Research Article
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Year 2026, Volume: 16 Issue: 80, 14 - 31, 27.03.2026
https://doi.org/10.17066/tpdrd.1582068
https://izlik.org/JA67CX42WF

Abstract

References

  • Adamu, A. A., & Mohamad, B. (2019). A reliable and valid measurement scale for assessing internal crisis communication. Journal of Communication Management, 23(2), 90–108. https://doi.org/10.1108/jcom-07-2018-0068
  • Akgün, S., & Araz, A. (2013). The effects of conflict resolution education on conflict resolution skills, social competence, and aggression in Turkish elementary school students. Journal of Peace Education, 11(1), 30–45. https://doi.org/10.1080/17400201.2013.777898
  • Alistarh, D., Haider, S., Kübler, R., & Nadiradze, G. (2018). The Transactional Conflict Problem. Proceedings of the 30th on Symposium on Parallelism in Algorithms and Architectures. https://doi.org/10.1145/3210377.3210406
  • Alordiah, C. O., & Chenube, O. (2023). Item Rotation in Scale Development: Exploring Principles and Strategies for Improving Scale Validity and Interoperability through Factor Analysis. Nigerian Journal of Social Psychology, 6(2), 65-82. Retrieved from https://nigerianjsp.com/index.php/NJSP/article/view/100
  • Alordiah, C. O. (2020). Development and factorial validation of a well-being scale for the Nigerian child. Journal of the Nigerian Council of Educational Psychologists, 13(1), 1-12. https://journals.ezenwaohaetorc.org/index.php/NCEP/article/view/1151
  • Avilés-Noles A, Guevara-Viejó F, Fajardo Aguilar PJ, Rueda-Varón MJ and Velosa García JD (2025) Optimizing efficiency and sustainability in higher education: development and validation of a lean thinking adoption instrument. Front. Educ. 10:1582771. doi: 10.3389/feduc.2025.1582771
  • Bandalos, D., & Finney, S. (2018). Factor Analysis. The Reviewer’s Guide to Quantitative Methods in the Social Sciences. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315755649-8
  • Bates, C. E., & Samp, J. A. (2011). Examining the Effects of Planning and Empathic Accuracy on Communication in Relational and Nonrelational Conflict Interactions. Communication Studies, 62(2), 207–223. https://doi.org/10.1080/10510974.2010.517597
  • Bista, B. (2016). Conflict Resolution Through Effective Communication. Tribhuvan University Journal, 29, 15-24. https://doi.org/10.3126/tuj.v29i1.25667
  • Bonache, H., Ramı́rez, G., & González-Méndez, R. (2016). Conflict resolution styles and teen dating violence. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 16(3), 276–286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijchp.2016.03.003
  • Cania, L. F., Netrawati, N., & Ardi, Z. (2024). Evolving Communication Skills: The Impact of Transactional Analysis Counseling. Jurnal Bimbingan Dan Konseling Terapan, 8(1), 86–86. https://doi.org/10.30598/jbkt.v8i1.1897
  • Chung, Y. W. (2015). The mediating effects of organizational conflict on the relationships between workplace ostracism with in-role behavior and organizational citizenship behavior. International Journal of Conflict Management, 26(4), 366–385. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijcma-01-2014-0001
  • Corrigan, P. W., & Oppenheim, M. (2023). The power of community-based participatory research (CBPR). Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 47(1), 2–8. https://doi.org/10.1037/prj0000568
  • Dari, T., Fox, C., Laux, J. M., & Speedlin Gonzalez, S. (2023). The Development and Validation of the Community-Based Participatory Research Knowledge Self-Assessment Scale (CBPR-KSAS): A Rasch Analysis. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 56(1), 64-79. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481756.2022.2034478
  • Doyumğaç, İ., Tanhan, A., & Kıymaz, M. S., (2021). Understanding the most important facilitators and barriers for online education during COVID-19 through online photovoice methodology. International Journal of Higher Education, 10(1), 166-190. https://doi.org/10.5430/ijhe.v10n1p166
  • Eisenkopf, G. (2018). The long-run effects of communication as a conflict resolution mechanism. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JEBO.2018.08.002
  • Escribano, S., Juliá‐Sanchis, R., García‐Sanjuán, S., Congost‐Maestre, N., & Cabañero‐Martínez, M. J. (2021). Psychometric properties of the Attitudes towards Medical Communication Scale in nursing students. PeerJ, 9, e11034–e11034. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.11034
  • Fortin, A., Paradis, A., Lapierre, A., & Hébert, M. (2020). Validation of the French-Canadian adaptation of the Conflict Resolution Styles Inventory for adolescents in dating relationships. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science/Revue canadienne des sciences du comportement, 52(4), 337. https://doi.org/10.1037/cbs0000173
  • Flora, D. B., & Flake, J. K. (2017). The purpose and practice of exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis in psychological research: Decisions for scale development and validation. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science/Revue Canadienne Des Sciences Du Comportement, 49(2), 78–88. https://doi.org/10.1037/cbs0000069
  • Giles, H., Edwards, A. L., & Walther, J. B. (2023). Communication accommodation theory: Past accomplishments, current trends, and future prospects. Language Sciences, 99, 101571–101571. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.langsci.2023.101571
