Using Bibliotheraphy in Adult Counseling

Abstract

In recent years bibliotherapy has become a popular approach and it has been commonly utilized in psychological counseling as a supplemental method to the traditional counseling techniques. Therefore, the purpose of this literature review was to introduce the bibliotherapy methods to the reader working in adults counseling settings. Bibliotherapy is aimed at changing the client’s faulty assumptions and cognitions and encouraging them by giving a task as reading articles, brochures or books. In order to do that, brochures, articles, and reading assignments are used to accentuate this therapeutic process. Bibliotherapy has been successfully used in counseling children, adolescents, adults, and the elderly for a variety of reasons and the effectiveness has been documented evidence based. Bibliotherapy provides some advantages including: accentuating the therapy, decreasing the time required for healing, cost effectiveness, and shortening the waiting period; in addition, clients do not have to go to the therapist’s office. Since it matches the client’s pace, it enhances the client’s sense of self esteem and autonomy. In this paper, the definition, historical development, the prevalence of this method and clients’ characteristics were evaluated, and the role of counselors’ was discussed.

Keywords

• -

Yetişkinlerle Yapılan Psikolojik Danışmada Bibliyoterapi (Okuma Yoluyla Sağaltım) Yönteminin Kullanılması

Abstract

Bu makalede son yıllarda çok popüler olan ve geleneksel sağaltım ile beraber kullanılan bib-liyoterapi yönteminin yetişkinlerde kullanımının değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmaktadır. Bibliyoterapi; bireyin sahip olduğu yanlış tutumları değiştirmek ve bireyi cesaretlendirmek için belli danışan veya hasta gruplarına makale, broşür ve kitap okuma ödevlerinin verilmesidir. Bu teknik çocuklarda, ergenlerde, yetişkin ve yaşlılarda birçok sorunun tedavisinde başarı ile kullanılmakta olup, etkinliği bilimsel olarak kanıtlanmıştır. Bibliyoterapinin sağladığı avantajlar arasında, danışmanlığın hızlanması, sağaltım süresinin kısalması, danışma maliyetlerinin düşmesi, bekleme süresinin ve psikolojik danışman ihtiyacının ortadan kalkması olarak sayılabilir. Ayrıca danışma sürecinin danışanın kendisinin belirlediği şekilde ilerlemesi, danışanlarda kendine güven ve bağımsızlık duygusunu arttırmaya yardımcı olmaktadır. Bu makalede, bibliyoterapinin tanımı, tarihsel gelişimi, kullanım sıklığı ile uygun danışanların özellikleri değerlendirilmiş ve danışmanın tedavi sürecindeki rolü irdelenmiştir.

Keywords

• Bibliyoterapi, bibliyoterapi ve danışmanlık, yetişkinler ve bibliyoterapi

References

1. Ackerson, J ., Scogin, F., McKendree-Smith, N. ve Lyman, R. D. (1998). Cognitive bibliotherapy for mild and moderate adolescent depressive symptomatology. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66 (4), 685—690.
2. Adams, S. J. ve Pitre, N. L. (2000). Who uses bibliotherapy and why? A Survey from an underserviced area. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 45,645-649.
3. Bentler, L. E., Engle, D., Daldrup. R. J., Bergan. J., Meredith. K. ve Merry, W. (1991). Predictors of differential response to cognitive, experiential, and self—directed psychotherapeutic procedures. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 59, 333-340.
4. Bilich, L. L., Deane, F. P., Phipps, A. B., Barisic, M. ve Gould, G. (2008). Effectiveness of bibliotherapy self- help for depression With varying levels of telephone helpline support. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherphy, 15, 61-74.
5. Bowman, D., Scogin, F. ve Lyrene, B. (1995). The efficacy of self—examination therapy and cognitive bibliotherapy in the treatment of mild to moderate depression. Psychotherapy Research, 5, 131440.
6. Brewster, L. (2008). Medicine for he soul: Bibiiotheraphy. Aplı's, 21(3),1 15-1 19.
7. Bryan, A. I. (1939). Can there be a science of bibliotherapy? Library Journal 64, 773—76.
8. Campbell, L. F. ve Smith, T. P. (2003). Integrating self- help books into psychotherapy. Journal of Clinical Psychology/In Session, 59(2), 177—186.

