University_Students'_Problem_Areas_and_Psychological_Help-Seeking_Willingness
16. Coleman, D. (2015). Traditional Masculinity as a Risk Factor for Suicidal Ideation: Cross-Sectional and Prospective Evidence from a Study of Young Adults. Archives of Suicide Research, 19:3, 366-384. https://doi.org/10.1080/13811118.2014.957453
17. Cotton, S. M., Wright, A., Harris, M. G., Jorm, A. F., & McGorry, P. D. (2006). Influence of gender on mental health literacy in young Australians. Aust N Z J Psychiatry, 40(9), 790-796. 10.1080/j.1440 1614.2006.01885.x.
18. Cotter, P. M., Kaess, M., & Corcoran, P. (2015). Help-seeking behavior following school-based screening for current suicidality among European adolescents. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 50(6), 973-982. 10.1007/s00127-015-1016-3
19. Corrigan, P. (2004). How does stigma interfere with mental health? Journal of American Psychologist, 59(7), 614-625. 10.1037/0003-066X.59.7.614
20. Czyz, E. K., Horwitz, A. G., Eisenberg, D., Kramer, A., & King, C. A. (2013). Self-reported barriers to professional help-seeking among college students at elevated risk for suicide. Journal of American College Health, 61(7), 398-406. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2013.820731
21. Deane, F.P., & Chamberlain, K. (1994). Treatment fearfulness and distress as predictors of professional psychological help-seeking. British Journal of Guidance, 22(2), 207-217. 10.1080/03069889408260315
22. Dilek, C. (2010). Examining university students’ help-seeking attitudes according to some variations [Unpublished master's dissertation]. Ankara University.
23. Downs, M. F., & Eisenberg, D. (2012). Help-seeking and treatment use among suicidal college students. Journal of American College Health, 60(2), 104-114. 10.1080/07448481.2011.619611
24. Duffy, M. E., Twenge, J. M., & Joiner, T. E. (2019). Trends in mood and anxiety symptoms and suicide-related outcomes among U.S. undergraduates 2007–2018: Evidence from two national surveys. Journal of Adolescent Health, 65(5), 590-598. 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2019.04.033
25. Eisenberg, D., Golberstein, E., & Gollust, S. E. (2007). Help-seeking and access to mental health care in a university student population. Medical Care, 45(7), 594-601. 10.1097/MLR.0b013e31803bb4c1
26. Eisenberg, D., Downs, M. F., Golberstein, E., & Zivin, K. (2009). Stigma and help-seeking for mental health among college students. Medical Care Research and Review, 66(5), 522-541. 10.1177/1077558709335173
27. Franco, A., Malhotra, N., & Simonovits, G. (2014). Publication bias in the social sciences: Unlocking the file drawer. Social science, 345, 1502-1505. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1255484
28. Fischer, E. H., & Farina, A. (1995). Attitudes toward seeking professional psychological help: A shortened form and considerations for research. Journal of College Student Development, 36, 368- 373. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1996-10056-001
29. Fischer, E. H., & Turner, J. L. (1970). Orientations to seeking professional help: Development and research utility of an attitude scale, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 35, 79-90. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0020198
30. Gallagher, R. P. (2014). A national survey of college counseling centers. Alexandria, VA: International Association of Counseling Services. http://d-scholarship.pitt.edu/28178/1/survey_2014.pdf
31. Gair, S., & Camilleri, P. (2003). Attempting suicide and help-seeking behaviors: using stories from young people to inform social work practice. Australian Social Work, 56(2), 83-93. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.0312-407X.2003.00064.x
32. Gilchrist, H., & Sullivan, G. (2006). Barriers to help-seeking in young people: Community beliefs about youth suicide. Australian Social Work, 59(1), 73–85. https://doi.org/10.1080/03124070500449796
33. Goodman S. H., Sewell, D. R., & Jampol, R. C. (1984). Ongoing to a counselor: contributions of life stress and social support to the decision to seek psychological counseling. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 31(3), 306-313. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.31.3.306
34. Gomez, D. A. (2003). The relationship between perceived satisfaction of social supports focuses of control and beliefs in the efficacy of help-seeking behaviors: implications in the mobilization of social support among adolescent mothers [Doctoral dissertation]. Pace University.