  • Karakaya, S., & Alparslan, Z. (2022). Sample Size in Reliability Studies: A Practical Guide Based on Cronbach's Alpha. Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences. https://doi.org/10.5455/pbs.20220127074618
  • Klimecki, O. (2019). The Role of Empathy and Compassion in Conflict Resolution. Emotion Review, 11(4), 310–325. https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073919838609
  • Kyriazos, T. A. (2018). Applied psychometrics: sample size and sample power considerations in factor analysis (EFA, CFA) and SEM in general. Psychology, 9(08), 2207. https://doi.org/10.4236/psych.2018.98126
  • Kyriazos, T., & Poga, M. (2023). Dealing with multicollinearity in factor analysis: the problem, detections, and solutions. Open Journal of Statistics, 13(3), 404-424. https://doi.org/ 10.4236/ojs.2023.133020
  • Ilie, O., & Metea, I. (2015). Empathic And Assertive Communication. Efficient Communication Developments. International conference Knowledge-Based Organization, 21, 214 - 217. https://doi.org/10.1515/kbo-2015-0035
  • McNeish, D. (2017). Exploratory factor analysis with small samples and missing data. Journal of personality assessment, 99(6), 637-652. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2016.1252382
  • Mohammed, S., Nasidi, Q. Y., Muhammed, M. U., Umar, M. M., & Hassan, I. (2023). Perceived correlation between communication styles and interpersonal conflict resolution among international students in Malaysia. Journal of Nusantara Studies (JONUS), 8(2), 354–374. https://doi.org/10.24200/jonus.vol8iss2pp354-374
  • Nizza, I. E., Farr, J., & Smith, J. A. (2021). Achieving excellence in interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA): Four markers of high quality. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 18(3), 369–386. https://doi.org/10.1080/14780887.2020.1854404
  • Oliffe, J. L., Gao, N., Kelly, M. T., Fernandez, C. C., Salavati, H., Sha, M., Seidler, Z. E., & Rice, S. (2023). The case for and Against Doing Virtual Photovoice. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 22. https://doi.org/10.1177/16094069231190564
  • Ospanbayeva, M. P., Оralymbetova, G. U., & Tileubayeva, M. S. (2024). Study of interpersonal conflict resolution within psychological attitude theory. Dulaty University Bulletin, 14(2), 185–192. https://doi.org/10.55956/maxh7082
  • Ramadhini, C., & Manafe, L. A. (2022). The Leader Effective Communication in Solving Employee Conflict; REACH Analysis. International Journal of Economics Development Research (IJEDR), 3(2), 172–188. https://doi.org/10.37385/ijedr.v3i2.555
  • Sayed, M., & Sinha, A. (2024). Family communication patterns, individual’s overall conflict resolution style, and cognitive flexibility among young adults. World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, 21(3), 1817–1827. https://doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2024.21.3.0898
  • Sexton, M., & Orchard, C. (2016). Understanding healthcare professionals’ self-efficacy to resolve interprofessional conflict. Journal of Interprofessional Care, 30(3), 316–323. https://doi.org/10.3109/13561820.2016.1147021
  • Sierau, S., & Herzberg, P. Y. (2012). Conflict Resolution as a Dyadic Mediator: Considering the Partner Perspective on Conflict Resolution. European Journal of Personality, 26(3), 221–232. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.828
  • Shrestha, N. (2021). Factor analysis as a tool for survey analysis. American journal of Applied Mathematics and statistics, 9(1), 4-11.
  • Spector, P. (2019). Do Not Cross Me: Optimizing the Use of Cross-Sectional Designs. Journal of Business and Psychology, 34, 125-137. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10869-018-09613-8.
  • Suleymanova, A., & Zangieva, I. (2022). Selection of factor extraction methods in complicated research contexts: practice recommendations. Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Filosofiya, sotsiologiya, politologiya. https://doi.org/10.17223/1998863x/69/16.
  • Tanhan, A. (2020). COVID-19 sürecinde Online Seslifoto (OSF) yöntemiyle biyopsikososyal manevi ve ekonomik meseleleri ve genel iyi oluş düzeyini ele almak: OSF’nin Türkçeye uyarlanması. [Utilizing Online Photovoice (OPV) methodology to address biopsychosocial spiritual economic issues and wellbeing during COVID-19: Adapting OPV to Turkish.] Turkish Studies, 15(4), 1029 1086. https://doi.org/10.7827/TurkishStudies.44451
  • Tanhan, A., & Strack, R. W. (2020). Online photovoice to explore and advocate for Muslim biopsychosocial spiritual wellbeing and issues: Ecological systems theory and ally development. Current Psychology, 39(6), 2010-2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-020-00692-6
  • Thomas, K. W. (2008). Thomas-kilmann conflict mode. TKI Profile and Interpretive Report, 1(11).
  • Waalkes, P. L., Mizutani, Y., Kim, S. R., Napitupulu, A., Thompson, J., Leiva, A. N., Tanhan, A., & Moore, M. (2025). Professional identity development of counselor educators with international backgrounds through online photovoice. International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling, 47, 150-170 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10447-024-09582-z
  • Zheng, X., Lu, Y., Le, Y., Li, Y., & Fang, J. (2018). Formation of Interorganizational Relational Behavior in Megaprojects: Perspective of the Extended Theory of Planned Behavior. Journal of Management in Engineering, 34(1). https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)me.1943-5479.0000560

