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Year 2014, Volume: 5 Issue: 41, 0 - , 23.04.2014

Ezgi Ekin Şahin Cem Ali Gizir

Abstract

The purpose of the present study was to examine the extent to which self-esteem, initiating relationship, asserting infl uence, self-disclosure, emotional support, and confl ict management predicted the shyness of the university students according to gender. The sample of this study consisted of 859 (450 female, 409 male) undergraduate students enrolled in different faculties of Mersin University. Three instruments, namely, “Revised Cheek and Buss Shyness Scale”, “Interpersonal Competence Questionnaire”, and “Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale” were used in the study. Stepwise regression was used to analyze the data and the alpha value of 0.05 was established as a level of signifi cance. The results of the analyses for the total and female sample groups revealed that initiating relationship, self-esteem, and asserting infl uence were the signifi cant predictors of shyness among university students. On the other hand, predictive roles of the variables were differentiated across male sample group. While initiating relationship and self-esteem had signifi cant predictive role on shyness among male university students, asserting infl uence did not have any signifi cant contribution to the prediction of shyness. Implications of the fi ndings were discussed and some suggestions were made for further research

Keywords

shyness interpersonal competence social competence self-esteem university students

References

  • Akdoğan, R. (2007). Farklı cinsiyet rollerine sahip üniversite öğrencilerinin öfke yaşama biçimleri ve utangaçlık düzeylerinin incelenmesi. Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi, Anadolu Üniversitesi, Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Eskişehir.
  • Altıok, S. (2011). Üniversite öğrencilerinin utangaçlık ve başa çıkma stratejileri ilişkilerinin incelenmesi. Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi, Osmangazi Üniversitesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Eskişehir.
  • Ames, D. (2008). Assertiveness expectancies: How hard people push depends on the consequences they predict. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95(6), 1541-1557.
  • Antony, M. M. (2004). Ten simple solutions to shyness: How to overcome shyness, social anxiety and fear of public speaking. USA: New Harbinger Publications.
  • Arkin, R. M., Lake, E. A. ve Baumgardner, A. H. (1986). Shyness and self-presentation. In W.H. Jones, J.M. Cheek and S.R. Briggs (Eds.), Shyness: Perspectives on research and treatment. (pp. 189-203). New York: Plenum Press.
  • Arnett, J. J. (2000). Emerging adulthood: A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties. American Psychologist, 55, 469–480.
  • Asendorpf, J. B. (2000). Shyness and adaptation to the social world of university. In W. R. Crozier (Ed.), Shyness: Development, consolidation and change. (pp.103-120). London: Routledge.
  • Asendorpf, J. B., Denissen, J. J. A. ve van Aken, M. A. G. (2008). Inhibited and aggressive preschool children at 23 years of age: Personality and social transitions into adulthood. Developmental Psychology, 44, 997–1011.
  • Barry, C. M., Nelson, L. J. ve Christofferson, J. L. (2013). Asocial and afraid: An examination of shyness and anxiety in emerging adulthood. Journal of Family Studies, 19(1), 2–18.
  • Baumeister, R. F. ve Leary, M. R. (1995). The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117, 497-529.
  • Bruch, M. A., Rivet, K. M., Heimberg, R. G., Hunt, A. ve McIntosh, B. (1999). Shyness and sociotropy: Additive and interactive relations in predicting interpersonal concerns. Journal of Personality, 67(2), 373-406.
  • Buhrmester, D., Furman, W., Wittenberg, W. T. ve Reis, H. T. (1988). Five domains of interpersonal competence in peer relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55(6), 991-1008.
