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The Mediating Role of Cognitive Flexibility in the Relationship between Intolerance of Uncertainty and Subjective Well-Being in High School Students during the COVID 19 Pandemic

Year 2024, , 89 - 99, 29.03.2024
https://doi.org/10.17066/tpdrd.1311383_7

Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic brought some uncertain and new changes in life patterns. These changes have had psychological effects on high school students as well as in all age groups. This study aimed to examine the mediating role of cognitive flexibility between intolerance of uncertainty and subjective well-being in high school students during the COVID-19 pandemic. Participants of the study consisted of 437 high school students (234 females and 203 males) in Turkey. They completed measures of intolerance of uncertainty, cognitive flexibility, and adolescent subjective well-being. The hypothetical model developed in order to determine whether cognitive flexibility mediates in the relationship between intolerance of uncertainty and subjective well-being was tested through Structural Equation Modeling. The results of the study revealed that intolerance of uncertainty had a significant direct effect on subjective well-being. Cognitive flexibility partially mediated the association between intolerance of uncertainty and subjective well-being for the high school students during the COVID-19 pandemic. Practitioners can create psychoeducational programs to decrease intolerance of uncertainty and increase the cognitive flexibility levels of the students. The practitioners can apply these programs to high school students.

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References

  • Asici, E., & İkiz, F. E. (2015). A pathway to happiness: Cognitive Flexibility. Mehmet Akif Ersoy University Journal of Education Faculty, 1(35), 191-211.
  • Bakioğlu, F., Korkmaz, O., & Ercan, H. (2021). Fear of COVID-19 and positivity: Mediating role of intolerance of uncertainty, depression, anxiety, and stress. International Journal of Mental health and Addiction, 19, 2369-2382. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00331-y
  • Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1173
  • Bernstein, G. A., Borchardt, C. M., & Perwien, A. R. (1996). Anxiety disorders in children and adolescents: a review of the past 10 years. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 35, 1110–1119. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-199609000-00008
  • Berk, L.E. (2018). Development Through the Lifespan (7th. Ed.). Person.
  • Brooks, S. K., Webster, R. K., Smith, L. E., Woodland, L., Wessely, S., Greenberg, N., & Rubin, G. J. (2020). The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: Rapid review of the evidence. The Lancet, 395(10227), 912-920. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30460-8
  • Buhr, K., & Dugas M. J. (2002). The intolerance of uncertainty scale: Psychometric properties of the English version. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 40(8), 931- 45. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(01)00092-4
  • Butzer, B., & Kuiper, N. A. (2006). Relationships between the frequency of social comparisons and self-concept clarity, intolerance of uncertainty, anxiety, and depression. Personality and individual differences, 41(1), 167-176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2005.12.017
  • Camacho-Zuniga, C., Pego, L., Escamilla, J., & Hosseini, S. (2021). The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on students’ feelings at high school, undergraduate, and postgraduate levels. Heliyon, e06465. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06465
  • Canas, J., Quesada, J., Antoli, A., & Fajardo, I. (2003). Cognitive flexibility and adaptability to environmental changes in dynamic complex problem-solving tasks. Ergonomics, 46(5), 482-501. https://doi.org/10.1080/0014013031000061640
  • Canas, J. J., Fajardo, I., & Salmeron, L. (2006). Cognitive flexibility. International Encyclopedia of Ergonomics and Human Factors, 1, 297-301.
  • Cardom, R. D. (2016). The Mediating Role of Cognitive Flexibility on the Relationship between Cross-Race Interactions and Psychological Well-Being [Doctoral Dissertation, University of Kentucky]. University of Kentucky Repository. http://dx.doi.org/10.13023/ETD.2016.246
  • Carleton, R. N., Norton, M. P. J., & Asmundson, G. J. (2007). Fearing the unknown: A short version of the Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 21(1), 105-117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2006.03.014
