Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

Exploring Mothers' Risk Tolerance In Children's Play: Investigating Parental Styles And Various Factors Predicting Children's Risk-Taking Behaviors

Year 2024, , 607 - 618, 30.12.2024
https://doi.org/10.17066/tpdrd.1420442

Abstract

This study investigated the factors related to mothers' tolerance of their children's involvement in risky play through a correlational research model. The participants in the research consisted of 324 mothers with preschool-aged children. The study employed the Risky Game Allowance Scale (Mothers’ Form), the Parental Attitude Scale, and the Demographic Information Form as data collection instruments. Correlation and hierarchical regression analyses were used in the research. Results indicated that mothers with university degrees and those who were employed were more permissive regarding risky play. Additionally, older mothers were more inclined to endorse risky play. Overprotective parenting was associated with less approval of risky play, while democratic and permissive parenting showed higher approval for risky play. The findings highlight that mothers' age, educational level, employment status and parenting attitudes are significant predictors of tolerance for children's risky play. These results underscore the importance of a balanced parenting approach that encourages children's exploration and risk-taking within defined boundaries.

Ethical Statement

The study was approved by the Social and Human Sciences Scientific Research and Publication Ethics Committee of Mersin University. The procedures used in this study adhere to the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki.

References

  • Akdemir, K., Banko-Bal, Ç., & Sevimli-Celik, S. (2023). Giving children permission for risky play: Parental variables and parenting styles. Journal of Outdoor and Environmental Education, 26,1-18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42322-023-00122-8
  • Alat, Z., Akgümüş, O., & Cavali, D. (2012). Outdoor activities: Early childhood teachers’ beliefs and practices. Mersin University Journal of the Faculty of Education, 8(3), 47–62.
  • Arlinkasari, F., Cushing, D. F., & Miller, E. (2023). Boys play soccer, girls watch on the corner’: Gendered play and spaces in Jakarta public playgrounds. Asian Journal of Social Science, 51(1), 32-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajss.2022.06.001
  • Aughinbaugh, A., & Gittleman, M. (2004). Maternal employment and adolescent risky behavior. Journal of Health Economics, 23(4), 815-838. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhealeco.2003.11.005
  • Averett, S. L., Argys, L. M., & Rees, D. I. (2011). Older siblings and adolescent risky behavior: Does parenting play a role?. Journal of Population Economics, 24, 957-978. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00148-009-0276-1
  • Ball, D. J. (2002). Playgrounds-risks, benefits and choices. London: Health & Safety Executive (HSE) contract research report, Middlesex University.
  • Boyd, W., Thorpe, K., & Tayler, C. (2010). Preferences of first-time expectant mothers for care of their child: ‘I wouldn't leave them somewhere that made me feel insecure’. Australasian Journal of Early Childhood, 35(2), 4-12. https://doi.org/10.1177/183693911003500202
  • Brussoni, M. (2020). Outdoor risky play. Burns, T., & Gottschalk, F. In Education in the digital age: Healthy and happy children. Educational Research and Innovation. OECD Publishing.
  • Brussoni, M., & Olsen, L. L. (2013). The perils of overprotective parenting: Fathers' perspectives explored. Child: Care, Health and Development, 39(2), 237-245. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2214.2011.01361.x
  • Brussoni, M., Gibbons, R., Gray, C., Ishikawa, T., Sandseter, E. B., Bienenstock, A., Chabot, G., Fuselli, P., Herrington, S., Janssen, I., Pickett, W., Power, M., Stanger, N., Sampson, M., & Tremblay, M. S. (2015). What is the relationship between risky outdoor play and health in children? A systematic review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 12(6), 6423–6454. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120606423