  • Burgess, K. B., Rubin, K. H., Chea, C. S. L. ve Nelson, L. J. (2001). Behavioral inhibition, social withdrawal, and parenting. In W. R. Crozier, & L. E. Alden (Eds.), International handbook of social anxiety: Concepts, research and interventions relating to the self and shyness (pp. 137-158). New York: Wiley & Sons.
  • Caprara, G. V., Steca, P., Cervone, D. ve Artistico, D. (2003). The contribution of self-effi cacy beliefs to dispositional shyness: On social-cognitive systems and the development of personality dispositions. Journal of Personality, 71(6), 943-970.
  • Carli, L. L. (1999). Gender, interpersonal power, and social infl uence. Journal of Social Issues, 55(1), 81–99.
  • Cheek, J. M. (1983). The revised Cheek and Buss Shyness Scale (RCBS). (Online) Web: http://www.wellesley. edu/Psychology/Cheek/shyresearch_text.html adresinden 20 Kasım 2012 tarihinde indirilmiştir.
  • Cheek, J. M. ve Buss, A. H. (1981). Shyness and sociability. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 41, 330–339.
  • Chickering, A. W. ve Reisser, L. (1993). Education and identity. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers.
  • Crozier, W. R. (2001). Understanding shyness: Psychological perspectives. New York: Palgrave.
  • Çivitçi, N. (2010). Social comparison and shyness in adolescents. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 38, 90-107.
  • Çuhadaroğlu, F. (1986). Adolesanlarda benlik saygısı. Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi.: Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara.
  • Demirbaş, E. (2009). Lise öğrencilerinin utangaçlık ve benlik saygılarının fonksiyonel olmayan tutumlar açısından incelenmesi. Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi, Selçuk Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Konya.
  • Durmuş, E. (2006). Yaratıcı drama ile bütünleştirilmiş grupla psikolojik danışmanın üniversite öğrencilerinin utangaçlık düzeylerine etkisi. Yayınlanmamış doktora tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi, Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara:
  • Fitts, S. D., Sebby, R. A. ve Zlokovich, M. S. (2009). Humor styles as mediators of the shyness-loneliness relationship. North American Journal of Psychology, 11(2), 257-272.
  • Foschi, M. (1996). Double standards in the evaluation of men and women. Social Psychology Quarterly, 59, 237–254.
  • Garcia, L, ve Lubetkin, B. S. (1986). Clinical issues in assertiveness training with shy clients. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 23(3), 434-438.
  • Gard, C. (2000). How to overcome shyness. Current Health, 27(1), 28-30.
  • Göçmen, P. Ö. (2012). Correlation between shyness and self-esteem of arts and design students. Procedia- Social and Behavioral Sciences, 47, 1558 – 1561.
  • Hamarta, E., Arslan, C., Saygın, Y. ve Özyeşil, Z. (2009). Benlik saygısı ve akılcı olmayan inançlar bakımından üniversite öğrencilerinin stresle başa çıkma yaklaşımlarının analizi. Değerler Eğitimi Dergisi, 7(18), 25-42.
  • Hampes, W. P. (2006). Humor and shyness: The relation between humor styles and shyness. International Journal of Humor Research, 19(2), 179-187.
  • Henderson, L. ve Zimbardo, P.G. (1998). Shyness: Encyclopedia of mental health. (Online) Web: http:// www.shyness.com/encyclopedia.html adresinden 18 Ocak 2012 tarihinde indirilmiştir.
  • Henderson, L. ve Zimbardo F. G. (2005). Painful shyness: in children and adults. Paradigm, 10, 12-22.
  • Hermann, K. S. ve Betz, N. E. (2004). Path models of the relationships of instrumentality and expressiveness to social self-effi cacy, shyness, and depressive symptoms. Sex Roles, 51, 55-66.
  • Jackson, T., Fritch, A., Nagasaka, T. ve Gunderson, J. (2002). Towards explaining the association between shyness and loneliness: A path analysis with American college students. Social Behavior and Personality, 30(3), 263-270.
