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Rumination and Anger/Anger Expression Styles as Risk Factors for Psychological Symptoms of Adolescents

Year 2009, Volume: 4 Issue: 32, 45 - 53, 26.04.2009

Abstract

Rumination and anger/anger expression styles as risk factors for psychological symptoms of adolescents. The aim of the study is to investigate the contributions of rumination and trait anger/ anger expression styles to psychological symptoms in adolescents. The sample consisted of 555 high school students (311 female and 244 male). They were given a Demographic Form, “Rumination Scale”, “The State- Trait Anger Scale”, and “The Brief Symptom Inventory”. In order to test the predictability of depressive and anxiety symptoms by rumination and trait anger/ anger expression styles, hierarchical multiple regression analyses were conducted. The results revealed that rumination is a strong predictor of depressive and anxiety symptoms both in female and male adolescents. In addition, after the effect of rumination was controlled, trait anger/ anger expression styles still predicted depressive and anxiety symptoms in adolescents. How rumination and anger/ anger expression styles explained psychological symptoms of adolescents were discussed in relation to the literature.

References

  • Abela, J.R.Z., Vanderbilt, E. ve Rochon, A. (2004). A test of the integration of the response styles and social support theories of depression in third and seventh grade children. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 23(5), 653- 674.
  • Berkowitz, L. (1990). On the formation and regulation of anger and aggression: A cognitive – neoassociationistic analysis. American Psychologist, 45(4), 494- 503.
  • Blaney, P.H. (1986). Affect and memory: A review. Psychological Bulletin, 99(2), 229- 246.
  • Bosquet, M. ve Egeland, B. (2006). The development and maintenance of anxiety symptoms from infancy through adolescence in a longitudinal sample. Developmental Psychopathology, 18, 517- 550.
  • Bridewell, W. B. ve Chang, E. C. (1997). Distinguishing between anxiety, depression, and hostility: Relations to anger-in, anger-out, and anger control. Personality and Individual Differences, 22(4), 587- 590.
  • Clay, D.L., Anderson, W.P. ve Dixon, W.A. (1993). Relationship between anger expression and stres in predicting depression. Journal of Counseling and Development, 72, 91- 94.
  • Compas, B. E., Malcarne, V. L. ve Fondacaro, K. M. (1988). Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56(3), 405- 411.
  • Conger, J. C., Conger, A. J. Edmondson, C., Tescher, B. ve Smolin, J. (2003). The relationship of anger and social skills to psychological symptoms. Assessment, 10, 248- 258.
  • Cox, D. L., Stabb, S. D. ve Hulgus, J. F. (2000). Anger and depression in girls and boys: A study of gender differences. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 24, 110- 112.
  • Deffenbacher, J. L., Oetting, E. R., Thwaites, G. A., Lynch, R. S., Baker, D. A., Stark, R. S., ve ark. (1996). State-trait anger theory and the utility of the trait anger scale. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 43(2), 131- 148.
  • Deffenbacher, J. L. ve Swaim, R. C. (1999). Anger expression in Mexican American and White Non- Hispanic adolescents. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 46(1), 61- 69.
  • Folkman, S. ve Lazarus, R. S. (1986). Stress processes and depressive symptomatology. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 95 (2), 107- 113.
  • Forgays, D.G., Forgays, D.K. ve Spielberger, C.D. (1997). Factor structure of the State- Trait Anger Expression Inventory. Journal of Personality Assessment, 69 (3), 497- 507.
  • Fresco, D.M., Frankel, A.N., Mennin, D.S., Turk, C.L. ve Heimberg, R.G. (2002). Distinct and overlapping features of rumination and worry: The relationship of cognitive production to negative affective states. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 26(2), 179- 188.
  • Galambos, N. L., Barker, E. T. ve Krahn, H. J. (2006). Depression, self-esteem, and anger in emerging adulthood: Seven- year trajectories. Developmental Psychology, 42(2), 350- 365.
