Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

Psychological Help Seeking Attitudes Among University Students: The Role of Social Stigma, Self Stigma, Distress Disclosure, Self Esteem and Gender

Year 2018, Volume: 8 Issue: 49, 137 - 155, 01.04.2018

Abstract

The aim of the present study was to examine the extent to which social stigma, personal stigma, distress disclosure, self-esteem and gender predicted the attitudes toward psychological help-seeking of the university students. The sample of the study consisted of 1013 (660 female, 353 male) undergraduate students enrolled in different faculties of Mersin University. Five instruments, namely, Attitudes Toward Seeking Professional Psychological Help Scale - Short Form, Stigma Scale For Receiving Psychological Help, Self Stigma of Seeking Psychological Help Scale, Distress Disclosure Index, and Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale were used in the study. Multiple regression was used to analyse the data. The result of the analysis revealed that social stigma, self stigma, distress disclosure and gender were the significant predictors of attitudes toward psychological help seeking among university students. On the other hand, self esteem did not have any significant contribution to the prediction of attitudes toward psychological help seeking. Implications of the findings were discussed and some suggestions were made for further research.

References

  • Al-Darmaki, F. R. (2003). Attitudes towards seeking professional psychological help: What really counts for United Arab Emirates university students?. Social Behavior and Personality, 31(5), 497-508.
  • Ashe, E. (2015). Should I confide? Investigating relationships between self-esteem, self-efficacy, general mental health and help-seeking behaviours (Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi). Dublin Business School, Dublin.
  • Atik, G. ve Yalçın, İ. (2011). Help-seeking attitudes of university students: The role of personality traits and demographic factors. South African Journal of Psychology, 41(3), 328-338.
  • Ben-Porath, D. D. (2002). Stigmatization of individuals who receive psychotherapy: An interaction between help-seeking behavior and the presence of depression. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 21, 400-413.
  • Berger, J. M., Levant, R., McMillan, K. K., Kelleher, W. ve Sellers, A. (2005). Impact of gender role conflict, traditional masculinity ideology, alexithymia, and age on men’s attitudes toward psychological help-seeking. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 6(1), 73-78.
  • Blaake, J. P. (2008). Psychological distress, masculinity ideology, and self-threat: A model of men’s attitudes toward help seeking (Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi). The Fordham University, New York.
  • Brown, C., Conner, K. O., Copeland, V. C., Grote, N., Beach, S., Battista, D. ve Reynolds, C. F. (2010). Depression stigma, race, and treatment seeking behavior and attitudes. Journal of Community Psychology, 38, 350-368.
  • Cepeda-Benito, A. ve Short, P. (1998). Self-concealment, avoidance of psychological services and perceived likelihood of seeking professional help. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 45(1), 858-864.
  • Chang, H. (2007). Psychological distress and help-seeking among Taiwanese college students: Role of gender and student status. British Journal of Guidance & Counselling, 35(3), 347-355.
  • Chodorow, N. (1989). Feminism and psychoanalytic theory. New Haven: Yale University Press.
  • Coates, D. ve Winston, T. (1987). The dilemma of distress disclosure. V. J. Derlega ve J. H. Berg (Ed.), Self-disclosure: Theory, research, and therapy içinde (s. 229-255). New York: Plenum Press.
  • Corrigan, P. (2004). How stigma interferes with mental health?. Journal of American Psychologist, 59, 614-625.
  • Corrigan, P. W. ve Shapiro, J. R. (2010). Measuring the impact of programs that challenge the public stigma of mental illness. Clinical Psychology Review, 30(8), 907-922.
  • Corrigan, P. W. ve Watson, A. C. (2002). The paradox of self-stigma and mental illness. Clinical Psychology, Science and Practice, 9, 35-53.