9. Coleman, M. ve Ganong, L. H. (1990). The use of juvenile Şction and self-help books with stepfamilies. Journal ofCoanseling and Development. 68,327-331.
10. Corr, C. A. (2004). Pet loss in death related literature for children. Omega: Journal of Death and Dying, 48,399—414.
11. Cuijpers, P. (1997). Bibliotherapy in unipolar depression: A meta-analysis. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 28, 139-147.
12. Den Boer, RC. AM., Wiersma, D. ve Van Den Bosch, R. J. (2004). Why is self-help neglected in the treatment of emotional disorders? A meta—analysis. Psychological Medicine, 234, 959-971.
13. Evans, K., Tyrer, P., Catalan, C., Schmidt, U., Davidson, K., Tata, P., Thornton, S., Barber, J. ve Thompson, S. (1999). Manual-assisted cognitive-behavioral therapy (MACT): A randomized controlled trial of a brief intervention with bibliotheraphy in the treatment of recurrent deliberate self-harm. Psychological Medicine, 29, 19—25.
14. Febbraro, G.A. (2005). Arı investigation into the effectiveness of bibliotherapy and minimal contact interventions in the treatment of panic attacks. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 61(6), 763—779.
15. Floyd, M. (2003). Bibliotherapy as an adjunct to psychotherapy for depression in older adults. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 59,187-195.
16. Floyd, M., Rohen, N., Shackelford, J. A. M., Hubbard, K. L., Parnell, M. B., Seogin, F. ve ark. (2006). Two— year follow-up of bibliotherapy and individual cognitive therapy for depressed older adults. Behavior Modification, 30(3), 281—294. 2010, 4 (33), 4656
17. Gellatly, J., Bower, P., Hennessy, S., Richards, D., Gilbody, S. ve Lovell, K. (2007). What makes self- help interventions effective in the management of depressive symptoms? Meta-analysis and meta- regression. Psychological Medicine, 37, 1217-1228.
18. Giblin, P. (1989). Use of reading assignments in clinical practice. T he American Journal of Family Therapy. 17, 219-22.
19. Gladding, S. T. ve Gladding, C. (1991). The ABCS of bibliotheraphy for school counselors. School Counselor, 39(1), 7—12.
20. Gould, R. A, Clum, G. A. ve Shapiro, D. (1993). The use of bibliotherapy in the treatment of panic: a preliminary investigation. Behavioral Therapy, 24, 241—52.
21. Gregory, R. J., Canning, S. S., Lee, T. W. ve Wise, J. C. (2004). Cognitive Bibliotherapy for Depression: A Meta—Analysis. Professional Psychology Research and Practice, (35) 3, 275-280.
22. Gülcü, N. ve Bulut, S.(2010 yayında). Bel ağrısı konusuna yönelik internet sitelerinin içerik analizi. Ağrı Dergisi,
23. Halliday, G. (1991) Psychological self—help books-how dangerous are they? Psychotherapy, 28, 678—86.
24. Hayes, L. (2002). Coping, View 1: Programs laudable. American Libraries, 33, (8), 35-36.
25. Higgins, M., McKevitt, C. ve Wolfe, D. A. (2005). Reading to stroke unit patients: Perceived impact and potential of an innovative arts based therapy. Disability and Rehabilitation, 27 (22), 1391-1398.
26. Hodges, B., Craven, J. ve Littlefîeid, C. (1995). Bibliotherapy for psychosocial distress in lung transplant patients and their families. Psychosomatics, 36(4), 360—8.
27. Jamison, C. ve Scogin. F. (1995). Outcome of cognitive bibliotherapy with depressed adults. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 63, 644—650.
28. Jones, F. A. (2002). The role of bibliotheraphy in health anxiety: An experimental study. British Journal of Community Nursing, 7, 498-503.
29. Jones, J. L. (2006). A closer look at bibliotherapy. Young Adult Library Services Fall, 24—27.
30. Keeley, H., Williams, C. J. ve Shapiro, D. (2002). A United Kingdom survey of accredited cognitive behavior therapists’ attitudes towards and use of structured self-help materials. Behavioral and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 30, 191—201.
31. Kohutek, K. J. (1983). Bibliotherapy within a correctional setting. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 39, 920— 924.
32. Landreville, P., Landry, J., Baillargeon, L., Guerette, A. ve Matteau, E. (2001). Older adults’ acceptance of psychological and pharmacological treatments for depression. The Journals of Gerontology, 563, 285— 291.