  • Goodwin, R. D. (2006). Association between coping with anger and feelings of depression among youths. American Journal of Public Health, 96(4), 664- 669.
  • Ingram, R.E., Cruet, D., Johnson, B.R. ve Wisnicki, K.S. (1988). Self- focused attention, gender, gender role, and vulnerability to negative affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55(6), 967- 978.
  • Kopper, B. A. ve Epperson, D. L. (1996). The experience and expression of anger: Relationships with gender, gender role socialization, depression, and mental health functioning. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 43(2), 158- 165.
  • Larson, R. ve Asmussen, L. (1991). Anger, worry, and hurt in early adolescence: An enlarging world of negative emotions. (Ed: M.E. Colten ve S. Gore) Adolescent stress: Causes and Consequences. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.
  • Lyubomirsky, S. ve Nolen- Hoeksema, S. (1995). Effects of self- focused rumination on negative thinking and interpersonal problem solving. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69(1), 176- 190.
  • Lyubomirsky, S., Tucker, K. L., Caldwell, N.D. ve Berg, K. (1999). Why ruminators are poor problem solvers. Clues from the phenomenology of dysphoric rumination. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77 (5), 1041- 1060.
  • Martin, R., Watson, D. ve Wan, C. K. (2000). A three- factor model of trait anger: Dimensions of affect, behavior, and cognition. Journal of Personality, 68(5), 869- 897.
  • Moscovitch, D. A., McCabe, R. E., Antony, M. M., Rocca, L. ve Swinson, R. P. (2007). Anger experience and expression across the anxiety disorders. Depression and Anxiety, 0, 1- 7.
  • Muris, P., Roelofs, J., Maesters, C. ve Boomsma, P. (2004). Rumination and worry in nonclinical adolescents. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 28(4), 539- 554.
  • Muris, P., Fokke, M. ve Kwik, D. (2007). The ruminative response style in adolescents: An examination of its specific link to symptoms of depression. Cognitive Therapy and Research, Elde edilme tarihi: 17 Aralık 2007. http://www.springerlink.com/content/51jm825w4670 6112/
  • Newman, J.L., Gray, E. A. ve Fuqua, D.R. (1999). Sex differences in the relationship of anger and depression: An empirical study. Journal of Counseling and Development, 77, 198- 203.
  • Nolen- Hoeksema, S. (1987). Sex differences in unipolar depression: Evidence and theory. Psychological Bulletin, 101(2), 259- 282.
  • Nolen- Hoeksema, S. ve Morrow, J. (1991). A prospective study of depression and posttraumatic stress symptoms after a natural disaster: The 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61(1), 115- 121.
  • Nolen- Hoeksema, S. (1991). Responses to depression and their effects on the duration of depressive episodes. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100(4), 569- 582.
  • Nolen- Hoeksema, S. (2000). The role of rumination in depressive disorders and mixed anxiety/depressive symptoms. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 109, 504- 511.
  • Nolen-Hoeksema, S., ve Jackson, B. (2001). Mediators of the gender difference in rumination. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 25, 37- 47.
  • Savaşır, I. ve Şahin, N.H. (1997). Bilişsel- davranışçı tera- pilerde değerlendirme: Sık kullanılan ölçekler. Anka- ra: Türk Psikologlar Derneği Yayınları.
  • Segerstrom, S.C., Tsao, J. C. I., Alden, L.E. ve Craske, M.G. (2000). Worry and rumination: Repetitive thought as a concomitant and predictor of negative mood. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 24(6), 671- 688.
  • Sharkin, B.S. (1993). Anger and gender: Theory, research, and implications. Journal of Counseling and Development, 71, 386- 389.
  • Sukhodolsky, D. G., Golub, A. ve Cromwell, E. N. (2001). Development and validation of the anger rumination scale. Personality and Individual Differences, 31, 689- 700.
  • Treynor, W., Gonzales, R. ve Nolen- Hoeksema, S. (2003). Rumination reconsidered: A psychometric analysis. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 27, 247- 259.

Ergenlerde Görülen Psikolojik Belirtilerin Yordayıcıları Olarak Ruminasyon ve Öfke/ Öfke İfade Tarzları