Psychometric Properties of Conflict Resolution Communication Strategies Scale (CRCS): A Tool for Counselling Psychologist

Year 2026, Volume: 16 Issue: 80, 14 - 31, 27.03.2026
https://doi.org/10.17066/tpdrd.1582068
https://izlik.org/JA67CX42WF

Abstract

Communication is a key component of effective conflict resolution, especially when it comes to the areas of “open communication” and “active and clear communication”. In order to evaluate these aspects and direct interventions, counselling psychologists frequently need reliable instruments. Nevertheless, current instruments fall short in distinguishing these two crucial elements properly. This study aims to develop and validate the Conflict Resolution Communication Strategies Scale (CRCS) specifically for counselling psychologists, focusing on the psychometric properties of construct validity and internal consistency. About 118 lecturers from different Nigerian institutions participated in the study. After several iterations of testing and feedback, the CRCS's initial set of 18 items was whittled down to 12 with the help of expert opinion and a review of the literature. Through principal component analysis (PCA) and reliability testing, the CRCS was refined into two distinct subscales: "open communication" and "active and clear communication," which together account for 60.6% of the total variance. The scale’s robust psychometric properties were established, with an overall Cronbach’s alpha of 0.876, indicating high internal consistency across both subscales. The CRCS provides counselling psychologists with a reliable tool to assess communication strategies in conflict resolution, filling a significant gap in available instruments that can separately measure key communication constructs.