  • Brussoni, M., Ishikawa, T., Han, C., Pike, I., Bundy, A., Faulkner, G., & Mâsse, L. C. (2018). Go play outside! Effects of a risk-reframing tool on mothers’ tolerance for, and parenting practices associated with, children’s risky play: Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials, 19, 173. https://doi. org/ 10. 1186/ s13063- 018- 2552-4
  • Brussoni, M., Olsen, L. L., Pike, I., & Sleet, D. A. (2012). Risky play and children’s safety: Balancing priorities for optimal child development. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 9(9), 3134-3148. https://doi:10.3390/ijerph9093134
  • Carver, A., Timperio, A., & Crawford, D. (2008). Playing it safe: The influence of neighborhood safety on children's physical activity - A review. Health & Place, 14, 217-227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2007.06.004
  • Cevher-Kalburan, N., & Ivrendi, A. (2016). Risky play and parenting styles. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 25, 355–356. https:// doi. org/10.1007/s10826-015-0236-1
  • Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
  • Eager, D. & Little, H. (2011. Risk deficit disorder (Paper Presentation). Proceeding of IPWEA International Public Works Conference, Canberra, 21-24 August 2011.
  • Erkuş, A. (2011). Davranış bilimleri için bilimsel araştırma süreci. Seçkin Yayınevi.
  • Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., & Buchner, A. (2007). G*Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods, 39, 175–191. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146
  • Field, A. (2009). Discovering statistics using SPSS: Book plus code for E version of text (Vol. 896). London, UK: SAGE Publications Limited.
  • George, D., & Mallery, P. (2003). Frequencies SPSS for Windows step by step: A simple guide and reference. Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
  • Gill, T. (2007). No fear: Growing up in a risk averse society. Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation: London, England, UK.
  • Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2014). Multivariate data analysis. 7th Edition, Pearson Education: Upper Saddle River.
  • Harper, N. J. (2017). Outdoor risky play and healthy child development in the shadow of the “risk society: A forest and nature school perspective. Child and Youth Services 38(4), 318–334. https://doi.org/10.1080/0145935X.2017.1412825
  • Jelleyman, C., McPhee, J., Brussoni, M., Bundy, A., & Duncan, S. (2019). A cross-sectional description of parental perceptions and practices related to risky play and independent mobility in children: the New Zealand state of play survey. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(2). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16020262
  • Kangas, O., & Rostgaard, T. (2007). Preferences or institutions? Work-family life opportunities in seven European countries. Journal of European Social Policy, 17, 240-256. https://doi.org/10.1177/0958928707078367
  • Karabulut-Demir, E., & Şendil, G. (2008). Ebeveyn tutum ölçeği (ETÖ) (Parenting attitude scale (PAS), Türk Psikoloji Yazıları, 11(21), 15-25.
  • Karaca, N. H., & Aral, N. (2020). Investigation of the factors affecting parents’ views on risky play of children. International Journal of Early Childhood Education Studies, 5(2), 86–92 http:// ijeces. hku.edu. tr/ tr/ pub/ issue/ 57016/ 775458
  • Larson, L. R., Green, G. T., & Cordell, H. K. (2011). Children’s time outdoors: Results and implications of the national kids survey. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration, 29(2), 1–20.
  • Lavrysen, A., Bertrands, E., Leyssen, L., Smets, L., Vanderspikken, A., & Graef, P. D. (2015). Risky-play at school: Facilitating risk perception and competence in young children. European Early Childhood Education Research Journal, 25, 89–105. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1080/ 13502 93X. 2015. 11024 12
  • Lester, S., Jones, O., & Russell, W. (2011). Supporting school improvement through play: an evaluation of South Gloucestershire’s Outdoor Play and Learning programme. Available at: http://outdoorplayandlearning.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/supporting-school-improvement-through-play-1.pdf.
  • Lewis, J. (2003). Developing early years childcare in England, 1997–2002: The choices for (working) mothers. Social Policy & Administration, 37(3), 219-238. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9515.00335