  • Jackson, T., Towson, S. ve Narduzzi, K. (1997). Predictors of shyness: A test of variables associated with self-presentational models. Social Behavior and Personality, 25(2), 149-154.
  • Kamath, M. ve Kanekar, S. (1993). Loneliness, shyness, self-esteem, and extraversion. The Journal of Social Psychology, 133(6), 855-857.
  • Kemple, K. M. (1995). Shyness and self-esteem in early childhood. The Journal of Humanistis Education and Development, 33(4), 173-182.
  • Koydemir, S. (2006). Predictors of shyness among university students: Testing a self-presentational model. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. Ankara: Middle East Technical University.
  • Leck, K. (2006). Correlates of minimal dating. The Journal of Social Psychology, 146(5), 549-567.
  • Miller, P. S. (1995). On the nature of embarrassability: Shyness, social evaluation, and social skill. Journal of Personality, 63(2), 315-339.
  • Mounts, N. S., Valentiner, D. P., Anderson, K. L. ve Boswell, M. K. (2006). Shyness, sociability, and parental support for the college transition: Relation to adolescents’ adjustment. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 35(1), 71-80.
  • Murberg, T. A. (2009). Shyness predicts depressive symptoms among adolescents: A prospective study. School Psychology International, 30(5), 507–519.
  • Nelson, L. J., Padilla-Walker, L. M., Badger, S., Barry, C. M., Carroll, J. S. ve Madsen, S. D. (2008). Associations between shyness and internalizing behaviors, externalizing behaviors, and relationships during emerging adulthood. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 37(5), 605-615.
  • Odom, K. L. (2012). Communication and female date initiation: Differences in perceptions based on assertiveness of initiator. Unpublished master’s thesis. Las Vegas: University of Nevada.
  • Pilkonis, P. A. (1977). Shyness, public and private, and its relationship to other measures of social behavior. Journal of Personality, 45(4), 585-595.
  • Riggio, R. E. (1986). Assessment of basic social skills. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(3), 649-660.
  • Rowsell, H. C. ve Coplan, R. J. (2013). Exploring links between shyness, romantic relationship quality, and well-being. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 45(4), 287-295.
  • Santesso, D. L., Schmidt, L. A. ve Fox, N. A. (2004). Are shyness and sociability still a dangerous combination for substance use? Evidence from US and Canadian sample. Personality and Individual Differences, 37(1), 5-17.
  • Schmidt, L. A., ve Fox, N. A. (1995). Individual differences in young adults’ shyness and sociability: Personality and health correlates. Personality and Individual Differences, 19(4), 455-462.
  • Smiler, A. P. ve Kubotera, N. (2010). Instrumental or expressive? Heterosexual men’s expectations of women in two contexts. Men and Masculinities, 12(5), 565-574.
  • Stevens, J. A. (1997). Utangaçlığınızı yenin: Düşünce tarzınızı değiştirin, yaşamınızı değiştirin. (Çev.: G. Tümer). Ankara: HYB Yayıncılık.
  • Şahin, E. E. ve Gizir, C. A. (2013). Kişilerarası Yetkinlik Ölçeği-Kısa formu: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışmaları. Mersin Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 9(3), 144-158.
  • Yüksel, G. (2002). Üniversite öğrencilerinin utangaçlık düzeylerini etkileyen faktörler. Gazi Üniversitesi Gazi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 22(3), 37-57.
  • Zhao, J., Kong, F. ve Wang, Y. (2012). Self-esteem and humor style as mediators of the effects of shyness on loneliness among Chinese college students. Personality and Individual Differences, 52(6), 686-690.
  • Zimbardo, P. G. (1977). Shyness: What it is, what to do about it. Reading, MA: Perseus Press.
  • Turkish Psychological Counseling and Guidance Journal / 2014, 5 (41)