Year 2009, Volume: 4 Issue: 32, 45 - 53, 26.04.2009

Abstract

Araştırmanın amacı ergenlerin sürekli öfke/ öfke ifade tarzları ve ruminatif kişilik özellikleri ile psikolojik belirtileri arasındaki ilişkiyi cinsiyete bağlı olarak incelemektir. Araştırmanın örneklemini 311’i kız, 244’ü erkek olmak üzere toplam 555 lise öğrencisi oluşturmaktadır. Kişisel Bilgi Formu, Ruminasyon Ölçeği, Sürekli Öfke/Öfke İfade Tarzları Ölçeği ve Kısa Semptom Envanteri’dir. Sürekli öfke/ öfke ifade tarzları ve ruminasyonun kız ve erkeklerde kaygı belirtilerini ve depresif belirtileri yordama gücünün test edilmesi için hiyerarşik regresyon analizi uygulanmıştır. Ruminasyon ve sürekli öfke/ öfke ifade tarzları ile depresif belirtiler ve kaygı belirtileri arasındaki ilişki hem erkeklerde hem de kızlarda gözlemlenmiştir. Ruminasyon; her iki cinsiyet için de psikolojik belirtileri tek başına açıklayabilen güçlü bir yordayıcıyken, ruminasyonun etkisi kontrol edildikten sonra sürekli öfke/ öfke ifade tarzları da depresif belirtiler ve kaygı belirtileriyle istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir şekilde ilişkili bulunmuştur. Ruminasyon ve öfke/ öfke ifade tarzlarının ergenlerde görülen psikolojik belirtileri açıklama gücü ilgili alan yazınıyla ilişkilendirilerek tartışılmıştır.