  • Little, H. (2010). Relationship between parents’ beliefs and their responses to children’s risk-taking behavior during outdoor play. Journal of Early Childhood Research, 8(3), 315-330. https://doi.org/10.1177/1476718X10368587
  • Little, H. (2015). Mothers’ beliefs about risk and risk-taking in children’s outdoor play. Journal of Adventure Education & Outdoor Learning, 15(1), 24-39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14729679.2013.842178
  • Little, H., & Wyver, S. (2008). Outdoor play: Does avoiding the risks reduce the benefits?. Australasian Journal of Early Childhood, 33(2), 33-40. https://doi.org/10.1177/183693910803300206
  • McFarland, L., & Laird, S. G. (2018). Parents’ and early childhood educators’ attitudes and practices in relation to children’s outdoor risky play. Early Child Education Journal, 46(2), 159–168. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10643-017-0856-8
  • Morrongiello, B. A., & Lasenby-Lessard, J. (2007). Psychological determinants of risk taking by children: an integrative model and implications for interventions. Injury Prevention, 13(1), 20–25. https://doi.org/10.1136/ip.2005.011296
  • Morrongiello, B. A., & Major, K. (2002). Influence of safety gear on parental perceptions of injury risk and tolerance for children's risk taking. Injury Prevention, 8(1), 27-31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ip.8.1.27
  • Morrongiello, B. A., Zdzieborski, D., & Normand, J. (2010). Understanding gender differences in children’s risk taking and injury: A comparison of mothers’ and fathers’ reactions to sons and daughters misbehaving in ways that lead to injury. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 31(4), 322–329. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1016/j. appdev. 2010. 05. 004
  • Morrongiello, B. A., Zdzieborski, D., Sandomierski, M., & Lasenby-Lessard, J. (2009). Video messaging: What works to persuade mothers to supervise young children more closely in order to reduce injury risk? Social Science & Medicine, 68(6), 1030-1037. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2008.12.019
  • Murray, E. J., & Williams, P. H. (2020). Risk-tasking and Assessment in Toddlers During Nature Play: The Role of Family and Play Context. Journal of Adventure Education and Outdoor Learning, 20(3), 259-273. https://doi.org/10.1080/14729679.2019.1660193
  • Nesbit, R. J., Bagnall, C. L., Harvey, K., & Dodd, H. F. (2021). Perceived barriers and facilitators of adventurous play in schools: A qualitative systematic review. Children, 8(8), 681. https://doi.org/10.3390/children8080681.
  • Niehues, A. N., Bundy, A., Broom, A., & Tranter, P. (2015). Parents' perceptions of risk and the influence on children's everyday activities. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 24(3), 809–820. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-013-9891-2
  • Niehues, A. N., Bundy, A., Broom, A., & Tranter, P. (2016). Reframing healthy risk taking: parents’ dilemmas and strategies to promote children’s well-being. Journal of Occupational Science. 23(4), 449–463. https://doi.org/10.1080/14427591.2016.1209424.
  • Oliver, B. E., Nesbit, R. J., McCloy, R., Harvey, K., & Dodd, H. F. (2022). Parent perceived barriers and facilitators of children’s adventurous play in Britain: A framework analysis. BMC Public Health, 22(636). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-13019-w
  • Oliver, B. E., Nesbit, R. J., McCloy, R., Harvey, K., & Dodd, H. F. (2023). Adventurous play for a healthy childhood: Facilitators and barriers identified by parents in Britain. Social Science & Medicine, 323, 115828. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.115828
  • Ryan, Z. J., Stockill, H., Nesbit, R. J., FitzGibbon, L., & Dodd, H. F. (2024). Parents’ Perception of Risk in Play: Associations with Parent and Child Gender. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-024-02844-9
  • Sandseter, E. B. H. (2007). Risky play among four- and five-year-old children in preschool. In S. O’Brien, P. Cassidy, & H. Shonfeld (Eds.), Vision into practice. Making quality a reality in the lives of young children, conference proceedings. Dublin: CECDE.