Üniversite Öğrencilerinde Utangaçlık: Benlik Saygısı ve Kişilerarası Yetkinlik Değişkenlerinin Rolü

Year 2014, Volume: 5 Issue: 41, 0 - , 23.04.2014

Ezgi Ekin Şahin Cem Ali Gizir

Abstract

Bu çalışmanın amacı, cinsiyete göre benlik saygısı, ilişki başlatma, etki bırakma, kendini açma, duygusal destek ve çatışma yönetimi değişkenlerinin üniversite öğrencilerinin utangaçlık düzeylerini ne derecede yordadıklarının incelenmesidir. Araştırmanın örneklemini, Mersin Üniversitesi’nde öğrenim görmekte olan 859 (450 kız, 409 erkek) lisans öğrencisi oluşturmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, “Gözden Geçirilmiş Cheek ve Buss Utangaçlık Ölçeği”, “Kişilerarası Yetkinlik Ölçeği” ve “Rosenberg Benlik Saygısı Ölçeği” olmak üzere üç ölçme aracından elde edilen verilerin analizinde adımsal regresyon analizi kullanılmıştır. Bulgular incelendiğinde, toplam örneklem ve kadın örneklem grubu için yapılan regresyon analizi sonuçlarına göre sırasıyla ilişki başlatma, benlik saygısı ve etki bırakma değişkenlerinin üniversite öğrencilerinin utangaçlıklarını anlamlı düzeyde yordadıkları belirlenmiştir. Diğer yandan, erkek örneklem grubu için yapılan regresyon analizi sonucunda ilişki başlatma ve benlik saygısı değişkenlerinin bu öğrencilerin utangaçlıklarını anlamlı düzeyde yordadığı ancak etki bırakma değişkeninin erkeklerin utangaçlık düzeylerine bir katkısı olmadığı belirlenmiştir. Elde edilen bulgular tartışılarak, uygulamalara ve gelecek çalışmalara yönelik önerilerde bulunulmuştur.

Keywords

utangaçlık kişilerarası yetkinlik sosyal yetkinlik benlik saygısı üniversite öğrencileri

