Üniversite Öğrencilerinde Cep Telefonuna Bağlanma ve Genişletilmiş Benliğin Nomofobi Üzerindeki Etkisi: Materyalizmin Aracılık Rolü

Year 2024, , 153 - 170, 29.06.2024

Özge Enez

https://doi.org/10.17066/tpdrd.1294345_1

Abstract

Bu çalışmanın amaçları, cep telefonuna bağlanma (MPA), genişletilmiş benlik ve materyalizmin nomofobi üzerindeki etkisini incelemek; genişletilmiş benlik ile nomofobi arasındaki ilişkide materyalizmin aracılık rolünü incelemek; MPA ile nomofobi arasındaki ilişkide materyalizmin aracılık rolünü incelemek; Genişletilmiş Benlik Ölçeğinin Türk kültürüne uyarlanma çalışmasını yürütmektir. Veriler 289 üniversite öğrencisinden toplanmıştır. Açımlayıcı faktör analizi, doğrulayıcı faktör analizi ve güvenilirlik analizleri Genişletilmiş Benlik Ölçeği Türkçe-formunun geçerli ve güvenilir bir ölçüm aracı olduğunu göstermiştir. Çoklu regresyon analizi sonuçlarına göre MPA, genişletilmiş benlik ve materyalizmin nomofobiyi öngörme gücü istatistiksel olarak anlamlıdır. Aracılık analizleri, MPA ile nomofobi arasındaki ilişkiye ve genişletilmiş benlik ile nomofobi arasındaki ilişkiye materyalizmin aracılık ettiğini göstermiştir. Bulgulara göre materyalist üniversite öğrencilerinin akıllı telefonları ile duygusal bağ kurduğu ve telefonlarını benliklerinin parçası olarak kabul ettiği varsayılabilir. Üniversite öğrencilerinin kendilik algılarını iyileştirmek ve duygusal/günlük problemleriyle başa çıkmak için telefonlarının varlığına ihtiyaç duydukları varsayılabilir. Telefonların bu amaçlarla kullanılması telefonsuz kalma korkusuna yani nomofobiye neden olabilir.

Keywords

Aracılık analizi, cep telefonuna bağlanma, genişletilmiş benlik, materyalizm, nomofobi

The Effect of Mobile Phone Attachment and Extended Self on Nomophobia among University Students: The Mediating Role of Materialism

Abstract

This study aims to investigate the effect of mobile phone attachment (MPA), extended self, and materialism on nomophobia; investigate the mediating role of materialism on the relationship between smartphone extension and nomophobia, and the relationship between MPA and nomophobia; and adapt the Extended Self Scale to Turkish culture. Data were collected from 289 university students. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, and reliability analyses have confirmed that the Turkish form is a reliable and valid measurement tool. Multiple regression analysis showed that MPA, smartphone extension, materialism predicted nomophobia. Materialism mediated the relationship between MPA and nomophobia, and the relationship between smartphone extension and nomophobia. This study suggests that materialistic students form an emotional attachment to the smartphone, and accept it as part of their selves. They use it to enhance their self-perceptions and cope with emotional/daily problems. Such use may cause the fear of being without a smartphone, which is nomophobia.

Keywords

Extended self, materialism, mediator analysis, mobile phone attachment, nomophobia