  • Sandseter, E. B. H., Cordovil, R., Hagen, T. L., & Lopes, F. (2020). Barriers for outdoor play in early childhood education and care (ECEC) institutions: Perception of risk in children’s play among European parents and ECEC practitioners. Child Care in Practice, 26(2), 111-129. https://doi.org/10.1080/13575279.2019.1685461
  • Sandseter, E. B. H., & Kennair, L. E. O. (2011). Children's risky play from an evolutionary perspective: The anti-phobic effects of thrilling experiences. Evolutionary Psychology, 9(2), 257-284. https://doi.org/10.1177/147470491100900212
  • Sandseter, E. B. H., Kleppe, R., & Sando, O. J. (2021). The prevalence of risky play in young children’s indoor and outdoor free play. Early Childhood Education Journal, 49, 303–312. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10643-020-01074-0
  • Schoeppe, S., Duncan, M. J., Badland, H. M., Alley, S., Williams, S., Rebar, A. L., & Vandelanotte, C. (2015). Socio-demographic factors and neighborhood social cohesion influence adults’ willingness to grant children greater independent mobility: A cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health, 15(1), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-015-2053-2
  • Sicim-Sevim, B. S., & Bapoğlu-Dümenci, S. (2020). Çocukların riskli oyunla ilgili algıları ile ebeveyn tutumları arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. Uluslararası Erken Çocukluk Eğitimi Çalışmaları Dergisi, 5(1), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.37754/652841.2020.511
  • Stephenson, A. (2003). Physical risk-taking: Dangerous or endangered? Early Years, 23(1), 35-43. https://doi.org/10.1080/0957514032000045573
  • Sutton-Smith, B. (1997). The ambiguity of play. Harvard University Press.
  • Şimşek, M. (2023). Knowledge about, practice in, attitude toward risky play: A case study from a school in Türkiye (Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation). Bilkent University.
  • Tandy, C. A. (1999). Children’s diminishing play space: A study of inter‐generational change in children’s use of their neighborhoods. Australian Geographical Studies, 37(2), 154-164. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8470.00076
  • Twigger-Ross, C. L., & Breakwell, G. M. (1999). Relating risk experience, venturesomeness and risk perception. Journal of Risk Research, 2(1), 73-83. https://doi.org/10.1080/136698799376998
  • Ungar, M. (2009). Overprotective parenting: Helping parents provide children the right amount of risk and responsibility. American Journal of Family Therapy, 37(3), 258–271. https://doi.org/10.1080/01926180802534247
  • Ünüvar, P., & Kanyılmaz, E. S. (2017). 4-6 yaş çocukları için riskli oyunlara izin verme ölçeğinin
  • Valentine, G., & McKendrick, J. (1997). Children's outdoor play: Exploring parental concerns about children's safety and the changing nature of childhood. Geoforum, 28(2), 219-235. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7185(97)00010-9
  • Veitch, J., Bagley, S., Ball, K., & Salmon, J. (2006). Where do children usually play? A qualitative study of parents' perceptions of influences on children's active free-play. Health and Place, 12(4), 383-393. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2005.02.009
  • Woolley, H., Pattacini, L., & Somerset Ward, A. (2009). Children and the natural environment: experiences, influences and interventions. London: Natural England.
  • Yanuarsari, R., Muchtar, H. S., & Sintiawati, N. (2021). The influence of single parent parenting in forming early childhood independence. The 2nd International on Meaningful Education, Bandung.
  • Yılmaz, S. (2020). Preschool children’s preferences to take risks in outdoor play: Turkish Sample. International Journal of Education Technology & Scientific Researches, 5(11), 580-595.
  • Yılmaz, S., & Çığ, O. (2022). Oyunda risk alma toleransı ölçeği’nin (ORAT) Türkçe’ye uyarlanması: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Marmara Üniversitesi Atatürk Eğitim Fakültesi Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 55(55), 198-218. https://doi.org/10.15285/maruaebd.992823
  • Yokum, C. (2018). Early childhood education and care practitioners’ beliefs and perceptions about preschool children’s risky play (Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation). Kansas State University, Kansas.
Year 2024, , 607 - 618, 30.12.2024
https://doi.org/10.17066/tpdrd.1420442