35. Gulliver, A., Griffiths, K. M., & Christensen, H. (2010). Perceived barriers and facilitators to mental health help-seeking in young people: a systematic review. BMC Psychiatry, 30(10), 113. 10.1186/1471-244X 10-113
36. Hammer, J. H., Vogel, D. L., & Heimerdinger-Edwards, S. R. (2013). Men’s help-seeking: Examination of differences across community size, education, and income. Psychology of Men and Masculinity, 14(1), 65-75. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0026813
37. Haskan Avcı, Ö., Tuna, B., Büyükçolpan, H., Güngör, A. & Yörükoğlu, M. (2019). Üniversite öğrencilerinin psikolojik danışman tercihlerinin incelenmesi [Examining university students' preferences for counselors]. Turkish Journal of Guidance and Psychological Counseling, 9(52), 209-239. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/tpdrd/issue/44557/552753
38. Horsfall, J., Michelle, C., & Hunt, G. E. (2010). Stigma in mental health: Clients and professionals. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 31(7), 450-455. 10.3109/01612840903308531
39. Hugo, M. (2001). Mental health professionals’ attitudes towards people who have experienced a mental health disorder. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 8(5), 419 425. 10.1046/j.1351 0126.2001.00430.x
40. Hunt, J. & Eisenberg, D. (2010). Mental health problems and help-seeking behavior among college students. Journal of Adolescent Health, 46, 3-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2009.08.008
41. Jackson, M. B. (2016). Addressing mental health needs on college campuses: utilizing recovery principles that encourage a holistic approach, self-responsibility, strengths-based practice, cultural sensitivity, and family support [Doctoral dissertation, Pepperdine University]. Theses and Dissertations.
42. Jorm, A. F., Korten. A. E., Jacomb. P. A., Christensen, H., Rodgers, B., & Pollitt, P. (1997). Public beliefs about causes and risk factors for depression and schizophrenia. Social Psychiatry Epidemiol, 32(3), 143-148. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1997-04463-004
43. Kakhnovets, R. (2011). Relationships among personality, expectations about counseling, and help-seeking attitudes. Journal of Counseling and Development, 89, 11-19. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556 6678.2011.tb00056.x
44. Kalkan, M. & Odacı, H. (2005). The relationship of gender and gender role with attitudes towards seeking psychological help. Turkish Journal of Guidance and Psychological Counseling, 3(23), 57-64. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/tpdrd/issue/21444/229672
45. Karalp, A. (2009). Investigation of high school students' attitudes towards getting psychological help according to some variables [Unpublished master's dissertation]. Ege University.
46. Kaya, C. (2015). Attitude towards seeking professional psychological help in a sample of pre-service teachers. Bartın University Institute of Educational Science, 4(1), 224-234. 10.14686/buefad.2015111027
47. Kenney, G. E. (1994). Multicultural investigation of counseling expectations and preferences. Journal of College Student Psychotherapy, 9(1), 21–39. https://doi.org/10.1300/J035v09n01_03
48. Kılınç, A., & Granello, P. F. (2003). Overall life satisfaction and help-seeking attitudes of Turkish college students in the United States: Implications for college counselors. Journal of College Counseling, 6(1), 56. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ667544
49. Kırımlı, F. (2007). Factors affecting high school students' attitudes to seek psychological help [Unpublished master’s dissertation]. Hacettepe University.
50. Kessler, R. C., Berglund, P., Demler, O., Jin, R., Merikangas, K. R., & Walters, E. E. (2005). Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the national comorbidity survey replication. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 62(6), 593-602. 10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.593
51. Koydemir-Özden, S. & Erel, Ö. (2010). Psychological help-seeking: Role of socio-demographic variables, previous help-seeking experience, and presence of a problem. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 5, 688-693. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.07.166
52. Lei, X. Y., Xiao, L. M., Liu, Y. N., & Li, Y. M. (2016). Prevalence of depression among Chinese university students: A meta-analysis. Plus One, 11(4). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0153454
53. Mackenzie, C. S., Gekoski, W. L., & Knox, V. J. (2006). Age, gender and the underutilization of mental health services: The influence of help-seeking attitudes. Aging and Mental Health, 10(6), 574-582. 10.1080/13607860600641200
54. Mahmoud A., & Zawawi, J. (2011). Psychological help-seeking attitudes and personality factors among Jordanian college students. European Journal of Social Sciences, 25(4), 606-629. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281496027_Psychological_help_seeking_attitudes_and_personality_factors_among_jordanian_college_students
55. Meydan, B. & Lüleci, B. (2013). Previous experience of receiving psychological help perceived social support and loneliness as predictors of the attitude towards receiving psychological help among education faculty students. Page Journal of Education and Instruction, 3(4), 45-56. https://doi.org/10.14527/C3S4M3
56. Martin, L. A., Neighbors, H. W., & Griffith, D. M. (2013). The experience of symptoms of depression in men vs women: Analysis of the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. JAMA Psychiatry, 70(10), 1100-1106. 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.1985
57. Nebizade, K. (2004). Central Asian students studying in Turkey with Turkish high students’ investigation of coping with stress help search attitudes and behavior: The case of KTU [Unpublished master's dissertation]. Karadeniz Technical University.