References

  • Akdoğan, R. (2007). Farklı cinsiyet rollerine sahip üniversite öğrencilerinin öfke yaşama biçimleri ve utangaçlık düzeylerinin incelenmesi. Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi, Anadolu Üniversitesi, Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Eskişehir.
  • Altıok, S. (2011). Üniversite öğrencilerinin utangaçlık ve başa çıkma stratejileri ilişkilerinin incelenmesi. Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi, Osmangazi Üniversitesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Eskişehir.
  • Ames, D. (2008). Assertiveness expectancies: How hard people push depends on the consequences they predict. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95(6), 1541-1557.
  • Antony, M. M. (2004). Ten simple solutions to shyness: How to overcome shyness, social anxiety and fear of public speaking. USA: New Harbinger Publications.
  • Arkin, R. M., Lake, E. A. ve Baumgardner, A. H. (1986). Shyness and self-presentation. In W.H. Jones, J.M. Cheek and S.R. Briggs (Eds.), Shyness: Perspectives on research and treatment. (pp. 189-203). New York: Plenum Press.
  • Arnett, J. J. (2000). Emerging adulthood: A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties. American Psychologist, 55, 469–480.
  • Asendorpf, J. B. (2000). Shyness and adaptation to the social world of university. In W. R. Crozier (Ed.), Shyness: Development, consolidation and change. (pp.103-120). London: Routledge.
  • Asendorpf, J. B., Denissen, J. J. A. ve van Aken, M. A. G. (2008). Inhibited and aggressive preschool children at 23 years of age: Personality and social transitions into adulthood. Developmental Psychology, 44, 997–1011.
  • Barry, C. M., Nelson, L. J. ve Christofferson, J. L. (2013). Asocial and afraid: An examination of shyness and anxiety in emerging adulthood. Journal of Family Studies, 19(1), 2–18.
  • Baumeister, R. F. ve Leary, M. R. (1995). The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117, 497-529.
  • Bruch, M. A., Rivet, K. M., Heimberg, R. G., Hunt, A. ve McIntosh, B. (1999). Shyness and sociotropy: Additive and interactive relations in predicting interpersonal concerns. Journal of Personality, 67(2), 373-406.
  • Buhrmester, D., Furman, W., Wittenberg, W. T. ve Reis, H. T. (1988). Five domains of interpersonal competence in peer relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55(6), 991-1008.
  • Burgess, K. B., Rubin, K. H., Chea, C. S. L. ve Nelson, L. J. (2001). Behavioral inhibition, social withdrawal, and parenting. In W. R. Crozier, & L. E. Alden (Eds.), International handbook of social anxiety: Concepts, research and interventions relating to the self and shyness (pp. 137-158). New York: Wiley & Sons.
  • Caprara, G. V., Steca, P., Cervone, D. ve Artistico, D. (2003). The contribution of self-effi cacy beliefs to dispositional shyness: On social-cognitive systems and the development of personality dispositions. Journal of Personality, 71(6), 943-970.
  • Carli, L. L. (1999). Gender, interpersonal power, and social infl uence. Journal of Social Issues, 55(1), 81–99.
  • Cheek, J. M. (1983). The revised Cheek and Buss Shyness Scale (RCBS). (Online) Web: http://www.wellesley. edu/Psychology/Cheek/shyresearch_text.html adresinden 20 Kasım 2012 tarihinde indirilmiştir.
  • Cheek, J. M. ve Buss, A. H. (1981). Shyness and sociability. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 41, 330–339.
  • Chickering, A. W. ve Reisser, L. (1993). Education and identity. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers.
  • Crozier, W. R. (2001). Understanding shyness: Psychological perspectives. New York: Palgrave.
  • Çivitçi, N. (2010). Social comparison and shyness in adolescents. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 38, 90-107.
  • Çuhadaroğlu, F. (1986). Adolesanlarda benlik saygısı. Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi.: Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara.
  • Demirbaş, E. (2009). Lise öğrencilerinin utangaçlık ve benlik saygılarının fonksiyonel olmayan tutumlar açısından incelenmesi. Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi, Selçuk Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Konya.
  • Durmuş, E. (2006). Yaratıcı drama ile bütünleştirilmiş grupla psikolojik danışmanın üniversite öğrencilerinin utangaçlık düzeylerine etkisi. Yayınlanmamış doktora tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi, Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara:
  • Fitts, S. D., Sebby, R. A. ve Zlokovich, M. S. (2009). Humor styles as mediators of the shyness-loneliness relationship. North American Journal of Psychology, 11(2), 257-272.
  • Foschi, M. (1996). Double standards in the evaluation of men and women. Social Psychology Quarterly, 59, 237–254.
  • Garcia, L, ve Lubetkin, B. S. (1986). Clinical issues in assertiveness training with shy clients. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 23(3), 434-438.
  • Gard, C. (2000). How to overcome shyness. Current Health, 27(1), 28-30.
  • Göçmen, P. Ö. (2012). Correlation between shyness and self-esteem of arts and design students. Procedia- Social and Behavioral Sciences, 47, 1558 – 1561.
  • Hamarta, E., Arslan, C., Saygın, Y. ve Özyeşil, Z. (2009). Benlik saygısı ve akılcı olmayan inançlar bakımından üniversite öğrencilerinin stresle başa çıkma yaklaşımlarının analizi. Değerler Eğitimi Dergisi, 7(18), 25-42.