Abstract

References

  • Akdemir, K., Banko-Bal, Ç., & Sevimli-Celik, S. (2023). Giving children permission for risky play: Parental variables and parenting styles. Journal of Outdoor and Environmental Education, 26,1-18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42322-023-00122-8
  • Alat, Z., Akgümüş, O., & Cavali, D. (2012). Outdoor activities: Early childhood teachers’ beliefs and practices. Mersin University Journal of the Faculty of Education, 8(3), 47–62.
  • Arlinkasari, F., Cushing, D. F., & Miller, E. (2023). Boys play soccer, girls watch on the corner’: Gendered play and spaces in Jakarta public playgrounds. Asian Journal of Social Science, 51(1), 32-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajss.2022.06.001
  • Aughinbaugh, A., & Gittleman, M. (2004). Maternal employment and adolescent risky behavior. Journal of Health Economics, 23(4), 815-838. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhealeco.2003.11.005
  • Averett, S. L., Argys, L. M., & Rees, D. I. (2011). Older siblings and adolescent risky behavior: Does parenting play a role?. Journal of Population Economics, 24, 957-978. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00148-009-0276-1
  • Ball, D. J. (2002). Playgrounds-risks, benefits and choices. London: Health & Safety Executive (HSE) contract research report, Middlesex University.
  • Boyd, W., Thorpe, K., & Tayler, C. (2010). Preferences of first-time expectant mothers for care of their child: ‘I wouldn't leave them somewhere that made me feel insecure’. Australasian Journal of Early Childhood, 35(2), 4-12. https://doi.org/10.1177/183693911003500202
  • Brussoni, M. (2020). Outdoor risky play. Burns, T., & Gottschalk, F. In Education in the digital age: Healthy and happy children. Educational Research and Innovation. OECD Publishing.
  • Brussoni, M., & Olsen, L. L. (2013). The perils of overprotective parenting: Fathers' perspectives explored. Child: Care, Health and Development, 39(2), 237-245. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2214.2011.01361.x
  • Brussoni, M., Gibbons, R., Gray, C., Ishikawa, T., Sandseter, E. B., Bienenstock, A., Chabot, G., Fuselli, P., Herrington, S., Janssen, I., Pickett, W., Power, M., Stanger, N., Sampson, M., & Tremblay, M. S. (2015). What is the relationship between risky outdoor play and health in children? A systematic review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 12(6), 6423–6454. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120606423
  • Brussoni, M., Ishikawa, T., Han, C., Pike, I., Bundy, A., Faulkner, G., & Mâsse, L. C. (2018). Go play outside! Effects of a risk-reframing tool on mothers’ tolerance for, and parenting practices associated with, children’s risky play: Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials, 19, 173. https://doi. org/ 10. 1186/ s13063- 018- 2552-4
  • Brussoni, M., Olsen, L. L., Pike, I., & Sleet, D. A. (2012). Risky play and children’s safety: Balancing priorities for optimal child development. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 9(9), 3134-3148. https://doi:10.3390/ijerph9093134
  • Carver, A., Timperio, A., & Crawford, D. (2008). Playing it safe: The influence of neighborhood safety on children's physical activity - A review. Health & Place, 14, 217-227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2007.06.004
  • Cevher-Kalburan, N., & Ivrendi, A. (2016). Risky play and parenting styles. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 25, 355–356. https:// doi. org/10.1007/s10826-015-0236-1
  • Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
  • Eager, D. & Little, H. (2011. Risk deficit disorder (Paper Presentation). Proceeding of IPWEA International Public Works Conference, Canberra, 21-24 August 2011.
  • Erkuş, A. (2011). Davranış bilimleri için bilimsel araştırma süreci. Seçkin Yayınevi.
  • Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., & Buchner, A. (2007). G*Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods, 39, 175–191. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146