  • Carleton, R. N., Mulvogue, M. K., Thibodeau, M. A., McCabe, R. E., Antony, M. M., & Asmundson, G. J. (2012). Increasingly certain about uncertainty: Intolerance of uncertainty across anxiety and depression. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 26(3), 468-479. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2012.01.01
  • Demirtas, A. S., & Yildiz, B. (2019). Hopelessness and perceived stress: the mediating role of cognitive flexibility and intolerance of uncertainty. Dusunen Adam The Journal of Psychiatry and Neurological Sciences, 32(3), 259. https://doi.org/10.14744/DAJPNS.2019.00035
  • Dennis, J. P., & Vander Wal, J. S. (2010). The cognitive flexibility inventory: Instrument development and estimates of reliability and validity. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 34(3), 241-253. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-009-9276-4
  • Diener, E. (2000). Subjective well-being: The science of happiness and a proposal for a nationalindex. American Pschologist, 55 (1), 34-43. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.34
  • Diener, E. (2006). Guidelines for national indicators of subjective well-being and ill-being. Journal of Happiness Studies, 7(4), 397-404. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-006-9000-y
  • Duan, L., & Zhu, G. (2020). Psychological interventions for people affected by the COVID-19 epidemic. The Lancet. Psychiatry, 7(4):300-2. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30073-0
  • Dugas, M. J., Schwartz, A., & Francis, K. (2004). Brief report: Intolerance of uncertainty, worry, and depression. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 28(6), 835-842. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-004-0669-0
  • Dugas, M. J., Marchand, A. ve Ladouceur, R. (2005). Further validation of a cognitive- behavioral model of generalized anxiety disorder: Diagnostic and symptom specificity. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 19, 329–343. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2004.02.002
  • Dugas, M. J., Laugesen, N., & Bukowski, W. M. (2012). Intolerance of uncertainty, fear of anxiety, and adolescent worry. Journal of abnormal child psychology, 40, 863-870. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-012-9611-1
  • Eryilmaz, A. (2009). Developing an adolescent subjective well-being scale. The Journal of Turkish Educational Sciences, 7(4), 975-989.
  • Fergus, T. A. (2013). A comparison of three self-report measures of intolerance of uncertainty: An examination of structure and incremental explanatory power in a community sample. Psychological Assessment, 25(4), 1322–1331. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0034103.
  • Fu, F., & Chow, A. (2016). Traumatic exposure and psychological well-being: the moderating role of cognitive flexibility. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1080/15325024.2016.1161428
  • Gabrys, R. L., Tabri, N., Anisman, H. & Matheson, K. (2018). Cognitive control and flexibility in the context of stress and depressive symptoms: the cognitive control and flexibility questionnaire. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 1-19. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02219
  • Gülüm, I. V., & Dağ, I. (2012). The Turkish adaptation, validity and reliability study of the Repetitive Thinking Questionnaire and the Cognitive Flexibility Inventory. Anatolian Journal of Psychiatry,13(3), 216-223.
  • Huang, Y., & Zhao, N. (2020). Generalized anxiety disorder, depressive symptoms and sleep quality during COVID-19 outbreak in China: a web-based cross-sectional survey. Psychiatry Research, 288, 112954. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112954
  • Kar, N., & Bastia, B. K. (2006). Post-traumatic stress disorder, depression and generalised anxiety disorder in adolescents after a natural disaster: a study of comorbidity. Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health, 2(1), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1186/1745-0179-2-17
  • Keith, J., Velezmoro, R., & O’Brien, C. (2015). Correlates of cognitive flexibility in veterans seeking treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder. The Journal of nervous and mental disease, 203(4), 287-293. https://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0000000000000280