References

  • Adamu, A. A., & Mohamad, B. (2019). A reliable and valid measurement scale for assessing internal crisis communication. Journal of Communication Management, 23(2), 90–108. https://doi.org/10.1108/jcom-07-2018-0068
  • Akgün, S., & Araz, A. (2013). The effects of conflict resolution education on conflict resolution skills, social competence, and aggression in Turkish elementary school students. Journal of Peace Education, 11(1), 30–45. https://doi.org/10.1080/17400201.2013.777898
  • Alistarh, D., Haider, S., Kübler, R., & Nadiradze, G. (2018). The Transactional Conflict Problem. Proceedings of the 30th on Symposium on Parallelism in Algorithms and Architectures. https://doi.org/10.1145/3210377.3210406
  • Alordiah, C. O., & Chenube, O. (2023). Item Rotation in Scale Development: Exploring Principles and Strategies for Improving Scale Validity and Interoperability through Factor Analysis. Nigerian Journal of Social Psychology, 6(2), 65-82. Retrieved from https://nigerianjsp.com/index.php/NJSP/article/view/100
  • Alordiah, C. O. (2020). Development and factorial validation of a well-being scale for the Nigerian child. Journal of the Nigerian Council of Educational Psychologists, 13(1), 1-12. https://journals.ezenwaohaetorc.org/index.php/NCEP/article/view/1151
  • Avilés-Noles A, Guevara-Viejó F, Fajardo Aguilar PJ, Rueda-Varón MJ and Velosa García JD (2025) Optimizing efficiency and sustainability in higher education: development and validation of a lean thinking adoption instrument. Front. Educ. 10:1582771. doi: 10.3389/feduc.2025.1582771
  • Bandalos, D., & Finney, S. (2018). Factor Analysis. The Reviewer’s Guide to Quantitative Methods in the Social Sciences. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315755649-8
  • Bates, C. E., & Samp, J. A. (2011). Examining the Effects of Planning and Empathic Accuracy on Communication in Relational and Nonrelational Conflict Interactions. Communication Studies, 62(2), 207–223. https://doi.org/10.1080/10510974.2010.517597
  • Bista, B. (2016). Conflict Resolution Through Effective Communication. Tribhuvan University Journal, 29, 15-24. https://doi.org/10.3126/tuj.v29i1.25667
  • Bonache, H., Ramı́rez, G., & González-Méndez, R. (2016). Conflict resolution styles and teen dating violence. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 16(3), 276–286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijchp.2016.03.003
  • Cania, L. F., Netrawati, N., & Ardi, Z. (2024). Evolving Communication Skills: The Impact of Transactional Analysis Counseling. Jurnal Bimbingan Dan Konseling Terapan, 8(1), 86–86. https://doi.org/10.30598/jbkt.v8i1.1897
  • Chung, Y. W. (2015). The mediating effects of organizational conflict on the relationships between workplace ostracism with in-role behavior and organizational citizenship behavior. International Journal of Conflict Management, 26(4), 366–385. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijcma-01-2014-0001
  • Corrigan, P. W., & Oppenheim, M. (2023). The power of community-based participatory research (CBPR). Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 47(1), 2–8. https://doi.org/10.1037/prj0000568
  • Dari, T., Fox, C., Laux, J. M., & Speedlin Gonzalez, S. (2023). The Development and Validation of the Community-Based Participatory Research Knowledge Self-Assessment Scale (CBPR-KSAS): A Rasch Analysis. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 56(1), 64-79. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481756.2022.2034478
  • Doyumğaç, İ., Tanhan, A., & Kıymaz, M. S., (2021). Understanding the most important facilitators and barriers for online education during COVID-19 through online photovoice methodology. International Journal of Higher Education, 10(1), 166-190. https://doi.org/10.5430/ijhe.v10n1p166