  • Cramer, K. M. (1999). Psychological antecendents to help seeking behavior a reanalysis using path modeling structures. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 46(3), 381-387.
  • Çebi, E. (2009). University students’ attitudes toward seeking psychological help: effects of perceived social support, psychological distress, prior help-seeking experience and gender (Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi). Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara.
  • Çakar, F. S. ve İkiz, F. E. (2016). Psikolojik iyi oluş, yardım arama tutumu ve benlik saygısının psikolojik danışman adaylarının psikolojik belirtilerine etkisi. Journal of Human Sciences, 13(2), 3571-3587.
  • Çatal, M. T. ve Kumcağız, H. (2015). Üniversite öğrencilerinin kişilik özelliklerine göre psikolojik yardım alma tutumları. The Journal of Academic Social Science Studies, 40, 45-60.
  • Çuhadaroğlu, F. (1986). Adolesanlarda benlik saygıs. (Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi). Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara.
  • Ercan, L. E. (2010). An analysis of the relationship between attitudes towards seeking psychological help and problem solving among university students. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2, 1814-1819.
  • Erkan, S., Özbay, Y., Cihangir Çankaya, Z. ve Terzi, Ş. (2012). Üniversite öğrencilerinin psikolojik yardım aramaya gönüllülük düzeylerinin yordanması. Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Bilimleri, 12(1), 25-42.
  • Fischer, E. H. ve Farina, A. (1995). Attitudes towards seeking professional psychological help: A shorted form and considerations for research. Journal of College Student Development, 36, 368-373.
  • Fisher, J., Nadler, A. ve Witcher-Alagna. (1982). Recipient reactions to aid. Psychological Bulletin, 91, 27-54.
  • Fischer, E. H. ve Turner, J. L. (1970). Orientations to seeking professional help: Development and research utility of an attitude scale. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 35, 79-90.
  • Gilat, I., Ezer, H. ve Sagee, R. (2010). Help-seeking attitudes among Arab and Jewish adolescent in Israel. British Journal of Guidance and Counseling, 38(2), 205-218.
  • Gilligan, C. (1982). In a different voice: Psychological theory and women’s development. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
  • Gizir, C. A. (2005). Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi son sınıf öğrencilerinin problemleri üzerine bir çalışma. Mersin Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 1, 196-213.
  • Gizir, C. A. (2014). Üniversite öğrencilerinin psikolojik danışma gereksinimleri üzerine bir çalışma: Mersin Üniversitesi örneği. I. Avrasya Eğitim Araştırmaları Kongresi, İstanbul Üniversitesi, İstanbul.
  • Gürsoy, O. (2014). Profesyonel psikolojik yardım alma deneyimlerine göre Mersin Üniversitesi öğrencilerinin psikolojik yardım almaya yönelik tutumları: Sosyal damgalanma, kendini damgalama, kendini açma, benlik saygısı ve cinsiyet değişkenlerinin rolü (Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi). Mersin Üniversitesi, Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Mersin.
  • Gürsoy, O. ve Gizir, C. A. (2017). Öznel sıkıntıları açma ölçeği: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışmaları. Ege Eğitim Dergisi, 18(2), 557-575. doi: 10.12984/egeefd.303312
  • Greenidge. W. L. ve Daire, A. P. (2010). The relationship between emotional opennes and the attitudes towards seeking professional counseling of English-speaking Caribbean college students. International Journal for the Advancement of Counseling, 32, 191-201.
  • Greenland, K., Scourfield, J., Maxwell, N., Prior, L. ve Scourfield, J. (2009). Theoretical antecedents of distress disclosure in a community sample of young people. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 39, 2045-2068.
  • Hackler, A. H., Vogel, D. L. ve Wade, N. G. (2010). Attitudes toward seeking Professional help for an eating disorder: The role of stigma and anticipated outcomes. Journal of Counseling and Development, 88, 424-431.
