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Turkish Adaptation of Basic Empathy Scale: Validity and Reliability Study

Year 2010, Volume: 4 Issue: 34, 174 - 180, 26.05.2010

Abstract

This study aims to adapt the Basic Empathy Scale (BES; Jolliffe and Farrington, 2006) and examined the validity and reliability features of it. Translation and back translation of the 20-item scale were made. Items were evaluated by a focus group of 6 students and two experts. Two different groups of participants (ages 13-21) completed the final version of the scale. As a result of confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) with the first group of participants (358) some modifications were made. CFA was repeated with the modified scale on the second group of participants (359) and the fit indices were deemed satisfactory. The significant negative correlations of the scale with the Revised Cyber Bullying Inventory (Topcu and Erdur-Baker, 2010) and Traditional Bullying Questionnaire (Topcu, 2008) provided evidence for the divergent validity of the scale. Cronbach alpha coefficients ranging from .76 to .80 for each scale were observed. Therefore, the psychometric properties of the Turkish version of BES were satisfactory and can be used to measure cognitive and affective empathy levels of Turkish adolescents.

References

  • Albiero, P., Matricardi, G., Speltri, D., ve Toso, D. (2009). The assessment of empathy in adolescence: A contribution to the Italian validation of the “Basic Empathy Scale”.
  • Journal of Adolescence, 32, 393-408. doi:10.1016/j. adolescence.2008.01.001
  • Arbuckle, J. L. ve Wothke, W. (1999). Amos 4.0 user’s guide. Chicago, IL: SPSS.
  • Byrne, B. M. (2001). Structural equation modeling with AMOS : Basic concepts, applications, and programming. Mahwah, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  • Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum.
  • Davis, M. H. (1980). A multidimensional approach to individual differences in empathy.
  • JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, 10, 85. Erişim adresi http://www.uv.es/~friasnav/Davis_1980.pdf
  • Dökmen, Ü. (1988). Empatinin yeni bir modele dayanılarak ölçülmesi ve psikodrama ile geliştirilmesi. Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 21, 155-190.
  • Eisenberg, N. ve Miller, P. A., (1987). The relation of empathy to prosocial and related behaviors. Psychological Bulletin, 101, 91-119.
  • Eisenberg, N. ve Strayer J. (1987). Critical issues in the study of empathy. In N. Eisenberg and J. Strayer(Eds.), Empathy and its development. Cambridge studies in social and emotional development. (pp. 3-13). New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Endresen, L. M., ve Olweus, D. (2001). Self-reported empathy in Norwegian adolescents: Sex differences, age trends, and relationship to bullying. In A. C. Bohart, C. Arthur, ve
  • D. J. Stipek (Eds.), Constructive & destructive behavior: Implications for family, school, and society (pp. 147- 165). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
  • Engeler, A. ve Yargıç, L. İ. (2007). Kişilerarası tepkisellik indeksi: Empatinin çok boyutlu ölçümü. Yeni Symposium, 45(3), 119-127. Erişim adresi h t t p : / / www.yenisymposium.net/fulltext/2007/119.pdf
  • Erdur-Baker, Ö. ve Kavşut, F. (2007). A new face of peer bullying: Cyber bullying. Journal of Euroasian Educational Research, 27, 31-42. Erişim adresi http:// www.ejer.com.tr/pdfler/tr/714017767.pdf
  • Gini, G., Albiero, P., Benelli, B. ve Altoe, G. (2007). Does empathy predict adolescents’ bullying and defending behavior? Aggressive Behavior, 33, 467-476. doi: 10.1002/ab.20204
  • Hoffman, M. L. (1984). Interaction of affect and cognition in empathy. In C. E. Izard, J.
  • Kagan, & R. B. Zajonc (Eds.), Emotions, cognition, and behavior (pp. 103-131). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Hoffman, M. L. (1987). The contribution of empathy to justice and moral judgment. In N.
  • Eisenberg and J. Strayer
  • (Eds.), Empathy and its
  • development. Cambridge studies in social and
  • emotional development. (pp. 47-80). New York:
  • Cambridge University Press.
  • Hogan, R. (1969). Development of an empathy scale. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 33, 307-316.
  • Jolliffe, D. ve Farrington, D.P. (2004). Empathy and offending: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 9, 441-476. doi:10.1016/j.avb.2003.03.001
  • Jolliffe, D. ve Farrington, D. P. (2006). Development and validation of the Basic Empathy
  • Scale. Journal of Adolescence, 29, 589-611. doi:10.1016/j. adolescence.2005.08.010
  • Kaukiainen, A. A., Bjorkqvist, K., Lagerspetz, K., Osterman, K., Salmivalli, C., Rothberg, S., ve Ahlbom, A. (1999). The relationship between social intelligence, empathy, and three types of aggression. Aggressive Behavior, 25, 81-89.
  • Lennon, R. ve Eisenberg, N. (1987). Gender and age differences in empathy and sympathy. In N. Eisenberg & J. Strayer (Eds.) Empathy and its development. Cambridge studies in social and emotional development. (pp. 195-217). New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Loudin, J. L., Loukas A., ve Robinson, S. (2003). Relational aggression in college students:
  • Examining the roles of social anxiety and empathy. Aggressive Behavior, 29, 430-439. doi: 10.1002/ ab.10039
  • Mehrabian, A. ve Epstein, N. (1972). A measure of emotional empathy. Journal of Personality, 40, 525- 543. doi: 10.1111/1467-6494.ep8970028
  • Miller, P. A. ve de Haar MA.Jo. (1997). Emotional, cognitive, behavioral, and temperament, characteristics higher empathy child. Motivation and Emotion, 21, 109-125.
  • Rueckert, L. ve Naybar, N. (2008). Gender differences in empathy: The role of the right hemisphere. Brain and Cognition, 67, 162-167.
  • Staub, E. (1987). Commentary on part I. In N. Eisenberg ve J. Strayer (Eds), Empathy and its development. Cambridge studies in social and emotional development. (pp. 195-217). New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Şencan, H. (2005). Sosyal ve davranışsal ölçümlerde güvenirlik ve geçerlik. Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık
  • Thompson, K. L. ve Gullone, E. (2003). Promotion of empathy and prosocial behaviour in children through humane education. Australian Psychologist, 38, 175-182.
  • Topcu, Ç. (2008). The relationship of cyber bullying to empathy, gender, traditional bullying, internet use and adult monitoring. Yayınlanmamış Yükseklisans Tezi. Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara.
  • Topcu, Ç. & Erdur-Baker, Ö. (2010, April). The revised cyber bullying inventory: Validity and reliability study. World Conference on Psychology, Counseling and Guidance, Antalya, Turkey.