  • Hampes, W. P. (2006). Humor and shyness: The relation between humor styles and shyness. International Journal of Humor Research, 19(2), 179-187.
  • Henderson, L. ve Zimbardo, P.G. (1998). Shyness: Encyclopedia of mental health. (Online) Web: http:// www.shyness.com/encyclopedia.html adresinden 18 Ocak 2012 tarihinde indirilmiştir.
  • Henderson, L. ve Zimbardo F. G. (2005). Painful shyness: in children and adults. Paradigm, 10, 12-22.
  • Hermann, K. S. ve Betz, N. E. (2004). Path models of the relationships of instrumentality and expressiveness to social self-effi cacy, shyness, and depressive symptoms. Sex Roles, 51, 55-66.
  • Jackson, T., Fritch, A., Nagasaka, T. ve Gunderson, J. (2002). Towards explaining the association between shyness and loneliness: A path analysis with American college students. Social Behavior and Personality, 30(3), 263-270.
  • Jackson, T., Towson, S. ve Narduzzi, K. (1997). Predictors of shyness: A test of variables associated with self-presentational models. Social Behavior and Personality, 25(2), 149-154.
  • Kamath, M. ve Kanekar, S. (1993). Loneliness, shyness, self-esteem, and extraversion. The Journal of Social Psychology, 133(6), 855-857.
  • Kemple, K. M. (1995). Shyness and self-esteem in early childhood. The Journal of Humanistis Education and Development, 33(4), 173-182.
  • Koydemir, S. (2006). Predictors of shyness among university students: Testing a self-presentational model. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. Ankara: Middle East Technical University.
  • Leck, K. (2006). Correlates of minimal dating. The Journal of Social Psychology, 146(5), 549-567.
  • Miller, P. S. (1995). On the nature of embarrassability: Shyness, social evaluation, and social skill. Journal of Personality, 63(2), 315-339.
  • Mounts, N. S., Valentiner, D. P., Anderson, K. L. ve Boswell, M. K. (2006). Shyness, sociability, and parental support for the college transition: Relation to adolescents’ adjustment. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 35(1), 71-80.
  • Murberg, T. A. (2009). Shyness predicts depressive symptoms among adolescents: A prospective study. School Psychology International, 30(5), 507–519.
  • Nelson, L. J., Padilla-Walker, L. M., Badger, S., Barry, C. M., Carroll, J. S. ve Madsen, S. D. (2008). Associations between shyness and internalizing behaviors, externalizing behaviors, and relationships during emerging adulthood. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 37(5), 605-615.
  • Odom, K. L. (2012). Communication and female date initiation: Differences in perceptions based on assertiveness of initiator. Unpublished master’s thesis. Las Vegas: University of Nevada.
  • Pilkonis, P. A. (1977). Shyness, public and private, and its relationship to other measures of social behavior. Journal of Personality, 45(4), 585-595.
  • Riggio, R. E. (1986). Assessment of basic social skills. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(3), 649-660.
  • Rowsell, H. C. ve Coplan, R. J. (2013). Exploring links between shyness, romantic relationship quality, and well-being. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 45(4), 287-295.
  • Santesso, D. L., Schmidt, L. A. ve Fox, N. A. (2004). Are shyness and sociability still a dangerous combination for substance use? Evidence from US and Canadian sample. Personality and Individual Differences, 37(1), 5-17.
  • Schmidt, L. A., ve Fox, N. A. (1995). Individual differences in young adults’ shyness and sociability: Personality and health correlates. Personality and Individual Differences, 19(4), 455-462.
  • Smiler, A. P. ve Kubotera, N. (2010). Instrumental or expressive? Heterosexual men’s expectations of women in two contexts. Men and Masculinities, 12(5), 565-574.
  • Stevens, J. A. (1997). Utangaçlığınızı yenin: Düşünce tarzınızı değiştirin, yaşamınızı değiştirin. (Çev.: G. Tümer). Ankara: HYB Yayıncılık.
  • Şahin, E. E. ve Gizir, C. A. (2013). Kişilerarası Yetkinlik Ölçeği-Kısa formu: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışmaları. Mersin Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 9(3), 144-158.
  • Yüksel, G. (2002). Üniversite öğrencilerinin utangaçlık düzeylerini etkileyen faktörler. Gazi Üniversitesi Gazi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 22(3), 37-57.
  • Zhao, J., Kong, F. ve Wang, Y. (2012). Self-esteem and humor style as mediators of the effects of shyness on loneliness among Chinese college students. Personality and Individual Differences, 52(6), 686-690.
  • Zimbardo, P. G. (1977). Shyness: What it is, what to do about it. Reading, MA: Perseus Press.
  • Turkish Psychological Counseling and Guidance Journal / 2014, 5 (41)
There are 56 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Makaleler
Authors

Ezgi Ekin Şahin

Cem Ali Gizir

Publication Date April 23, 2014
Published in Issue Year 2014 Volume: 5 Issue: 41

Cite

APA Şahin, E. E., & Gizir, C. A. (2014). Üniversite Öğrencilerinde Utangaçlık: Benlik Saygısı ve Kişilerarası Yetkinlik Değişkenlerinin Rolü. Turkish Psychological Counseling and Guidance Journal, 5(41). https://doi.org/10.17066/pdrd.33036
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