  • Heath, P. J., Vogel, D. L. ve Al-Darmaki, F. R. (2016). Help-seeking attitudes of United Arab Emirates students: Examining loss of face, stigma, and self-disclosure. The Counseling Psychologist, 44(3), 331-352.
  • Hinson, J. A. ve Swanson, J. L. (1993). Willingness to seek help as a function of self disclosure and problem severity. Journal of Counseling and Development, 71, 465- 470.
  • Husaini, B. A., Moore, S. T. ve Cain, V. A. (1994). Psychiatric symptoms and help seeking behavior among the elderly: An analysis of racial and gender differences. Journal of Gerontological Social Work, 21, 177-195.
  • Ina, M. ve Morita, M. (2015). Japanese university students’ stigma and attitudes toward seeking professional psychological help. Online Journal of Japanese Clinical Psychology, 2, 10-18.
  • Joyce, A. W., Ross, M. J., Vander Wal, J. S. ve Austin, C. C. (2009). College students' preferences for psychotherapy across depression, anxiety, relationship, and academic problems. Journal of College Student Psychotherapy, 23(3), 212-226.
  • Kahn, J. H. ve Hessling, R. M. (2001). Measuring the tendency to conceal versus disclose psychological distress. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 20(1), 41-65.
  • Karataş, A. ve Gizir, C. A. (2013). Üniversite öğrencilerinin psikolojik danışma gereksinimlerinin çeşitli değişkenler açısından incelenmesi. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 28(3), 250-265.
  • Kakhnovets, R. (2011). Relationships among personality, expectations about counseling, and help-seeking attitudes. Journal of Counseling and Development, 89, 11-19.
  • Kalkan, M. ve Odacı, H. (2005). Cinsiyet ve cinsiyet rolünün psikolojik yardım almaya ilişkin tutumlarla ilişkisi. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 3(23), 57-64.
  • Kapıkıran, A. A. ve Kapıkıran, Ş. (2013). Psikolojik yardım aramada kendini damgalama ölçeği: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 5(40), 131-141.
  • Keklik, İ. (2009). Attitudes toward seeking psychological help: A comparative study of Turkish and American graduate students. Eğitim Araştırmaları-Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 37, 159-173.
  • Kelly, A. E. ve Achter, S. A. (1995). Self-concealment and attitudes toward counseling in university students. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 42(1), 40-46.
  • Kilinc, A. ve Granello, P. F. (2003). Overall life satisfaction and help-seeking attitudes of college students in the United States: Implications for college counselors. Journal of College Counseling, 6, 56-68.
  • Kim, P. Y., Birtt, T. W., Klocko, R. P., Riviere, L. A. ve Adler, A. B. (2011). Stigma, negative attitudes about treatment, and utilization of mental health care among soldiers. Military Psychology, 23(1), 65-81.
  • Komiya, N. ve Eels, G. T. (2001). Predictors of attitudestoward seeking counseling among international students. Journal of College Counseling, 4, 153-160.
  • Komiya, N., Good, G. E. ve Sherrod, N. B. (2000). Emotional openness as a predictor of college students' attitudes toward seeking psychological help. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 47, 138-143.
  • Koydemir, S. (2006). Predictors of shyness among university students: Testing a self-presentational model (Yayımlanmamış doktra tezi). Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi, Ankara.
  • Koydemir Özden, S. (2010). Self-Aspects, perceived social support gender and willingness to seek psychological help. International Journal of Mental Health, 39(3), 44-60
  • Koydemir, S., Erel, O., Yumurtacı, D. ve Şahin, G. N. (2010). Psychological help seeking attitudes and barriers to help-seeking in young people in Turkey. International Journal of Advancement Counselling, 32, 274-289.
  • Kushner, M. G. ve Sher, K. J. (1989). Fear of psychological treatment and its relation to mental health service avoidance. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 20, 251-257.
  • Leong, F. ve Zachar, P. (1999). Gender and opinions about mental illness as predictors of attitudes toward seeking professional psychological help. British Journal of Guidance & Counselling, 27(1), 123-132.