Temel Empati Ölçeği Türkçe Uyarlaması:Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması

Year 2010, Volume: 4 Issue: 34, 174 - 180, 26.05.2010

Abstract

Araştırmanın amacı, Temel Empati Ölçeği’nin (TEÖ; Jolliffe ve Farrington, 2006) Türkçe uyarlamasını yapıp, geçerlik ve güvenirliğine ilişkin kanıtları incelemektir. Yirmi maddeden oluşan ölçek Türkçe’ye çevrilmiş ve İngilizce’ye geri çevirisi yapılmıştır. Maddeler 6 öğrencilik odak grubu ve iki uzman tarafından değerlendirilmiştir. Son haline getirilen ölçek 13-21 yaş arası öğrencilerden oluşan 358 ve 359 kişilik iki ayrı çalışma grubuna uygulanmıştır. İlk çalışma grubu verileriyle yapılan doğrulayıcı
faktör analizi (DFA) sonucunda, modifikasyon indeksleri doğrultusunda bazı değişiklikler yapılmıştır. İkinci çalışma grubu verileriyle modifiye edilen model için DFA tekrarlanmış ve indeksler yeterli bulunmuştur. Faktör analiz bulguları orijinal çalışmayı destekler niteliktedir. Ölçeğin ayrılma (divergent) geçerliğini test etmek amacıyla Yenilenmiş Siber Zorbalık Envanteri (Topcu ve Erdur-Baker, 2010) ve Geleneksel Zorbalık Anketi (Topcu, 2008) ile ilişkisi incelenmiş ve ilişki her iki zorbalık ölçeği ile beklenen yönde (negatif) bulunmuştur. Güvenirlik için hesaplanan Cronbach alfa katsayıları yeterli (.76 - .80 aralığında) bulunmuştur. Sonuçta, TEÖ’nin Türkçe uyarlamasının yeterli psikometrik özelliklere sahip olduğu ve empati düzeyini belirlemek amacıyla Türkiye’de kullanılabileceği görülmektedir.