  • Koesten, J., Schrodt, P., & Ford, D. J. (2009). Cognitive flexibility as a mediator of family communication environments and young adults' well-being. Health Communication, 24(1), 82-94. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410230802607024
  • Martin, M. M., & Anderson, C. M. (1998). The cognitive flexibility scale: Three validity studies. Communication Reports, 11(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1080/08934219809367680
  • Martin, M. M., & Rubin, R. B. (1995). A new measure of cognitive flexibility. Psychological Reports, 76(2), 623-626. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1995.76.2.623
  • Metzl, E. S. (2009). The role of creative thinking in resilience after Hurricane Katrina. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity and the Arts, 3, 112-123. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0013479
  • Morriss, J., Christakou, A., & Van Reekum, C. M. (2016). Nothing is safe: Intolerance of uncertainty is associated with compromised fear extinction learning. Biological Psychology, 121, 187–193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2016.05.001
  • Park, N. (2004). The role of subjective well-being ın positive youth development. The Annals of American Acedemy of Political and Social Science. 591,1, 25-39. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716203260078
  • Republic of Turkey Ministiry of Health (2021). Turkey COVID-19 Patient Table. https://covid19.saglik.gov.tr
  • Rajkumar, R. P. (2020). COVID-19 and mental health: A Review of the existing literature. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 52(1), 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102066
  • Sapmaz, F., & Dogan, T. (2013). Assessment of cognitive flexibility: Reliability and validity studies of Turkish version of the Cognitive Flexibility Inventory. Ankara University, Journal of Faculty of Educational Sciences, 46(1), 143-162. https://doi.org/10.1501/Egifak_0000001278
  • Sarıcam, H., Erguvan, F. M., Akın, A., & Akça, M. S¸. (2014). The Turkish short version of the Intolerance of Uncertainty (IUS-12) Scale: The study of validity and reliability. Route Educational and Social Science Journal, 1(3), 148–157.
  • Satici, B., Saricali, M., Satici, S. A., & Griffiths, M. D. (2020). Intolerance of uncertainty and mental wellbeing: Serial mediation by rumination and fear of covid-19. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00305-0.
  • Schueller, S. M. (2009). Promoting wellness: Integrating community and positive psychology. Journal Of Community Psychology, 37(7), 922–937. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.20334
  • Shrout, E., & Patrick, N.B 2002. Mediation in experimental and nonexperimental studies: New procedures and recommendations. Psychological Methods, 7(4), 422-445. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.7.4.422
  • Tabachnick B. G, Linda S., & Fidell. (2012). Using multivariate statistics. Pearson.
  • WHO (2023). WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard. Retrieved from https://covid19.who.int
  • Williams, M. L., Morse, B. L., DeGraffenried, W., & McAuliffe, D. L. (2021). Addressing stress in high school students during the COVID-19 pandemic. NASN school nurse, 36(4), 226-232. https://doi.org/10.1177/1942602X21993053
  • Yildiz-Akyol, E., & Boyaci, M. (2020). Cognitive flexibility and positivity as predictors of career future in university students. Turkish Psychological Counseling and Guidance Journal, 10(57), 297-320.
  • Yildiz, M., & Eldeleklioglu, J. (2021). The Relationship between Decision-Making and Intolerance to Uncertainty, Cognitive Flexibility and Happiness. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 91, 39-60. https://doi.org1/0.14689/ejer.2021.91.3
  • Yook, K., Kim, K. H., Suh, S. Y., & Lee, K. S. (2010). Intolerance of uncertainty, worry, and rumination in major depressive disorder and generalized anxiety disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 24(6), 623-628. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2010.04.003
  • Zacher, H., & Rudolph, C. W. (2020). Individual differences and changes in subjective wellbeing during the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic. American Psychologist, 76(1), 50-62. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000702
  • Zandifar, A., & Badrfam, R. (2020). Iranian mental health during the COVID-19 epidemic. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 51(101990). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.101990
Year 2024, , 89 - 99, 29.03.2024
https://doi.org/10.17066/tpdrd.1311383_7