  • Eisenkopf, G. (2018). The long-run effects of communication as a conflict resolution mechanism. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JEBO.2018.08.002
  • Escribano, S., Juliá‐Sanchis, R., García‐Sanjuán, S., Congost‐Maestre, N., & Cabañero‐Martínez, M. J. (2021). Psychometric properties of the Attitudes towards Medical Communication Scale in nursing students. PeerJ, 9, e11034–e11034. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.11034
  • Fortin, A., Paradis, A., Lapierre, A., & Hébert, M. (2020). Validation of the French-Canadian adaptation of the Conflict Resolution Styles Inventory for adolescents in dating relationships. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science/Revue canadienne des sciences du comportement, 52(4), 337. https://doi.org/10.1037/cbs0000173
  • Flora, D. B., & Flake, J. K. (2017). The purpose and practice of exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis in psychological research: Decisions for scale development and validation. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science/Revue Canadienne Des Sciences Du Comportement, 49(2), 78–88. https://doi.org/10.1037/cbs0000069
  • Giles, H., Edwards, A. L., & Walther, J. B. (2023). Communication accommodation theory: Past accomplishments, current trends, and future prospects. Language Sciences, 99, 101571–101571. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.langsci.2023.101571
  • Karakaya, S., & Alparslan, Z. (2022). Sample Size in Reliability Studies: A Practical Guide Based on Cronbach's Alpha. Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences. https://doi.org/10.5455/pbs.20220127074618
  • Klimecki, O. (2019). The Role of Empathy and Compassion in Conflict Resolution. Emotion Review, 11(4), 310–325. https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073919838609
  • Kyriazos, T. A. (2018). Applied psychometrics: sample size and sample power considerations in factor analysis (EFA, CFA) and SEM in general. Psychology, 9(08), 2207. https://doi.org/10.4236/psych.2018.98126
  • Kyriazos, T., & Poga, M. (2023). Dealing with multicollinearity in factor analysis: the problem, detections, and solutions. Open Journal of Statistics, 13(3), 404-424. https://doi.org/ 10.4236/ojs.2023.133020
  • Ilie, O., & Metea, I. (2015). Empathic And Assertive Communication. Efficient Communication Developments. International conference Knowledge-Based Organization, 21, 214 - 217. https://doi.org/10.1515/kbo-2015-0035
  • McNeish, D. (2017). Exploratory factor analysis with small samples and missing data. Journal of personality assessment, 99(6), 637-652. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2016.1252382
  • Mohammed, S., Nasidi, Q. Y., Muhammed, M. U., Umar, M. M., & Hassan, I. (2023). Perceived correlation between communication styles and interpersonal conflict resolution among international students in Malaysia. Journal of Nusantara Studies (JONUS), 8(2), 354–374. https://doi.org/10.24200/jonus.vol8iss2pp354-374
  • Nizza, I. E., Farr, J., & Smith, J. A. (2021). Achieving excellence in interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA): Four markers of high quality. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 18(3), 369–386. https://doi.org/10.1080/14780887.2020.1854404
  • Oliffe, J. L., Gao, N., Kelly, M. T., Fernandez, C. C., Salavati, H., Sha, M., Seidler, Z. E., & Rice, S. (2023). The case for and Against Doing Virtual Photovoice. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 22. https://doi.org/10.1177/16094069231190564
  • Ospanbayeva, M. P., Оralymbetova, G. U., & Tileubayeva, M. S. (2024). Study of interpersonal conflict resolution within psychological attitude theory. Dulaty University Bulletin, 14(2), 185–192. https://doi.org/10.55956/maxh7082
  • Ramadhini, C., & Manafe, L. A. (2022). The Leader Effective Communication in Solving Employee Conflict; REACH Analysis. International Journal of Economics Development Research (IJEDR), 3(2), 172–188. https://doi.org/10.37385/ijedr.v3i2.555