  • Loya, F., Reddy, R. ve Hinshaw, P. (2010). Mental illness stigma as a mediator of differences in caucasian and south asian college students’ attitudes toward psychological counseling. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 57, 484-490.
  • Masuda, A., Suzumura, K., Beauchamp, K. L., Howells, N. Y. ve Clay, C. (2005). United States and Japanese college students’ attitudes toward seeking professional psychological help. International Journal of Psychology, 40(5), 303-313.
  • Meydan, B. ve Lüleci, B. (2013). Eğitim fakültesi öğrencilerinde psikolojik yardım almaya ilişkin tutumun yordayıcısı olarak önceki psikolojik yardım alma deneyimi, algılanan sosyal destek ve yalnızlık. Pegem Eğitim ve Öğretim Dergisi, 3(4), 45-56.
  • Miller, W. R. (1985). Motivation for treatment: A review with special emphasis on alcoholism. Psychological Bulettin, 98(1), 84-107.
  • Miville, M. L. ve Constantine, M. G. (2007). Cultural values, counseling stigma, and ıntentions to seek counseling among Asian American college women. Counseling and Values, 52(1), 2-11.
  • Özbay, Y., Terzi, Ş., Erkan, S. ve Cihangir Çankaya, Z. (2011). Üniversite öğrencilerinin profesyonel yardım arama tutumları, cinsiyet rolleri ve kendini saklama düzeyleri. Pegem Eğitim ve Öğretim Dergisi, 1(4), 59-71.
  • Perenc, L. ve Radochonski, M. (2016). Psychological predictors of seeking help from mental health practitioners among a large sample of Polish young adults. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 13(11), 1049-1058. doi:10.3390/ijerph13111049
  • Raunic, A. ve Xenos, S. (2008). University counseling service utilization by local and international students and user characteristics: A review. International Journal of Advanced Counselling, 30, 262-267.
  • Rickwood, D., Deane, F. P., Wilson, C. J. ve Ciarrochi, J. (2005). Young people’s help-seeking for mental health problems. Australian e-Journal for the Advancement of Mental Health, 4 (Supplement). http://www.auseinet.com/journal/vol4iss3suppl/rickwood.pdf adresinden erişildi.
  • Rosenthal, B. ve Wilson, C. (2008). Mental health services: Use and disparity among diverse college students. Journal of American College Health, 57, 61-67.
  • Salim, S. (2010). Psycjological help seeking attitudes among Malaysian college and university students. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 5, 426-430.
  • Sevinç, S. (2010). Mersin Üniversitesi birinci sınıf öğrencilerinin akademik, sosyal, kişisel ve kurumsal uyumlarını olumsuz etkileyen faktörlerin incelenmesi (Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi). Mersin Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Mersin.
  • Sezer, S. ve Gülleroğlu, D. (2016). Psikolojik yardım arama tutumlarını yordayan değişkenler: Kendini damgalama, özsaygı, psikolojik yardım almış olma. Uludağ Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 29(1), 75-93.
  • Shalaby, M. H., Sabra, A.I., & Mohamed, S. A. E. (2014). The role of internalized stigma on self esteem and attitude toward seeking professional psychological help among psychiatric patients. International Journal of Current Research, 6(11), 10162-10169.
  • Sheu, H. B. ve Sedlacek, W. E. (2004). An exploratory study of help-seeking attitudes and coping strategies among college students by race and gender. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 37, 130-143.
  • Sibicky, M. ve Dovidio, J. F. (1986). Stigma of psychological therapy: Stereotypes, interpersonal reactions, and the self-fulfilling prophecy. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 33, 148-154.
  • Stallman, H. M. ve Shochet, I. (2009). Prevalence of mental health problems in Australian university health services. Australian Psychologist, 44, 122-127.
  • Stewart, V. (2008). Perceived social support, suicidal ideation, stigma, and help seeking behaviors among college students (Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi). Marywood University, Scranton.
  • Timlin-Scalera, R. M., Ponterotto, J. G., Blumberg, F. C. ve Jackson, M. A. (2003). A grounded theory study of help-seeking behaviors among White male high school students. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 50, 339-350.