  • Field, A. (2009). Discovering statistics using SPSS: Book plus code for E version of text (Vol. 896). London, UK: SAGE Publications Limited.
  • George, D., & Mallery, P. (2003). Frequencies SPSS for Windows step by step: A simple guide and reference. Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
  • Gill, T. (2007). No fear: Growing up in a risk averse society. Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation: London, England, UK.
  • Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2014). Multivariate data analysis. 7th Edition, Pearson Education: Upper Saddle River.
  • Harper, N. J. (2017). Outdoor risky play and healthy child development in the shadow of the “risk society: A forest and nature school perspective. Child and Youth Services 38(4), 318–334. https://doi.org/10.1080/0145935X.2017.1412825
  • Jelleyman, C., McPhee, J., Brussoni, M., Bundy, A., & Duncan, S. (2019). A cross-sectional description of parental perceptions and practices related to risky play and independent mobility in children: the New Zealand state of play survey. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(2). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16020262
  • Kangas, O., & Rostgaard, T. (2007). Preferences or institutions? Work-family life opportunities in seven European countries. Journal of European Social Policy, 17, 240-256. https://doi.org/10.1177/0958928707078367
  • Karabulut-Demir, E., & Şendil, G. (2008). Ebeveyn tutum ölçeği (ETÖ) (Parenting attitude scale (PAS), Türk Psikoloji Yazıları, 11(21), 15-25.
  • Karaca, N. H., & Aral, N. (2020). Investigation of the factors affecting parents’ views on risky play of children. International Journal of Early Childhood Education Studies, 5(2), 86–92 http:// ijeces. hku.edu. tr/ tr/ pub/ issue/ 57016/ 775458
  • Larson, L. R., Green, G. T., & Cordell, H. K. (2011). Children’s time outdoors: Results and implications of the national kids survey. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration, 29(2), 1–20.
  • Lavrysen, A., Bertrands, E., Leyssen, L., Smets, L., Vanderspikken, A., & Graef, P. D. (2015). Risky-play at school: Facilitating risk perception and competence in young children. European Early Childhood Education Research Journal, 25, 89–105. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1080/ 13502 93X. 2015. 11024 12
  • Lester, S., Jones, O., & Russell, W. (2011). Supporting school improvement through play: an evaluation of South Gloucestershire’s Outdoor Play and Learning programme. Available at: http://outdoorplayandlearning.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/supporting-school-improvement-through-play-1.pdf.
  • Lewis, J. (2003). Developing early years childcare in England, 1997–2002: The choices for (working) mothers. Social Policy & Administration, 37(3), 219-238. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9515.00335
  • Little, H. (2010). Relationship between parents’ beliefs and their responses to children’s risk-taking behavior during outdoor play. Journal of Early Childhood Research, 8(3), 315-330. https://doi.org/10.1177/1476718X10368587
  • Little, H. (2015). Mothers’ beliefs about risk and risk-taking in children’s outdoor play. Journal of Adventure Education & Outdoor Learning, 15(1), 24-39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14729679.2013.842178
  • Little, H., & Wyver, S. (2008). Outdoor play: Does avoiding the risks reduce the benefits?. Australasian Journal of Early Childhood, 33(2), 33-40. https://doi.org/10.1177/183693910803300206
  • McFarland, L., & Laird, S. G. (2018). Parents’ and early childhood educators’ attitudes and practices in relation to children’s outdoor risky play. Early Child Education Journal, 46(2), 159–168. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10643-017-0856-8
  • Morrongiello, B. A., & Lasenby-Lessard, J. (2007). Psychological determinants of risk taking by children: an integrative model and implications for interventions. Injury Prevention, 13(1), 20–25. https://doi.org/10.1136/ip.2005.011296
