Turkish Adaptation of Basic Psychological Needs For Energy Conservation: Reliability and Validity Study

Abstract

In this study the Basic Psychological Needs for Energy Conservation Scale developed by Sweeney, Webb, Mazzarol and Sautar (2014) was adapted to Turkish by ensuring its validity and reliability. Pilot study and main study were conducted with two different samples. Pilot study consists of 172 preservice science teachers and main study consists of 1136 preservice science teachers. While adapting the scale to Turkish, content and construct validity along with back-to-back translation were achieved. In terms of construct validity exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis were applied to different samples to test the structure of the scale. Both analyses revealed that the scale has two factors: autonomy/competence and relatedness. The desired goodness of fit values was attained for CFA. In order to address the reliability of the scale, item analysis, Cronbach Alpha reliability and item-total correlation analysis were conducted. All these analyses confirmed the reliability of the scale. All of the validity and reliability analysis revealed that Turkish version of Basic Psychological Needs for Energy Conservation Scale is valid and reliable, and it can be used for further studies.

Keywords

• Basic Psychological Needs
• Energy Conservartion
• Instrument Adaptation

References

1. Arbuckle, J. L. (2011). IBM SPSS Amos 21 User’s Guide. https://www.ibm.com/support/pages/ibm-spss-21-amos-documentation
2. Baxter, D., & Pelletier, L. G. (2020). The roles of motivation and goals on sustainable behaviour in a resource dilemma: A self-determination theory perspective. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 69(May 2018), 101437. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2020.101437
3. Cooke, A. N., Fielding, K. S., & Louis, W. R. (2015). Environmentally active people: the role of autonomy, relatedness, competence and self-determined motivation. Environmental Education Research, 22(5) 1-27. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504622.2015.1054262
4. Cohen, L., Manion, L. and Morrison, K. (2011). Research Methods in Education. (7th Ed). New York: Routledge.
5. Darner, R. (2012). An empirical test of self-determination theory as a guide to fostering environmental motivation. Environmental Education Research, 18(4), 463–472. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504622.2011.638739
6. Darner, R. (2014). Self-determination theory as a guide to forstering environmental motivation. Journal of Environmental Education, 40(2), 39–49. https://doi.org/10.3200/JOEE.40.2.39-49
7. Deci, E. L., Eghrari, H., Patrick, B. C., & Leone, D. R. (1994). Facilitating Internalization: The Self‐Determination Theory Perspective. Journal of Personality, 62(1), 119–142. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.1994.tb00797.x
8. Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1985). The general causality orientations scale: Self-determination in personality. Journal of Research in Personality, 19, 109-134. https://doi.org/10.1016/0092-6566(85)90023-6

9. Deci, E., & Ryan, R. M. (1990). A motivational approach to self: Integration in personality. In Nebraska Symposium on Motivation: Vol. 38. Perspectives on motivation, ed. R. Dienstbier, pp. 237–88. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
10. Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2000). The “what” and “why” of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11(4), 227–268. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327965PLI1104_01
11. Field, A. (2013). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics (4th ed.). SAGE Publications Ltd.
12. Huang, J., Zhang, G., Zhang, Y., Guan, X., Wei, Y., & Guo, R. (2020). Global desertification vulnerability to climate change and human activities. Land Degradation & Development, 31(11), 1380-1391. https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.3556
13. IPCC (2014). Summary for Policymakers. In Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 1–32. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.
14. Johnson, E. (2016). Attitudes, social context, and environmental behavior : Essays explaining voluntary household energy conservation. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC.
15. Karaarslan, G., Ertepinar, H., & Sungur, S. (2013). Use of self-determination theory to support basic psychological needs of preservice science teachers in an environmental science course. Environmental Education Research, 19(3), 342–369. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504622.2012.695013
16. Kingir, S., Tas, Y., Gok, G., & Vural, S. S. (2013). Relationships among constructivist learning environment perceptions, motivational beliefs, self-regulation and science achievement. Research in Science & Technological Education, 31(3), 205-226. https://doi.org/10.1080/02635143.2013.825594
17. Kline, R. B. (2011). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
18. Muller, R., A. (2012). Energy for future presidents: The science behind the headlines. New York : W. W. Norton
19. Niemiec, C. P., & Ryan, R. M. (2009). Autonomy, competence, and relatedness in the classroom:Applying self-determination theory to educational practice. Theory and Research in Education, 7(2), 133–144. https://doi.org/10.1177/1477878509104318
20. Ojala, M. (2015). Hope in the face of climate change: Associations with environmental engagement and student perceptions of teachers’ emotion communication style and future orientation. The Journal of Environmental Education, 46(3), 133-148. https://doi.org/10.1080/00958964.2015.1021662
21. Orçan, F. (2018). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis: Which one to use first?. Journal of Measurement and Evaluation in Education and Psychology, 9(4), 414-421. https://doi.org/10.21031/epod.394323
22. Osbaldiston, R., & Sheldon, K. M. (2003). Promoting internalized motivation for environmentally responsible behavior: A prospective study of environmental goals. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 23(4), 349–357. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-4944(03)00035-5
23. Pallant, J. (2007). SPSS survival manual: A step by step guide to data analysis using SPSS. Buckingham: Open University Press.
24. Pelletier, L. G., Tuson, K. M., Green-Demers, I., Noels, K., & Beaton, A. M. (1998). Why are you doing things for the environment? The Motivation Toward the Environment Scale (MTES). Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 28(5), 437–468. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.1998.tb01714.x
25. Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Intrinsic and extrinsic motivations: Classic definitions and new directions. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 25(1), 54–67. https://doi.org/10.1006/ceps.1999.1020
26. Ryan, R. M. & Deci, E. L. (2002). An overview of self-determination theory: An organismic-dialectical perspective. In E. L. Deci & R. M. Ryan (Eds.), Handbook of Self-Determination Research (pp. 33-33). Rochester, NY: University Rochester Press.
27. Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2008). Self-determination theory and the role of basic psychological needs in personality and the organization of behavior. Handbook of personality: Theory and research, 3, 654-678.
28. Sweeney, J. C., Webb, D., Mazzarol, T., & Soutar, G. N. (2014). Self-Determination Theory and Word of Mouth about Energy-Saving Behaviors: An Online Experiment. Psychology and Marketing, 31(9), 698–716. https://doi.org/10.1002/mar.20729
29. Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2013). Using multivariate statistics. (6th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc.
30. Vansteenkiste, M., Ryan, R. M., & Soenens, B. (2020). Basic psychological need theory: Advancements, critical themes, and future directions. In Motivation and Emotion (Vol. 44, Issue 1). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-019-09818-1
31. Webb, D., Soutar, G. N., Mazzarol, T., & Saldaris, P. (2013). Self-determination theory and consumer behavioural change: Evidence fromahousehold energy-saving behaviour study. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 35, 59–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2013.04.003
32. Worthington, R. L., & Whittaker, T. A. (2006). Scale Development Research A Content Analysis and Recommendations for Best Practices. The Counseling Psychologist, 34(6), 806–838. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000006288127