33. Leach, S. L., Christensen, H., Griffiths, K. M., Joan, A. F. ve Mackinnon, A. J. (2007). Websites as a mode of delivering mental health information: Perceptions from the Australian public. Social Psychiatry Epidemiology, 42,167-172.
34. Lu, Y. L. (2008). Helping children cope: What is bibliotherapy? Research and Development, spring, 47—49.
35. Marlowe, M. ve Maycook, G. (2000). Phenomenology of bibliotherapy in modifying teacher punitiveness. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 161(3), 325-336.
36. Martinez, R., Whitfield, G., Dafters, R. ve Williams, C. (2008). Can people read self -help manuals for depression? A challenge for the stepped care model and book prescription schemes. Behavioral and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 36, 89—97.
37. MeKendree-Smith, N. L., Floyd, M. ve Scogin, F. R. (2003). Self-administered treatments for depression: A review. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 59(3), 275-288.
38. Mimeault, V. ve Morin, C. M. (1999). Self—help treatment for insomnia: Bibliotherapy with and without professional guidance. Journal. of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 67, (4), 511-519.
39. NIMHE (2003). http:llwwwnewwaysofworldng.org.uk adresinden 03 Aralik 2009 tarihinde edinilmiştir.
40. Norcross, J. C. (2006). Integrating self-help into psychotherapy: 16 practical suggestions. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 37(6), 683-693.
41. Öner, U. (1987). “Bibliyoterapi” A.Ü. EHF. Dergisi, 20.1-2
42. Öner, U. (2007). Bibliyoterapi. Çankaya Üniversitesi Fen- Edebtyat Fakültesi Journal of Arts and Sciences, 7, 133-150.
43. Öner, U. ve Yeşilyaprak, B. (2006). Bibliyoterapi: Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Programlarında Çocuk Edebiyatından Yararlanma. H. Ulusal Çocuk ve Gençlik Edebiyati Sempozyumu Bildiriler Kitabi (Ankara Üniversitesi, Eğitim Bilimleri Fakültesi), Yayın No: 203, Ankara, s: 559—565.
44. Pardeck, J. A. ve Pardeck, J. T. (1984). An overview of the bibliotherapeutic treatment approach: implications for clinical social work practice. Family Therapy, 1], 241752.
45. Pardeck, (1993). Using bibliotheraphy in clinical practice: A guide to self-help books. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
46. Prater, M. A., Dyches, T. T. ve Johnstun, M. (2006). Teaching students about disabilities through children’s literature. Intervention in School and Clinic, 42 (1), 14-24.
47. Quackenbush, R. L. (1991). The prescription of self-help books by psychologists: a bibliography of selected bibliotherapy resources. Psychotherapy, 28, 671—7.
48. Redding, R. E., Herbert, . .D., Forman, E. M. ve Gaudiano, B. A. (2008). Popular self-help books for anxiety, depression, and trauma: How scientiŞcally grounded and useful are they? Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 39(5), 537-545.
49. Russell, D. H. ve Shrodes, G. (1950). Contributions of research inbibliotherapy to the language arts program. School Review, 58, 411-420.
50. Scogin, F., Jamison. C. ve Goehneaur, K. (1989). Comparative efficacy of cognitive and behavioral bibliotherapy for mildly and moderately depressed older adults. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 57, 403-407.
51. Scogin, F., Jamison, C. ve Davis, N. (1990). Two—year follow-up of bibliotherapy for depression in older adults. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 58, 665— 667.
52. Silverberg, L. (2003). Bibliotheraphy: The therapeutic use of didactic and literary texts in treatment, diagnosis, prevention, and training. JAOA Special Communication, 103(3), 131—135.
53. Shechtman, Z. (2006) The contribution of bibliotherapy to the counseling of aggressive boys. Psychotherapy Research, 6 (5), 645-651.
54. Shrodes, C. (1950). Bibliotheraphy: A theoretical and clinical experimental study. ' Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of California, Berkley.
55. Smith, N. M., Floyd, M. R., Scogin, F. ve Jamison, C. S. (1997). Three—year follow-up of bibliotherapy for depression. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 65, 324—327.
56. Starker, S. (19881)). Psychologists and self-help books: Attitudes and prescriptive practices of clinicians. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 62(3), 448—455.