  • Morrongiello, B. A., & Major, K. (2002). Influence of safety gear on parental perceptions of injury risk and tolerance for children's risk taking. Injury Prevention, 8(1), 27-31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ip.8.1.27
  • Morrongiello, B. A., Zdzieborski, D., & Normand, J. (2010). Understanding gender differences in children’s risk taking and injury: A comparison of mothers’ and fathers’ reactions to sons and daughters misbehaving in ways that lead to injury. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 31(4), 322–329. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1016/j. appdev. 2010. 05. 004
  • Morrongiello, B. A., Zdzieborski, D., Sandomierski, M., & Lasenby-Lessard, J. (2009). Video messaging: What works to persuade mothers to supervise young children more closely in order to reduce injury risk? Social Science & Medicine, 68(6), 1030-1037. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2008.12.019
  • Murray, E. J., & Williams, P. H. (2020). Risk-tasking and Assessment in Toddlers During Nature Play: The Role of Family and Play Context. Journal of Adventure Education and Outdoor Learning, 20(3), 259-273. https://doi.org/10.1080/14729679.2019.1660193
  • Nesbit, R. J., Bagnall, C. L., Harvey, K., & Dodd, H. F. (2021). Perceived barriers and facilitators of adventurous play in schools: A qualitative systematic review. Children, 8(8), 681. https://doi.org/10.3390/children8080681.
  • Niehues, A. N., Bundy, A., Broom, A., & Tranter, P. (2015). Parents' perceptions of risk and the influence on children's everyday activities. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 24(3), 809–820. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-013-9891-2
  • Niehues, A. N., Bundy, A., Broom, A., & Tranter, P. (2016). Reframing healthy risk taking: parents’ dilemmas and strategies to promote children’s well-being. Journal of Occupational Science. 23(4), 449–463. https://doi.org/10.1080/14427591.2016.1209424.
  • Oliver, B. E., Nesbit, R. J., McCloy, R., Harvey, K., & Dodd, H. F. (2022). Parent perceived barriers and facilitators of children’s adventurous play in Britain: A framework analysis. BMC Public Health, 22(636). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-13019-w
  • Oliver, B. E., Nesbit, R. J., McCloy, R., Harvey, K., & Dodd, H. F. (2023). Adventurous play for a healthy childhood: Facilitators and barriers identified by parents in Britain. Social Science & Medicine, 323, 115828. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.115828
  • Ryan, Z. J., Stockill, H., Nesbit, R. J., FitzGibbon, L., & Dodd, H. F. (2024). Parents’ Perception of Risk in Play: Associations with Parent and Child Gender. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-024-02844-9
  • Sandseter, E. B. H. (2007). Risky play among four- and five-year-old children in preschool. In S. O’Brien, P. Cassidy, & H. Shonfeld (Eds.), Vision into practice. Making quality a reality in the lives of young children, conference proceedings. Dublin: CECDE.
  • Sandseter, E. B. H., Cordovil, R., Hagen, T. L., & Lopes, F. (2020). Barriers for outdoor play in early childhood education and care (ECEC) institutions: Perception of risk in children’s play among European parents and ECEC practitioners. Child Care in Practice, 26(2), 111-129. https://doi.org/10.1080/13575279.2019.1685461
  • Sandseter, E. B. H., & Kennair, L. E. O. (2011). Children's risky play from an evolutionary perspective: The anti-phobic effects of thrilling experiences. Evolutionary Psychology, 9(2), 257-284. https://doi.org/10.1177/147470491100900212
  • Sandseter, E. B. H., Kleppe, R., & Sando, O. J. (2021). The prevalence of risky play in young children’s indoor and outdoor free play. Early Childhood Education Journal, 49, 303–312. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10643-020-01074-0
  • Schoeppe, S., Duncan, M. J., Badland, H. M., Alley, S., Williams, S., Rebar, A. L., & Vandelanotte, C. (2015). Socio-demographic factors and neighborhood social cohesion influence adults’ willingness to grant children greater independent mobility: A cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health, 15(1), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-015-2053-2