58. Norman, J., & Rosvall, S. B. (1994). Help-seeking behavior among mental health practitioners. Clinical Social Work Journal, 22(4), 449–460. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02190333
59. Oliver, J. M., Reed, C. K. S., Katz, B. M., & Haugh, J. A. (1999). Students; self-reports of help-seeking: The impact of psychological problems, stress, and demographic variables on utilization of formal and informal support. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 27(2), 109-128. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.1999.27.2.109
60. Oliver, I., Pearson, N., Coe, N. & Gunnell, D. (2005). Help-seeking behaviors in men and women with common mental health problems: a cross-sectional study. British Journal of Psychology, 186(4), 297-301. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.186.4.297
61. Overton, S. L., & Medina, S. L. (2008). The stigma of mental illness. Journal of Counseling and Development, 86(2), 143-151. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6678.2008.tb00491.x
62. Parent, M. C., Hammer, J. H., Bradstreet, T. C., Schwartz, E. N., & Jobe, T. (2016). Men’s mental health help-seeking behaviors: An intersectional analysis. American Journal of Men's Health, 1(55). 79-88. https://doi.org/10.1177/1557988315625776
63. Pederson, E. L., & Vogel, D. L. (2007). Male gender role conflict and willingness to seek counseling: Testing a mediation model on college-aged men. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 54(4), 373-384. 10.1037/00220167.54.4.373
64. Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J. Y. Y., & Podsakoff N. P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies, Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 879-903. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.88.5.879
65. Sahin, H., & Yüksel Uyar, S. (2011). Turkish high school students’ attitudes towards seeking professional psychological help. US-China Education Review, 2, 251-259. https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.907.1554&rep=rep1&type=pdf
66. Seidler, Z. E., Dawes, A. J., Rice, S. M., Oliffe, J. L., & Dhillon, H. M. (2016). The role of masculinity in men's help-seeking for depression: A systematic review. Clinical Psychological Review, 49, 106-118. 10.1016/j.cpr.2016.09.002
67. Shea, M. & Yeh, C. J. (2008). Asian American students' cultural values, stigma, and relational self construal: Correlates of attitudes toward professional help-seeking. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 30(2), 157-172. https://doi.org/10.17744/mehc.30.2.g662g5l2r1352198
68. Shifron, R. (2010). Adler's need to belong: Mental health. The Journal of Individual Psychology, 66(1).
69. Slade, T., Johnston, A., Oakley-Browne, M. A., Andrews, G., & Whiteford, H. (2007). National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing: methods and key findings. Aust N Z J Psychiatry, 43(7), 594-605. 10.1080/00048670902970882
70. Quek, T.T. C., Tam, W.W. S., Tran, B.X., Zhang, M., Zhang, Z., Ho, C. S. H., & Ho, R.C.M. (2019). The Global prevalence of anxiety among medical students: a meta-analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(15). 2735. 10.3390/ijerph16152735
71. Raviv, A., Sills, R., & Wilansky, P. (2000). Adolescents’ help-seeking behavior: The difference between self and another referral. Journal of Adolescence, 23(6), 721-740. https://doi.org/10.1006/jado.2000.0355
72. Rotenstein, L.S., Ramos, M.A., Torre, M., Segal, J.B., Peluso, M.J., Guille, C., Sen, S., & Mata, D.A. (2016). Prevalence of depression, depressive symptoms, and suicidal ideation among medical students: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA, 316(21), 2214-2236. 10.1001/jama.2016.17324
73. Rothi, D. M., & Leavey, G. (2006). Mental health help-seeking and young people: a review. Pastoral Care in Education, 24(3), 4-13. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0122.2006.00373.x
74. Rickwood, D., Deane, F. P., Wilson, C. J., & Ciarrochi, J. (2005). Young people’s help-seeking for mental health problems. Australia E-Journal for the Advancement of Mental Health, 4(3), Supplement. https://doi.org/10.5172/jamh.4.3.218
75. Rudowicz, E., & Au, E. (2000). Help-seeking experiences of Hong Kong social work students: Implications for professional training. International Social Work, 44(1), 75-91. https://doi.org/10.1177/002087280104400107
76. Siebert, D. C., & Siebert, S. F. (2007). Help-seeking among helping professionals: A role identity perspective. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 77(1), 49-55. 10.1037/0002-9432.77.1.49
77. Simşek, P. (2016). Investigation of adult psychological help attitudes: The case of Mardin province [Unpublished master's dissertation]. Istanbul Aydın University.
78. Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2013). Using multivariate statistics (6th ed.). Boston: Pearson.
79. Tinsley, H. E. A., Brown, M. T., de St. Aubin, T. M. & Lucek, J. (1984). Relation between expectancies for a helping relationship and tendency to seek help from a campus provider. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 31(2), 149-160. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.31.2.149
80. Topkaya, N. (2011). Gender, self-stigma, and public stigma in predicting attitudes toward psychological help-seeking [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Ege University.
81. Topkaya, N., & Meydan, B. (2011). Problem areas of university students, aid resources, and their intention to get psychological help. XI. National Guidance and Psychological Counseling Congress, Ege University, İzmir.
82. Topkaya, N. (2014). Psikolojik yardım alma niyetini yordamada demografik, bireysel ve çevresel faktörler [Demographic, individual, and environmental factors as predictors of intention to seek psychological help]. Turkish Journal of Psychology, 29(74), 1-11. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2015-05011-001
83. Topkaya, N. & Meydan, B. (2013). Üniversite öğrencilerinin problem yaşadıkları alanlar, yardım kaynakları ve psikolojik yardım alma niyetleri [The areas where university students have problems, sources of help, and their intention to seek psychological help]. Trakya University Journal of Education Faculty, 3(1), 25-37. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/trkefd/issue/21475/230178
84. Türküm, S. (2001). Relationships between coping style, optimism, cognitive distortion levels and attitudes towards seeking psychological help: A study on university students. Journal of Social Sciences, 1(1), 1-16.
85. Türküm, A. S. (2005). Who seeks help? Examining the differences in the attitude of Turkish university students toward seeking psychological help by gender, gender roles, and help-seeking experiences. The Journal of Men’s Studies, 13(3), 389-401. https://doi.org/10.3149/jms.1303.389
86. Ülken, E. (2016). Comparison of university students’ behaviors of getting professional psychological help in terms of individual and environmental variables [Unpublished master’s dissertation]. Karadeniz Technical University.
87. Vogel, D. L., Wade, N. G., & Hackler, A. H. (2008). Emotional expression and the decision to seek therapy: The mediating roles of the anticipated benefits and risks. Journal Social and Clinical Psychology, 27(3), 254-278. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2008.27.3.254
88. Vogel, D. L., Wester, S. R., Wei, M., & Boysen, G. A. (2005). The role of outcome expectations and attitudes on decisions to seek professional help. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 52(4), 459-470. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.52.4.459
89. Vogel, D. L. & Wester, S. R. (2003). To seek help or not to seek help: The risks of self-disclosure. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 50(3), 351-361. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.50.3.351
90. Vogel, D. L., Wade, G. N., Wester, S. R., Larson, L., & Hackler, A. H., (2007). Seeking help from a mental health professional: The influence of one’s social network. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 63(3), 23 245. 10.1002/jclp.20345
91. Wadman, R., Webster, L., Mawn, L., & Stain, H. J. (2018). Adult attachment, psychological distress, and help-seeking in university students: Findings from a cross-sectional online survey in England. Mental Health & Prevention, 13, 7-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mhp.2018.11.003
92. Yakunina, E. S., Rogers, J. R., Waehler, C. A., & Werth, J. L. (2010). College students’ intentions to seek help for suicidal ideation: Accounting for the help-negation effect. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 40(5), 438-450. https://doi.org/10.1521/suli.2010.40.5.438
93. Yelpaze, I. (2016). Examining the help-seeking behaviors of university students [Unpublished Doctoral dissertation]. Anadolu University.
94. Yildirim, T., Atli, A., & Citil, C. (2014). Lise öğrencilerinin psikolojik yardım aramaya gönüllülükleri ile psikolojik belirtileri arasındaki ilişki [The relationship between high school students' willingness to seek psychological help and their psychological symptoms]. E-international Journal of Educational Research, 5(2), 89-104. https://doi.org/10.19160/e-ijer.97616
95. Zhang, N., & Dixon, D. N. (2003). Acculturation and attitudes of Asian international students toward seeking psychological help. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 31(3), 205-223.
96. Zwaanswijk, M., Verhaak, P. F. M., Bensing, J. M., & Verhulst, F. C. (2003). Help-seeking for emotional and Help-seeking behavioral problems in adolescents-A review of recent literature. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 12(4), 153-161. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-1912.2003.tb00544.x