57. Starker, S. (1988a). Do-it-yourself therapy: The Prescription of self-help books by psychologists. Psychotherapy. 25,142—46, 1988.
58. Tolin, D. F. (2001). Case study: bibliotherapy and extinction treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder in a 5-year-old boy. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 40 (9), 1111—4.
59. Turner, J. (2008). Bibliotheraphy for health and wellbeing: An effective investment. Aplis, 21 (2), 56-61.
60. Tussing, H. L ve Valentine, D. P. (2001). Helping adolescents cope with the mental illness of a parent through bibliotherapy. Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal, 18, (6), 455-469.
61. , 4 (33), 46—56 Turkish Psychological Counseling and Guidance Journal 2010, 4 (33), 46-56
62. USING BIBLIOTHERAPHY IN ADULT COUNSELING Sefa BULUT
63. Traditional therapies require a great deal of time
64. and highly-educated experts, and clients have to wait
65. long periods of times to be able to see a therapist. Thus,
66. a new cognitive behavioral approach has emerged as an
67. alternative method of therapy. Bibliotherapy (BT),
68. manual-supported BT, telephone-supported BT and
69. book prescriptions terms and concepts have showed up
70. in counseling and psychology literature in recent years.
71. This current approach has become very popular in
72. England, Australia, and North America and has been
73. supported by government agencies as an alternative and
74. fast way of dealing with mental health problems. Starker (1988a) pointed out that in the USA 98%
75. of psychologists have read at least one self—help book.
76. Regardless of their theoretical orientations,
77. psychologists recommend self-help books to their
78. clients; however, dynamically—oriented, analytic
79. psychologists use this method less often than others. Halliday check references (1991) surveyed adult
80. clients before therapy and found that 43% of them had
81. read a book. Among those, 86% reported that they had
82. beneŞted, only 9% said that reading a book had caused
83. difŞculty and stress in their life. In another study in Canada, Adams and Pitre
84. (2000) reported that 68% of mental health experts used
85. BT. The reasons for therapists to recommend books are
86. as follows: 88 % wanted clients to take responsibility,
87. % wanted to ease the therapeutic process, and 64 %
88. said clients demanded books for themselves. They also
89. mentioned that counselors and psychologists
90. recommend books parallel to their theoretical backgrounds. DeŞnition In general, BT is an adjunct method of therapy. It
91. is widely recommended to clients in treatment
92. (Landereville, Landry, Baillergeon, Guerette and
93. Matteav, 2001). Russel and Shrodes (1950) deŞned BT
94. as a dynamic interaction process which can be used to
95. confront the reader’s emotional difŞculties using a
96. skillful expert’s guidance. To Wolberg (1967) in order
97. to change individuals’ faulty cognitions, to enhance
98. their motivation in a more constructive way, articles,
99. books, and reading assignments are prescribed to
100. certain clients and counselees.
101. Yrd. Doç. Dr., Sefa BULUT, Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi, Eğitim
102. Bilimleri Bölümü, Psikolojik Danışmanlık ve Rehberlik Aria Bilim
103. Advantages of Bibliotherapy
104. Many researchers have reported that the effects of
105. BT can continue up to 2 years (Scogin, Jamison and
106. Davis, 1990) or even 3 years (Smith, Floyd, Scogin and
107. Jamison, 1997). On the other hand, Van Lankveld
108. (1998) claimed that clients’ gains disappeared shortly
109. after the treatment and no effect was seen in follow-ups.
110. Gregory, Canning, Lee and Wise (2004) believe BT is
111. easy to reach for many people, fast, cheap, and non
112. intrusive. It is also convenient for those who do not
113. want to travel to a counselor’s ofŞce or have difŞculty
114. opening up with personal problems such as, sexual
115. problems. BT also hastens the healing process, gives
116. the clients a sense of trust and autonomy and it
117. progresses at the individual’s pace; for these reasons it
118. is a preferable method for many experts.
119. Studies Involving Bibliotherapy
120. The efŞcacy of BT has been proven with persons