  • Sicim-Sevim, B. S., & Bapoğlu-Dümenci, S. (2020). Çocukların riskli oyunla ilgili algıları ile ebeveyn tutumları arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. Uluslararası Erken Çocukluk Eğitimi Çalışmaları Dergisi, 5(1), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.37754/652841.2020.511
  • Stephenson, A. (2003). Physical risk-taking: Dangerous or endangered? Early Years, 23(1), 35-43. https://doi.org/10.1080/0957514032000045573
  • Sutton-Smith, B. (1997). The ambiguity of play. Harvard University Press.
  • Şimşek, M. (2023). Knowledge about, practice in, attitude toward risky play: A case study from a school in Türkiye (Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation). Bilkent University.
  • Tandy, C. A. (1999). Children’s diminishing play space: A study of inter‐generational change in children’s use of their neighborhoods. Australian Geographical Studies, 37(2), 154-164. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8470.00076
  • Twigger-Ross, C. L., & Breakwell, G. M. (1999). Relating risk experience, venturesomeness and risk perception. Journal of Risk Research, 2(1), 73-83. https://doi.org/10.1080/136698799376998
  • Ungar, M. (2009). Overprotective parenting: Helping parents provide children the right amount of risk and responsibility. American Journal of Family Therapy, 37(3), 258–271. https://doi.org/10.1080/01926180802534247
  • Ünüvar, P., & Kanyılmaz, E. S. (2017). 4-6 yaş çocukları için riskli oyunlara izin verme ölçeğinin
  • Valentine, G., & McKendrick, J. (1997). Children's outdoor play: Exploring parental concerns about children's safety and the changing nature of childhood. Geoforum, 28(2), 219-235. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7185(97)00010-9
  • Veitch, J., Bagley, S., Ball, K., & Salmon, J. (2006). Where do children usually play? A qualitative study of parents' perceptions of influences on children's active free-play. Health and Place, 12(4), 383-393. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2005.02.009
  • Woolley, H., Pattacini, L., & Somerset Ward, A. (2009). Children and the natural environment: experiences, influences and interventions. London: Natural England.
  • Yanuarsari, R., Muchtar, H. S., & Sintiawati, N. (2021). The influence of single parent parenting in forming early childhood independence. The 2nd International on Meaningful Education, Bandung.
  • Yılmaz, S. (2020). Preschool children’s preferences to take risks in outdoor play: Turkish Sample. International Journal of Education Technology & Scientific Researches, 5(11), 580-595.
  • Yılmaz, S., & Çığ, O. (2022). Oyunda risk alma toleransı ölçeği’nin (ORAT) Türkçe’ye uyarlanması: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Marmara Üniversitesi Atatürk Eğitim Fakültesi Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 55(55), 198-218. https://doi.org/10.15285/maruaebd.992823
  • Yokum, C. (2018). Early childhood education and care practitioners’ beliefs and perceptions about preschool children’s risky play (Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation). Kansas State University, Kansas.
There are 66 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects School Counseling
Journal Section Makaleler
Authors

Simge Yılmaz Uysal 0000-0002-5092-8670

Binaz Bozkur 0000-0002-3821-7489

Publication Date December 30, 2024
Submission Date January 15, 2024
Acceptance Date June 24, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024

Cite

APA Yılmaz Uysal, S., & Bozkur, B. (2024). Exploring Mothers’ Risk Tolerance In Children’s Play: Investigating Parental Styles And Various Factors Predicting Children’s Risk-Taking Behaviors. Turkish Psychological Counseling and Guidance Journal, 14(75), 607-618. https://doi.org/10.17066/tpdrd.1420442

!! From 30 November 2023, English language proofreading will be required for accepted articles to ensure language quality.