References

• Aharony, N., Pan, W., Ip, C., Khayal, I., & Pentland, A. (2011). Social fMRI: Investigating and shaping social mechanisms in the real world. Pervasive and Mobile Computing, 7(6), 643-659. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmcj.2011.09.004
• Ainsworth, M. (1985). Attachments across the life span. Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, 61(9), 792-812.
• Bankmycell. (2024, March 13). How many phones in the world?. https://www.bankmycell.com/blog/how-many-phones-are-in-the-world
• Belk, R. (1984). Three scales to measure constructs related to materialism: Reliability, validity, and relationships to measures of happiness. Advances in Consumer Research, 11, 291-297.
• Belk, R. (1988). Possessions and the extended self. Journal of Consumer Research, 15, 139-168.
• Blumler, J. (1979). The role of theory in uses and gratifications studies. Communication Research, 6(1), 9-36. https://doi.org/10.1177/009365027900600102
• Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and Loss Volume I Attachment. New York: Basic Books.
• Browne, M., & Cudeck, R. (1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. In K. Bollen and J. Long (Eds.), Testing structural equation models (pp. 136–162). SAGE.
• Chaplin, L., & John, D. (2007). Growing up in a material world: Age differences in materialism in children and adolescents. Journal of Consumer Research, 34, 480–493. https://doi.org/10.1086/518546
• Cheever, N., Rosen, L., Carrier, L., & Chavez, A. (2014). Out of sight is not out of mind: The impact of restricting wireless mobile device use on anxiety levels among low, moderate and high users. Computers in Human Behavior, 37, 290-297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.05.002
• Clayton, R., Leshner, G., & Almond, A. (2015). The extended iself: The impact of iPhone separation on cognition, emotion, and physiology. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 20, 119-135. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcc4.12109
• Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical Power Analysis for The Behavioural Sciences. Mahwah: Lawrence Earlbaum Associates.
• Cunningham, J., & McCrum-Gardner, E. (2007). Power, effect and sample size using GPower: Practical issues for researchers and members of research ethics committees. Evidence Based Midwifery, 5, 132-136.
• Devi, U., & Dutta, R. (2022). A review paper on prevalence of nomophobia among students and its impact on their academic achievement. Journal of Positive School Psychology, 6(3), 5397-5405.
• Durak, H. (2019). Investigation of nomophobia and smartphone addiction predictors among adolescents in Turkey: Demographic variables and academic performance. The Social Science Journal, 56(4), 492-517. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soscij.2018.09.003
• Elhai, J., & Contractor, A. (2018). Examining latent classes of smartphone users: Relations with psychopathology and problematic smartphone use. Computers in Human Behavior, 82, 159-166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2018.01.010
• Elhai, J., Dvorak, R., Levine, J., & Hall, B. (2017). Problematic smartphone use: A conceptual overview and systematic review of relations with anxiety and depression psychopathology. Journal of Affective Disorders, 207, 251-259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2016.08.030
• Elhai, J., Levine, J., & Hall, B. (2019). The relationship between anxiety symptom severity and problematic smartphone use: A review of the literature and conceptual frameworks. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 62, 45-52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2018.11.005
• Enez, Ö. (2021). The Phobia of the Modern World: Nomophobia:"Conceptualization of Nomophobia and Investigation of Associated Psychological Constructs". eKitap Projesi.
• Enez, Ö. (2023). Anksiyete ve Yalnızlığın Durumsal Nomofobi Üzerindeki Etkisinin Deneyim Örnekleme Yöntemi Kullanılarak Araştırılması [Investigation of the effect of anxiety and loneliness on state nomophobia using experience sampling method]. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 14(3), 766-785. https://doi.org/10.36362/gumus.1168706
• Enez, Ö., & Yalçınkaya-Alkar, Ö. (2021). Assessing mobile phone attachment: Validation of the Mobile Attachment Questionnaire in Turkish university students and examination of related variables. Psychological Reports, 125(3). https://doi.org/10.1177/0033294121100511
• Eren, S., Eroğlu, F., & Hacioglu, G. (2012). Compulsive buying tendencies through materialistic and hedonic values among college students in Turkey. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 58, 1370-1377. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.09.1121
• Field, A. (2013). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics (4th ed.). SAGE.
• Forgays, D., Hyman, I., & Schreiber, J. (2014). Texting everywhere for everything: Gender and age differences in cell phone etiquette and use. Computers in Human Behavior, 31, 314-321. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2013.10.053
• Fowler, J., & Noyes, J. (2015). From dialing to tapping: University students report on mobile phone use. Procedia Manufacturing, 3, 4716-4723. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.promfg.2015.07.568
• Gentina, E., Maille, V., & Li, Z. (2023). A cross-national study of nomophobia among Brazilian, Chinese, French, and U.S. young people: The role of materialism. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 54(5), 547-573. https://doi.org/10.1177/00220221231176060