Abstract

Project Number

-

References

  • Asici, E., & İkiz, F. E. (2015). A pathway to happiness: Cognitive Flexibility. Mehmet Akif Ersoy University Journal of Education Faculty, 1(35), 191-211.
  • Bakioğlu, F., Korkmaz, O., & Ercan, H. (2021). Fear of COVID-19 and positivity: Mediating role of intolerance of uncertainty, depression, anxiety, and stress. International Journal of Mental health and Addiction, 19, 2369-2382. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00331-y
  • Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1173
  • Bernstein, G. A., Borchardt, C. M., & Perwien, A. R. (1996). Anxiety disorders in children and adolescents: a review of the past 10 years. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 35, 1110–1119. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-199609000-00008
  • Berk, L.E. (2018). Development Through the Lifespan (7th. Ed.). Person.
  • Brooks, S. K., Webster, R. K., Smith, L. E., Woodland, L., Wessely, S., Greenberg, N., & Rubin, G. J. (2020). The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: Rapid review of the evidence. The Lancet, 395(10227), 912-920. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30460-8
  • Buhr, K., & Dugas M. J. (2002). The intolerance of uncertainty scale: Psychometric properties of the English version. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 40(8), 931- 45. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(01)00092-4
  • Butzer, B., & Kuiper, N. A. (2006). Relationships between the frequency of social comparisons and self-concept clarity, intolerance of uncertainty, anxiety, and depression. Personality and individual differences, 41(1), 167-176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2005.12.017
  • Camacho-Zuniga, C., Pego, L., Escamilla, J., & Hosseini, S. (2021). The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on students’ feelings at high school, undergraduate, and postgraduate levels. Heliyon, e06465. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06465
  • Canas, J., Quesada, J., Antoli, A., & Fajardo, I. (2003). Cognitive flexibility and adaptability to environmental changes in dynamic complex problem-solving tasks. Ergonomics, 46(5), 482-501. https://doi.org/10.1080/0014013031000061640
  • Canas, J. J., Fajardo, I., & Salmeron, L. (2006). Cognitive flexibility. International Encyclopedia of Ergonomics and Human Factors, 1, 297-301.
  • Cardom, R. D. (2016). The Mediating Role of Cognitive Flexibility on the Relationship between Cross-Race Interactions and Psychological Well-Being [Doctoral Dissertation, University of Kentucky]. University of Kentucky Repository. http://dx.doi.org/10.13023/ETD.2016.246
  • Carleton, R. N., Norton, M. P. J., & Asmundson, G. J. (2007). Fearing the unknown: A short version of the Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 21(1), 105-117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2006.03.014
  • Carleton, R. N., Mulvogue, M. K., Thibodeau, M. A., McCabe, R. E., Antony, M. M., & Asmundson, G. J. (2012). Increasingly certain about uncertainty: Intolerance of uncertainty across anxiety and depression. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 26(3), 468-479. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2012.01.01
  • Demirtas, A. S., & Yildiz, B. (2019). Hopelessness and perceived stress: the mediating role of cognitive flexibility and intolerance of uncertainty. Dusunen Adam The Journal of Psychiatry and Neurological Sciences, 32(3), 259. https://doi.org/10.14744/DAJPNS.2019.00035
  • Dennis, J. P., & Vander Wal, J. S. (2010). The cognitive flexibility inventory: Instrument development and estimates of reliability and validity. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 34(3), 241-253. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-009-9276-4
  • Diener, E. (2000). Subjective well-being: The science of happiness and a proposal for a nationalindex. American Pschologist, 55 (1), 34-43. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.34
  • Diener, E. (2006). Guidelines for national indicators of subjective well-being and ill-being. Journal of Happiness Studies, 7(4), 397-404. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-006-9000-y
  • Duan, L., & Zhu, G. (2020). Psychological interventions for people affected by the COVID-19 epidemic. The Lancet. Psychiatry, 7(4):300-2. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30073-0
  • Dugas, M. J., Schwartz, A., & Francis, K. (2004). Brief report: Intolerance of uncertainty, worry, and depression. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 28(6), 835-842. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-004-0669-0
  • Dugas, M. J., Marchand, A. ve Ladouceur, R. (2005). Further validation of a cognitive- behavioral model of generalized anxiety disorder: Diagnostic and symptom specificity. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 19, 329–343. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2004.02.002
  • Dugas, M. J., Laugesen, N., & Bukowski, W. M. (2012). Intolerance of uncertainty, fear of anxiety, and adolescent worry. Journal of abnormal child psychology, 40, 863-870. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-012-9611-1
  • Eryilmaz, A. (2009). Developing an adolescent subjective well-being scale. The Journal of Turkish Educational Sciences, 7(4), 975-989.
  • Fergus, T. A. (2013). A comparison of three self-report measures of intolerance of uncertainty: An examination of structure and incremental explanatory power in a community sample. Psychological Assessment, 25(4), 1322–1331. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0034103.
  • Fu, F., & Chow, A. (2016). Traumatic exposure and psychological well-being: the moderating role of cognitive flexibility. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1080/15325024.2016.1161428
  • Gabrys, R. L., Tabri, N., Anisman, H. & Matheson, K. (2018). Cognitive control and flexibility in the context of stress and depressive symptoms: the cognitive control and flexibility questionnaire. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 1-19. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02219