References

  • Abela, J.R.Z., Vanderbilt, E. ve Rochon, A. (2004). A test of the integration of the response styles and social support theories of depression in third and seventh grade children. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 23(5), 653- 674.
  • Berkowitz, L. (1990). On the formation and regulation of anger and aggression: A cognitive – neoassociationistic analysis. American Psychologist, 45(4), 494- 503.
  • Blaney, P.H. (1986). Affect and memory: A review. Psychological Bulletin, 99(2), 229- 246.
  • Bosquet, M. ve Egeland, B. (2006). The development and maintenance of anxiety symptoms from infancy through adolescence in a longitudinal sample. Developmental Psychopathology, 18, 517- 550.
  • Bridewell, W. B. ve Chang, E. C. (1997). Distinguishing between anxiety, depression, and hostility: Relations to anger-in, anger-out, and anger control. Personality and Individual Differences, 22(4), 587- 590.
  • Clay, D.L., Anderson, W.P. ve Dixon, W.A. (1993). Relationship between anger expression and stres in predicting depression. Journal of Counseling and Development, 72, 91- 94.
  • Compas, B. E., Malcarne, V. L. ve Fondacaro, K. M. (1988). Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56(3), 405- 411.
  • Conger, J. C., Conger, A. J. Edmondson, C., Tescher, B. ve Smolin, J. (2003). The relationship of anger and social skills to psychological symptoms. Assessment, 10, 248- 258.
  • Cox, D. L., Stabb, S. D. ve Hulgus, J. F. (2000). Anger and depression in girls and boys: A study of gender differences. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 24, 110- 112.
  • Deffenbacher, J. L., Oetting, E. R., Thwaites, G. A., Lynch, R. S., Baker, D. A., Stark, R. S., ve ark. (1996). State-trait anger theory and the utility of the trait anger scale. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 43(2), 131- 148.
  • Deffenbacher, J. L. ve Swaim, R. C. (1999). Anger expression in Mexican American and White Non- Hispanic adolescents. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 46(1), 61- 69.
  • Folkman, S. ve Lazarus, R. S. (1986). Stress processes and depressive symptomatology. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 95 (2), 107- 113.
  • Forgays, D.G., Forgays, D.K. ve Spielberger, C.D. (1997). Factor structure of the State- Trait Anger Expression Inventory. Journal of Personality Assessment, 69 (3), 497- 507.
  • Fresco, D.M., Frankel, A.N., Mennin, D.S., Turk, C.L. ve Heimberg, R.G. (2002). Distinct and overlapping features of rumination and worry: The relationship of cognitive production to negative affective states. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 26(2), 179- 188.
  • Galambos, N. L., Barker, E. T. ve Krahn, H. J. (2006). Depression, self-esteem, and anger in emerging adulthood: Seven- year trajectories. Developmental Psychology, 42(2), 350- 365.
  • Goodwin, R. D. (2006). Association between coping with anger and feelings of depression among youths. American Journal of Public Health, 96(4), 664- 669.
  • Ingram, R.E., Cruet, D., Johnson, B.R. ve Wisnicki, K.S. (1988). Self- focused attention, gender, gender role, and vulnerability to negative affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55(6), 967- 978.
  • Kopper, B. A. ve Epperson, D. L. (1996). The experience and expression of anger: Relationships with gender, gender role socialization, depression, and mental health functioning. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 43(2), 158- 165.
  • Larson, R. ve Asmussen, L. (1991). Anger, worry, and hurt in early adolescence: An enlarging world of negative emotions. (Ed: M.E. Colten ve S. Gore) Adolescent stress: Causes and Consequences. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.
  • Lyubomirsky, S. ve Nolen- Hoeksema, S. (1995). Effects of self- focused rumination on negative thinking and interpersonal problem solving. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69(1), 176- 190.
  • Lyubomirsky, S., Tucker, K. L., Caldwell, N.D. ve Berg, K. (1999). Why ruminators are poor problem solvers. Clues from the phenomenology of dysphoric rumination. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77 (5), 1041- 1060.
  • Martin, R., Watson, D. ve Wan, C. K. (2000). A three- factor model of trait anger: Dimensions of affect, behavior, and cognition. Journal of Personality, 68(5), 869- 897.
  • Moscovitch, D. A., McCabe, R. E., Antony, M. M., Rocca, L. ve Swinson, R. P. (2007). Anger experience and expression across the anxiety disorders. Depression and Anxiety, 0, 1- 7.
  • Muris, P., Roelofs, J., Maesters, C. ve Boomsma, P. (2004). Rumination and worry in nonclinical adolescents. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 28(4), 539- 554.
  • Muris, P., Fokke, M. ve Kwik, D. (2007). The ruminative response style in adolescents: An examination of its specific link to symptoms of depression. Cognitive Therapy and Research, Elde edilme tarihi: 17 Aralık 2007. http://www.springerlink.com/content/51jm825w4670 6112/
  • Newman, J.L., Gray, E. A. ve Fuqua, D.R. (1999). Sex differences in the relationship of anger and depression: An empirical study. Journal of Counseling and Development, 77, 198- 203.
  • Nolen- Hoeksema, S. (1987). Sex differences in unipolar depression: Evidence and theory. Psychological Bulletin, 101(2), 259- 282.
  • Nolen- Hoeksema, S. ve Morrow, J. (1991). A prospective study of depression and posttraumatic stress symptoms after a natural disaster: The 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61(1), 115- 121.
  • Nolen- Hoeksema, S. (1991). Responses to depression and their effects on the duration of depressive episodes. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100(4), 569- 582.
  • Nolen- Hoeksema, S. (2000). The role of rumination in depressive disorders and mixed anxiety/depressive symptoms. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 109, 504- 511.
  • Nolen-Hoeksema, S., ve Jackson, B. (2001). Mediators of the gender difference in rumination. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 25, 37- 47.
  • Savaşır, I. ve Şahin, N.H. (1997). Bilişsel- davranışçı tera- pilerde değerlendirme: Sık kullanılan ölçekler. Anka- ra: Türk Psikologlar Derneği Yayınları.
  • Segerstrom, S.C., Tsao, J. C. I., Alden, L.E. ve Craske, M.G. (2000). Worry and rumination: Repetitive thought as a concomitant and predictor of negative mood. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 24(6), 671- 688.
  • Sharkin, B.S. (1993). Anger and gender: Theory, research, and implications. Journal of Counseling and Development, 71, 386- 389.
  • Sukhodolsky, D. G., Golub, A. ve Cromwell, E. N. (2001). Development and validation of the anger rumination scale. Personality and Individual Differences, 31, 689- 700.
  • Treynor, W., Gonzales, R. ve Nolen- Hoeksema, S. (2003). Rumination reconsidered: A psychometric analysis. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 27, 247- 259.
There are 36 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Makaleler
Authors

Özgür Erdur Baker This is me

S. Burcu Özgülük This is me

Numan Turan This is me

Nevim Demirci Danışık This is me

Publication Date April 26, 2009
Published in Issue Year 2009 Volume: 4 Issue: 32

Cite

APA Erdur Baker, Ö., Özgülük, S. B., Turan, N., Demirci Danışık, N. (2009). Ergenlerde Görülen Psikolojik Belirtilerin Yordayıcıları Olarak Ruminasyon ve Öfke/ Öfke İfade Tarzları. Turkish Psychological Counseling and Guidance Journal, 4(32), 45-53. https://doi.org/10.17066/pdrd.38090

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