• Hacker, K. (2013). Community-Based Participatory Research. SAGE Publications. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781452244181
• Han, S., Kim, K., & Kim, J. (2017). Understanding nomophobia: Structural equation modeling and semantic network analysis of smartphone separation anxiety. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 20(7), 419-427. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2017.0113
• Hasmawati, F., Samiha, Y., Razzaq, A., & Anshari, M. (2020). Understanding nomophobia among digital natives: Characteristics and challenges. Journal of Critical Reviews, 17, 122-131. http://dx.doi.org/10.31838/jcr.07.13.22
• Hayes, A. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis  a regression-based approach. Guilford Press.
• Jahrami, H., Fekih Romdhane, F., Pandi-Perumal, S., BaHammam, A., & Vitiello, M. (2023). Global research evidence on nomophobia during 2008-2022: A bibliometric analysis and review. Psychology, Health & Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1080/13548506.2023.2268888
• Karabati, S., & Cemalcilar, Z. (2010). Values, materialism, and well-being: A study with Turkish university students. Journal of Economic Psychology, 31, 624-633. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joep.2010.04.007
• Kardefelt-Winther, D. (2014). A conceptual and methodological critique of internet addiction research: Towards a model of compensatory internet use. Computers in Human Behavior, 31, 351-354. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2013.10.059
• Keefer, L., Landau, M., Rothschild, Z., & Sullivan, D. (2012). Attachment to objects as compensation for close others' perceived unreliability. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 48(4), 912-917. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2012.02.007
• King, A., Valenca, A., & Nardi, A. (2010). Nomophobia: The mobile phone in panic disorder with agoraphobia: Reducing phobias or worsening of dependence? Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology, 23(1), 52-54. https://doi.org/10.1097/WNN.0b013e3181b7eabc
• Kline, R. (2011). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. The Guilford Press.
• Konok, V., Gigler, D., Bereczky, B., & Miksoli, A. (2016). Humans' attachment to their mobile phones and its relationship with interpersonal attachment style. Computers in Human Behavior, 61, 537-547. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.03.062
• Konok, V., Pogany, A., & Miklosi, A. (2017). Mobile attachment: Separation from the mobile induces physiological and behavioural stress and attentional bias to separation-related stimuli. Computers in Human Behavior, 71, 228-239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.02.002
• Lehdonvirta, V. (2010). Online spaces have material culture: Goodbye to digital post-materialism and hello to virtual consumption. Media, Culture, and Society, 32(6), 883-889. https://doi.org/10.1177/0163443710378559
• Long, J., Wang, P., Liu, S., & Lei, L. (2021). Materialism and adolescent problematic smartphone use: The mediating role of fear of missing out and the moderating role of narcissism. Current Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-019-00526-0
• Lou, J., Han, N., Wang, D., & Pei, X. (2022). Effects of mobile identity on smartphone symbolic use: An attachment theory perspective. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(21), 14036. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192114036
• Mazahir, S., Masood, A., & Musarrat, R. (2016). Increased materialistic trends among youth. Journal of Educational, Health and Community Psychology, 5(3), 56-77.
• Myin-Germeys, I., Oorschot, M., Collip, D., Latester, J., Delespaul, P., & van Os, J. (2009). Experience sampling research in psychopathology:Opening the black box of daily life. Psychological Medicine, 39, 1533-1547. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291708004947
• Morrison, K., & Johnson, C. (2011). When what you have is who you are: Self-uncertainty leads individualists to see themselves in their possessions. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 37, 639–651. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167211403158
• Nie, J., Wang, P., & Lei, L. (2020). Why can't we be separated from our smartphones? The vital roles of smartphone activity in smartphone separation anxiety. Computers in Human Behavior, 109, 106351. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106351
• Ogden, H. & Cheng, S. (2011). Cultural dimensions and materialism: Comparing Canada and China. Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics, 23(4), 431-447. https://doi.org/10.1108/13555851111165011
• Ouyang, M., Cai, X., Yin, Y., Zeng, P., Chen, Y., Wang, X., Xie, X., & Wang, P. (2020). Student-student relationship and adolescent problematic smartphone use: The mediating role of materialism and the moderating role of narcissism. Children and Youth Services Review, 110, 104766. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.104766
• Richins, M. (1994). Special possessions and the expression of material values. Journal of Consumer Research, 21, 522-533. https://doi.org/10.1086/209415
• Richins, M. (2004). The material values scale: Measurement properties and development of a short form. Journal of Consumer Research, 31, 209-219. https://doi.org/10.1086/383436