  • Sayed, M., & Sinha, A. (2024). Family communication patterns, individual’s overall conflict resolution style, and cognitive flexibility among young adults. World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, 21(3), 1817–1827. https://doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2024.21.3.0898
  • Sexton, M., & Orchard, C. (2016). Understanding healthcare professionals’ self-efficacy to resolve interprofessional conflict. Journal of Interprofessional Care, 30(3), 316–323. https://doi.org/10.3109/13561820.2016.1147021
  • Sierau, S., & Herzberg, P. Y. (2012). Conflict Resolution as a Dyadic Mediator: Considering the Partner Perspective on Conflict Resolution. European Journal of Personality, 26(3), 221–232. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.828
  • Shrestha, N. (2021). Factor analysis as a tool for survey analysis. American journal of Applied Mathematics and statistics, 9(1), 4-11.
  • Spector, P. (2019). Do Not Cross Me: Optimizing the Use of Cross-Sectional Designs. Journal of Business and Psychology, 34, 125-137. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10869-018-09613-8.
  • Suleymanova, A., & Zangieva, I. (2022). Selection of factor extraction methods in complicated research contexts: practice recommendations. Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Filosofiya, sotsiologiya, politologiya. https://doi.org/10.17223/1998863x/69/16.
  • Tanhan, A. (2020). COVID-19 sürecinde Online Seslifoto (OSF) yöntemiyle biyopsikososyal manevi ve ekonomik meseleleri ve genel iyi oluş düzeyini ele almak: OSF’nin Türkçeye uyarlanması. [Utilizing Online Photovoice (OPV) methodology to address biopsychosocial spiritual economic issues and wellbeing during COVID-19: Adapting OPV to Turkish.] Turkish Studies, 15(4), 1029 1086. https://doi.org/10.7827/TurkishStudies.44451
  • Tanhan, A., & Strack, R. W. (2020). Online photovoice to explore and advocate for Muslim biopsychosocial spiritual wellbeing and issues: Ecological systems theory and ally development. Current Psychology, 39(6), 2010-2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-020-00692-6
  • Thomas, K. W. (2008). Thomas-kilmann conflict mode. TKI Profile and Interpretive Report, 1(11).
  • Waalkes, P. L., Mizutani, Y., Kim, S. R., Napitupulu, A., Thompson, J., Leiva, A. N., Tanhan, A., & Moore, M. (2025). Professional identity development of counselor educators with international backgrounds through online photovoice. International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling, 47, 150-170 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10447-024-09582-z
  • Zheng, X., Lu, Y., Le, Y., Li, Y., & Fang, J. (2018). Formation of Interorganizational Relational Behavior in Megaprojects: Perspective of the Extended Theory of Planned Behavior. Journal of Management in Engineering, 34(1). https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)me.1943-5479.0000560
There are 42 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Psychological Counseling and Guidance (Other)
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Caroline Alordiah 0000-0002-2917-9302

Florence Omumu This is me 0000-0002-6393-1107

Submission Date November 9, 2024
Acceptance Date September 12, 2025
Publication Date March 27, 2026
DOI https://doi.org/10.17066/tpdrd.1582068
IZ https://izlik.org/JA67CX42WF
Published in Issue Year 2026 Volume: 16 Issue: 80

Cite

APA Alordiah, C., & Omumu, F. (2026). Psychometric Properties of Conflict Resolution Communication Strategies Scale (CRCS): A Tool for Counselling Psychologist. Turkish Psychological Counseling and Guidance Journal, 16(80), 14-31. https://doi.org/10.17066/tpdrd.1582068

!! From 30 November 2023, English language proofreading will be required for accepted articles to ensure language quality.