  • Gülüm, I. V., & Dağ, I. (2012). The Turkish adaptation, validity and reliability study of the Repetitive Thinking Questionnaire and the Cognitive Flexibility Inventory. Anatolian Journal of Psychiatry,13(3), 216-223.
  • Huang, Y., & Zhao, N. (2020). Generalized anxiety disorder, depressive symptoms and sleep quality during COVID-19 outbreak in China: a web-based cross-sectional survey. Psychiatry Research, 288, 112954. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112954
  • Kar, N., & Bastia, B. K. (2006). Post-traumatic stress disorder, depression and generalised anxiety disorder in adolescents after a natural disaster: a study of comorbidity. Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health, 2(1), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1186/1745-0179-2-17
  • Keith, J., Velezmoro, R., & O’Brien, C. (2015). Correlates of cognitive flexibility in veterans seeking treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder. The Journal of nervous and mental disease, 203(4), 287-293. https://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0000000000000280
  • Koesten, J., Schrodt, P., & Ford, D. J. (2009). Cognitive flexibility as a mediator of family communication environments and young adults' well-being. Health Communication, 24(1), 82-94. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410230802607024
  • Martin, M. M., & Anderson, C. M. (1998). The cognitive flexibility scale: Three validity studies. Communication Reports, 11(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1080/08934219809367680
  • Martin, M. M., & Rubin, R. B. (1995). A new measure of cognitive flexibility. Psychological Reports, 76(2), 623-626. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1995.76.2.623
  • Metzl, E. S. (2009). The role of creative thinking in resilience after Hurricane Katrina. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity and the Arts, 3, 112-123. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0013479
  • Morriss, J., Christakou, A., & Van Reekum, C. M. (2016). Nothing is safe: Intolerance of uncertainty is associated with compromised fear extinction learning. Biological Psychology, 121, 187–193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2016.05.001
  • Park, N. (2004). The role of subjective well-being ın positive youth development. The Annals of American Acedemy of Political and Social Science. 591,1, 25-39. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716203260078
  • Republic of Turkey Ministiry of Health (2021). Turkey COVID-19 Patient Table. https://covid19.saglik.gov.tr
  • Rajkumar, R. P. (2020). COVID-19 and mental health: A Review of the existing literature. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 52(1), 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102066
  • Sapmaz, F., & Dogan, T. (2013). Assessment of cognitive flexibility: Reliability and validity studies of Turkish version of the Cognitive Flexibility Inventory. Ankara University, Journal of Faculty of Educational Sciences, 46(1), 143-162. https://doi.org/10.1501/Egifak_0000001278
  • Sarıcam, H., Erguvan, F. M., Akın, A., & Akça, M. S¸. (2014). The Turkish short version of the Intolerance of Uncertainty (IUS-12) Scale: The study of validity and reliability. Route Educational and Social Science Journal, 1(3), 148–157.
  • Satici, B., Saricali, M., Satici, S. A., & Griffiths, M. D. (2020). Intolerance of uncertainty and mental wellbeing: Serial mediation by rumination and fear of covid-19. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00305-0.
  • Schueller, S. M. (2009). Promoting wellness: Integrating community and positive psychology. Journal Of Community Psychology, 37(7), 922–937. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.20334
  • Shrout, E., & Patrick, N.B 2002. Mediation in experimental and nonexperimental studies: New procedures and recommendations. Psychological Methods, 7(4), 422-445. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.7.4.422
  • Tabachnick B. G, Linda S., & Fidell. (2012). Using multivariate statistics. Pearson.
  • WHO (2023). WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard. Retrieved from https://covid19.who.int
  • Williams, M. L., Morse, B. L., DeGraffenried, W., & McAuliffe, D. L. (2021). Addressing stress in high school students during the COVID-19 pandemic. NASN school nurse, 36(4), 226-232. https://doi.org/10.1177/1942602X21993053
  • Yildiz-Akyol, E., & Boyaci, M. (2020). Cognitive flexibility and positivity as predictors of career future in university students. Turkish Psychological Counseling and Guidance Journal, 10(57), 297-320.
  • Yildiz, M., & Eldeleklioglu, J. (2021). The Relationship between Decision-Making and Intolerance to Uncertainty, Cognitive Flexibility and Happiness. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 91, 39-60. https://doi.org1/0.14689/ejer.2021.91.3
  • Yook, K., Kim, K. H., Suh, S. Y., & Lee, K. S. (2010). Intolerance of uncertainty, worry, and rumination in major depressive disorder and generalized anxiety disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 24(6), 623-628. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2010.04.003
  • Zacher, H., & Rudolph, C. W. (2020). Individual differences and changes in subjective wellbeing during the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic. American Psychologist, 76(1), 50-62. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000702
  • Zandifar, A., & Badrfam, R. (2020). Iranian mental health during the COVID-19 epidemic. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 51(101990). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.101990
There are 51 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects School Counseling
Journal Section Makaleler
Authors

Arzu Buyruk Genç 0000-0002-4765-3274

Project Number -
Publication Date March 29, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024

Cite

APA Buyruk Genç, A. (2024). The Mediating Role of Cognitive Flexibility in the Relationship between Intolerance of Uncertainty and Subjective Well-Being in High School Students during the COVID 19 Pandemic. Turkish Psychological Counseling and Guidance Journal, 14(72), 89-99. https://doi.org/10.17066/tpdrd.1311383_7

!! From 30 November 2023, English language proofreading will be required for accepted articles to ensure language quality.