• Roberts, J., & Pirog, S. (2013). A preliminary investigation of materialism and impulsiveness as predictors of technological addictions among young adults. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 2, 56–62. https://doi.org/10.1556/JBA.1.2012.011
• Ruvio, A., Somer, E. & Rindfleisch, A. (2014). When bad gets worse: The amplifying effect of materialism on traumatic stress and maladaptive consumption. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 42, 90–101. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-013-0345-6
• Schermelleh-Engel, K., & Moosbrugger, H. (2003). Evaluating the fit of structural equation models: Tests of significance and descriptive goodness-of-fit measures. Methods of Psychological Research Online, 8, 23-74. https://doi.org/10.23668/psycharchives.12784
• Shrum, L., Wong, N., Arif, F., Chugani, S., Gunz, A., Lowrey, T., Nairn, A., Pandelaere, M., Ross, S., Ruvio, A., Scott, K., & Sundie, J. (2013). Reconceptualizing materialism as identity goal pursuits: Functions, processes, and consequences. Journal of Business Research, 66(8), 1179-1185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2012.08.010
• Sivadas, E., & Machleit, K. (1994). A scale to determine the extent of object incorporation in the extended self. In C. Park & D. Smith (Eds.), Proceedings of the American Marketing Association Winter Conference:Vol. 5 (pp. 143-149). American Marketing Association
• Sivadas, E., & Venkatesh, R. (1995). An examination of individual and object-specific influences on the extended self and its relation to attachment and satisfaction. Advances in Consumer Research, 22, 406-412.
• Smith, J. & Osborn, M. (2008). Interpretative phenomenological analysis. In J. Smith (Ed.), Qualitative psychology: A practical guide to research methods ( 2nd ed., pp. 53-80). Sage.
• Streiner D. (2003). Starting at the beginning: An introduction to coefficient alpha and internal consistency. Journal of personality assessment, 80(1), 99–103. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327752JPA8001_18
• Tabachnick, B., & Fidell, L. (2007). Using multivariate statistics (5th ed.). Boston: Allyn & Bacon/Pearson Education.
• Taber, K. (2018). The use of Cronbach’s alpha when developing and reporting research instruments in science education. Research in Science Education, 48(6), 1273–1296. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11165-016-9602-2
• Tanhan, A., & Strack, R. W. (2020). Online photovoice to explore and advocate for Muslim biopsychosocial spiritual wellbeing and issues: Ecological systems theory and ally development. Current Psychology, 39(6), 2010-2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-020-00692-6
• Tran, D. (2016). Classifying nomophobia as smart-phone addiction disorder. UC Merced Undergraduate Research Journal, 9, 1-22. https://doi.org/10.5070/M491033274
• Vincent, J., Haddon, L., & Hamill, L. (2005). The influence of mobile phone users on the design of 3G products and services. Journal of the Communications Network, 4, 69-73.
• Walsh, S., & White, K. (2007). Me, my mobile, and I: The role of self- and prototypical identity influences in the prediction of mobile phone behavior. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 37(10), 2405-2434. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2007.00264.x
• Walsh, S., White, K., & Young, R. (2009). The phone connection: A qualitative exploration of how belongingness and social identification relate to mobile phone use amongst Australian youth. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 19(3), 225-240. https://doi.org/10.1002/casp.983
• Walsh, S., White, K., & Young, R. (2010). Needing to connect: The effect of self and others on young people's involvement with their mobile phones. Australian Journal of Psychology, 62(4), 194-203. https://doi.org/10.1080/00049530903567229
• Wehmeyer, K. (2008). User-device attachment? Scale development and initial test. International Journal of  Mobile Communications  6(3). https://doi.org/10.1504/IJMC.2008.017511
• Xu, D., Qian, L., Wang, Y., Wang, M., Shen, C., Zhang, T., & Zhang, J. (2015). Understanding the dynamic relationships among interpersonal personality characteristics, loneliness, and smart-phone use: Evidence from experience sampling. International Conference on Computer Science and Mechanical Automation (CSMA), Hangzhou, China. https://doi.org/10.1109/CSMA.2015.11
• van Deursen, A.., Bolle, C., Hegner, S., & Kommers, P. (2015). Modeling habitual and addictive smartphone behavior: The role of smartphone usage types, emotional intelligence, social stress, self-regulation, age, and gender. Computers in Human Behavior, 45, 411-420. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.12.039
• Yildirim, C. (2014). Exploring the dimensions of nomophobia: Developing and validating a questionnaire using mixed methods research [Master's thesis, Iowa State University]. Iowa State University Digital Repository. https://dr.lib.iastate.edu/handle/20.500.12876/28192
• Yildirim, C., & Correia, A. (2015). Exploring the dimensions of nomophobia: Development and validation of a self-reported questionnaire. Computers in Human Behavior, 49, 130-137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.02.059
• Yildirim, C., Sumuer, E., Adnan, M., & Yildirim, S. (2016). A growing fear: Prevalence of nomophobia among Turkish college students. Information Development, 32, 1322-1331. https://doi.org/10.1177/02666669155990