121. in different age groups. For example, BT was
122. successfully employed with adults (Bowman, Scogin
123. and Lyrene, 1995), elderly persons (Landreville,
124. Landry, Baillargeon, Guerette, and Matteau, 2001),
125. adolescents (Ackerson, Scogin, McKendree-Smith ve
126. Lyman, 1998), and children (Prater, Dyches and
127. Johnstuu, 2006; Tolin, 2001). Sefa Bulut Ackerson et al., (1998) used “self administered cognitive therapy” in conjunction with a weekly phone consultation. Participants Şlled out a work sheet, read some assignments, and completed survey forms to increase the effectiveness of treatment. Researchers reported positive results up to 3 years. Mimeault and
128. Morin (1999) conducted a study with people who had
129. sleep problems in Canada. They used cognitive
130. behavioral bibliotherapy, cognitive behavioral
131. bibliotherapy with phone consultation, and control
132. groups. They used a manual work book for the Şrst
133. groups for 6 weeks, a work book and phone
134. consultation for the second group, and no treatment for
135. the control group. The group that received phone
136. consultation progressed better, but in the follow-up at
137. the 3rd month, the difference had disappeared. Kohutek
138. (1983) used BT in the USA in a high security prison
139. with inmate clients for 4 weeks by assigning 3 books.
140. Results revealed that BT increased inmates’ self-esteem
141. and strengthened internal control and these gains
142. continued for a long time. ln another interesting
143. application in a rehabilitation center in London, a group
144. of volunteers came to the center to read to and stimulate
145. the patients. Their service increased patients’
146. cooperation, motivation, and well being and provided
147. entertainment as well as connections with the outside
148. world and a sense of community. Limitations BT may not be appropriate for every client. Thus,
149. it is necessary to pinpoint the characteristics of clients,
150. who can beneŞt most from BT (Den Boer, Wiersma
151. and Den Bosh, 2004). In Australia (Leach, Christensen,
152. GrifŞths, Jorm, and Mackinnon (2007) younger
153. persons, persons who value anonymity, and persons
154. who want to handle their problems by themselves
155. preferred internet resources more often. Similarly, the
156. reader’s age, educational level, motivation, insights,
157. religious and spiritual orientation, cultural background,
158. and the readiness for change impacted the effectiveness
159. of BT (Campbell and Smith, 2003). In addition, the
160. level of psychopathology determines a client's reactions
161. to BT (Redding, Herbert, Fonnan and Gavdiano, 2008).
162. Client Characteristics
163. The beneŞts are based on the client’s ability to
164. read independently, comprehend, and apply the new
165. knowledge. Such as, Scogin, Jamison and Goehneaur,
166. (1989) reported that it is highly possible for clients with
167. a low educational level to quit easily and clients with
168. learned powerlessness to beneŞt more (Jamison and
169. Scogin, 1995). Beutler, Engle, Daldrup, Bergan,
170. Meredith and Merry, (1991) mentioned that clients use
171. internal coping skills, and McKendree—Smith, Floyd,
172. and Scogin (2003) said that clients with defensive
173. attitudes beneŞt more from BT. 56
174. Application and Utilization of Bibliotherapy
175. Techniques in Turkey
176. Bibliotherapy is considered a relatively new and
177. untouched methods in counseling practices in Turkey.
178. One of the earliest article written by Öner (1987)
179. introduced the concept of bibliotherapy, explained the
180. stages and purposes of this technique. In following
181. years, Öner and Yeşilyaprak (2006) suggested the usage
182. of child literature as an adjunct methods for children
183. psychological and academic developments. Yesilyaprak
184. and Öner (2006) proposed the usage of folk tales and
185. Öner (2007) investigated the usage of stories and life
186. stories as a bibliotherapy methods in quest of self
187. discovery. In sum, even though there are very few
188. publications, there is a recent strong grooving interest
189. for bibliotherapy techniques in Turkey. Turkish Psychological Counseling and Guidance Journal 2010, 4 (33), 46-56