  • Topkaya, N. (2011a). Psikolojik yardım alma niyetinin sosyal damgalanma, tedavi korkusu, beklenen yarar, beklenen risk ve tutum faktörleriyle modellenmesi (Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi). Ege Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İzmir.
  • Topkaya, N. (2011b). Psikolojik yardım alma nedeniyle kendini damgalama ölçeği'nin geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. XI. Ulusal Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Kongresi’nde sunulan bildiri, Ege Üniversitesi, İzmir.
  • Topkaya, N. (2014a). Psikolojik yardım alma niyetini yordamada demografik, bireysel ve çevresel faktörler. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 29(74), 1-11. Topkaya, N. (2014b). Psikolojik yardım almaya ilişkin tutumu yordamada cinsiyet, psikolojik yardım alma nedeniyle kendini damgalama ve sosyal damgalanma. Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Bilimleri, 14(2), 1-17. doi: 10.12738/estp.2014.2.1799
  • Topkaya, N. ve Büyükgöze Kavas, A. (2015). Algılanan sosyal destek, yaşam doyumu, psikolojik yardım almaya ilişkin tutum ve niyet arasındaki ilişkiler: Bir model çalışması. Turkish Studies, 10(2), 979-996. doi: 10.7827/TurkishStudies.7768
  • Topkaya, N. ve Meydan, B. (2013). Üniversite öğrencilerinin problem yaşadıkları alanlar, yardım kaynakları ve psikolojik yardım alma niyetleri. Trakya Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 3(1), 25-37.
  • Turner, A. L. ve Quinn, K. F. (1999). College students' perceptions of the value of psychological services: A comparison with APA's public education research. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 30, 368-371.
  • Türküm, A. S. (2005). Who seeks help? Examining the differences in attitude of Turkish university students toward seeking psychological help by gender, gender roles and help-seeking experiences. The Journal of Men’s Studies, 13, 389-401.
  • Vogel, D. L., Bitman, R. L., Hammer, J. H. ve Wade N. G. (2013). Is stigma internalized? The longitudinal impact of public stigma on self-stigma. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 60(2), 311-316.
  • Vogel, D. L., Michaels, M. ve Gruss, N. J. (2009). Parental attitudes and college students’ willingness to seek counseling. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 28, 689-713.
  • Vogel, D. L., Wade, N. G. ve Ascheman, P. L. (2009). Measuring perceptions of stigmatization by others for seeking psychological help: Reliability and validity of a new stigma scale with college students. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 56(2), 301-308.
  • Vogel, D. L., Wade, N. G. ve Haake, S. (2006). Measuring the self-stigma associated with seeking psychological help. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 53, 325-337.
  • Vogel, D. L., Wade, N. G. ve Hackler, A. H. (2007). Perceived public stigma and the willingness to seek counseling: The mediating roles of self-stigma and attitudes toward counseling. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 54, 40-50.
  • Vogel, D. L. ve Wester, S. R. (2003). To seek help or not to seek help: The risks of self-disclosure. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 50, 351-361.
  • Vogel, D. L., Wester S. R. ve Larson, M. L. (2007). Avoidance of counseling: Psychological factors that inhibit seeking help. Journal of Counseling and Development, 85, 410-422.
  • Vogel, D. L., Wester, S. R., Wei, M. ve Boysen, G. A. (2005). The role of outcome expectations and attitudes on decisions to seek professional help. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 52, 459-470.
  • Zavrou, S. ve Poulakis, M. (2017). Stigma and attitudes toward seeking counseling: A pilot study of cross-cultural differences between college students in the US and Cyprus. Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies in Education, 5(2), 26-37.
  • Zeren, Ş. G., Erus, S. M. ve Amanvermez, Y. (2017). Üniversite öğrencilerinin psikolojik yardım almaya yönelik tutumları ve yardım teklifine ilişkin cevapları. International Online Journal of Educational Sciences, 9(2), 439-453. doi: 10.15345/iojes.2017.02.011