References

  • Albiero, P., Matricardi, G., Speltri, D., ve Toso, D. (2009). The assessment of empathy in adolescence: A contribution to the Italian validation of the “Basic Empathy Scale”.
  • Journal of Adolescence, 32, 393-408. doi:10.1016/j. adolescence.2008.01.001
  • Arbuckle, J. L. ve Wothke, W. (1999). Amos 4.0 user’s guide. Chicago, IL: SPSS.
  • Byrne, B. M. (2001). Structural equation modeling with AMOS : Basic concepts, applications, and programming. Mahwah, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  • Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum.
  • Davis, M. H. (1980). A multidimensional approach to individual differences in empathy.
  • JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, 10, 85. Erişim adresi http://www.uv.es/~friasnav/Davis_1980.pdf
  • Dökmen, Ü. (1988). Empatinin yeni bir modele dayanılarak ölçülmesi ve psikodrama ile geliştirilmesi. Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 21, 155-190.
  • Eisenberg, N. ve Miller, P. A., (1987). The relation of empathy to prosocial and related behaviors. Psychological Bulletin, 101, 91-119.
  • Eisenberg, N. ve Strayer J. (1987). Critical issues in the study of empathy. In N. Eisenberg and J. Strayer(Eds.), Empathy and its development. Cambridge studies in social and emotional development. (pp. 3-13). New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Endresen, L. M., ve Olweus, D. (2001). Self-reported empathy in Norwegian adolescents: Sex differences, age trends, and relationship to bullying. In A. C. Bohart, C. Arthur, ve
  • D. J. Stipek (Eds.), Constructive & destructive behavior: Implications for family, school, and society (pp. 147- 165). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
  • Engeler, A. ve Yargıç, L. İ. (2007). Kişilerarası tepkisellik indeksi: Empatinin çok boyutlu ölçümü. Yeni Symposium, 45(3), 119-127. Erişim adresi h t t p : / / www.yenisymposium.net/fulltext/2007/119.pdf
  • Erdur-Baker, Ö. ve Kavşut, F. (2007). A new face of peer bullying: Cyber bullying. Journal of Euroasian Educational Research, 27, 31-42. Erişim adresi http:// www.ejer.com.tr/pdfler/tr/714017767.pdf
  • Gini, G., Albiero, P., Benelli, B. ve Altoe, G. (2007). Does empathy predict adolescents’ bullying and defending behavior? Aggressive Behavior, 33, 467-476. doi: 10.1002/ab.20204
  • Hoffman, M. L. (1984). Interaction of affect and cognition in empathy. In C. E. Izard, J.
  • Kagan, & R. B. Zajonc (Eds.), Emotions, cognition, and behavior (pp. 103-131). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Hoffman, M. L. (1987). The contribution of empathy to justice and moral judgment. In N.
  • Eisenberg and J. Strayer
  • (Eds.), Empathy and its
  • development. Cambridge studies in social and
  • emotional development. (pp. 47-80). New York:
  • Cambridge University Press.
  • Hogan, R. (1969). Development of an empathy scale. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 33, 307-316.
  • Jolliffe, D. ve Farrington, D.P. (2004). Empathy and offending: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 9, 441-476. doi:10.1016/j.avb.2003.03.001
  • Jolliffe, D. ve Farrington, D. P. (2006). Development and validation of the Basic Empathy
  • Scale. Journal of Adolescence, 29, 589-611. doi:10.1016/j. adolescence.2005.08.010
  • Kaukiainen, A. A., Bjorkqvist, K., Lagerspetz, K., Osterman, K., Salmivalli, C., Rothberg, S., ve Ahlbom, A. (1999). The relationship between social intelligence, empathy, and three types of aggression. Aggressive Behavior, 25, 81-89.
  • Lennon, R. ve Eisenberg, N. (1987). Gender and age differences in empathy and sympathy. In N. Eisenberg & J. Strayer (Eds.) Empathy and its development. Cambridge studies in social and emotional development. (pp. 195-217). New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Loudin, J. L., Loukas A., ve Robinson, S. (2003). Relational aggression in college students:
  • Examining the roles of social anxiety and empathy. Aggressive Behavior, 29, 430-439. doi: 10.1002/ ab.10039
  • Mehrabian, A. ve Epstein, N. (1972). A measure of emotional empathy. Journal of Personality, 40, 525- 543. doi: 10.1111/1467-6494.ep8970028
  • Miller, P. A. ve de Haar MA.Jo. (1997). Emotional, cognitive, behavioral, and temperament, characteristics higher empathy child. Motivation and Emotion, 21, 109-125.
  • Rueckert, L. ve Naybar, N. (2008). Gender differences in empathy: The role of the right hemisphere. Brain and Cognition, 67, 162-167.
  • Staub, E. (1987). Commentary on part I. In N. Eisenberg ve J. Strayer (Eds), Empathy and its development. Cambridge studies in social and emotional development. (pp. 195-217). New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Şencan, H. (2005). Sosyal ve davranışsal ölçümlerde güvenirlik ve geçerlik. Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık
  • Thompson, K. L. ve Gullone, E. (2003). Promotion of empathy and prosocial behaviour in children through humane education. Australian Psychologist, 38, 175-182.
  • Topcu, Ç. (2008). The relationship of cyber bullying to empathy, gender, traditional bullying, internet use and adult monitoring. Yayınlanmamış Yükseklisans Tezi. Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara.
  • Topcu, Ç. & Erdur-Baker, Ö. (2010, April). The revised cyber bullying inventory: Validity and reliability study. World Conference on Psychology, Counseling and Guidance, Antalya, Turkey.
There are 39 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Makaleler
Authors

Çiğdem Topçu This is me

Özgür Erdur Baker This is me

Yeşim Çapa-aydın This is me

Publication Date May 26, 2010
Published in Issue Year 2010 Volume: 4 Issue: 34

Cite

APA Topçu, Ç., Erdur Baker, Ö., & Çapa-aydın, Y. (2010). Turkish Adaptation of Basic Empathy Scale: Validity and Reliability Study. Turkish Psychological Counseling and Guidance Journal, 4(34), 174-180. https://doi.org/10.17066/pdrd.58553

!! From 30 November 2023, English language proofreading will be required for accepted articles to ensure language quality.