Üniversite Öğrencilerinin Psikolojik Yardım Almaya Yönelik Tutumları: Sosyal Damgalanma, Kendini Damgalama, Öznel Sıkıntıları Açma, Benlik Saygısı ve Cinsiyetin Rolü

Year 2018, Volume: 8 Issue: 49, 137 - 155, 01.04.2018

Abstract

Bu çalışmanın amacı, sosyal damgalanma, kendini damgalama, öznel sıkıntıları açma, benlik saygısı ve cinsiyetin, üniversite öğrencilerinin psikolojik yardım almaya yönelik tutumlarını ne derece yordadıklarını incelemektir. Araştırma örneklemini, Mersin Üniversitesi’nde öğrenim görmekte olan 1013 (660 kadın, 353 erkek) lisans öğrencisi oluşturmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, Psikolojik Yardım Almaya İlişkin Tutum Ölçeği, Psikolojik Yardım Alma Nedeniyle Sosyal Damgalanma Ölçeği, Psikolojik Yardım Aramada Kendini Damgalama Ölçeği, Öznel Sıkıntıları Açma Ölçeği ve Rosenberg Benlik Saygısı Ölçeği olmak üzere beş ölçme aracı kullanılmıştır. Verilerin analizinde çoklu regresyon analizi yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Bulgular incelendiğinde, sosyal damgalanma, kendini damgalama, kendini açma ve cinsiyet değişkenlerinin üniversite öğrencilerinin psikolojik yardım almaya yönelik tutumlarını anlamlı düzeyde yordadıkları belirlenmiştir. Diğer yandan, benlik saygısı değişkeninin ise öğrencilerin psikolojik yardım aramaya yönelik tutumları üzerinde bir katkısı olmadığı gözlemlenmiştir. Elde edilen bulgular tartışılarak, uygulamalara ve gelecek çalışmalara yönelik önerilerde bulunulmuştur.

References

  • Al-Darmaki, F. R. (2003). Attitudes towards seeking professional psychological help: What really counts for United Arab Emirates university students?. Social Behavior and Personality, 31(5), 497-508.
  • Ashe, E. (2015). Should I confide? Investigating relationships between self-esteem, self-efficacy, general mental health and help-seeking behaviours (Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi). Dublin Business School, Dublin.
  • Atik, G. ve Yalçın, İ. (2011). Help-seeking attitudes of university students: The role of personality traits and demographic factors. South African Journal of Psychology, 41(3), 328-338.
  • Ben-Porath, D. D. (2002). Stigmatization of individuals who receive psychotherapy: An interaction between help-seeking behavior and the presence of depression. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 21, 400-413.
  • Berger, J. M., Levant, R., McMillan, K. K., Kelleher, W. ve Sellers, A. (2005). Impact of gender role conflict, traditional masculinity ideology, alexithymia, and age on men’s attitudes toward psychological help-seeking. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 6(1), 73-78.
  • Blaake, J. P. (2008). Psychological distress, masculinity ideology, and self-threat: A model of men’s attitudes toward help seeking (Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi). The Fordham University, New York.
  • Brown, C., Conner, K. O., Copeland, V. C., Grote, N., Beach, S., Battista, D. ve Reynolds, C. F. (2010). Depression stigma, race, and treatment seeking behavior and attitudes. Journal of Community Psychology, 38, 350-368.
  • Cepeda-Benito, A. ve Short, P. (1998). Self-concealment, avoidance of psychological services and perceived likelihood of seeking professional help. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 45(1), 858-864.
  • Chang, H. (2007). Psychological distress and help-seeking among Taiwanese college students: Role of gender and student status. British Journal of Guidance & Counselling, 35(3), 347-355.
  • Chodorow, N. (1989). Feminism and psychoanalytic theory. New Haven: Yale University Press.
  • Coates, D. ve Winston, T. (1987). The dilemma of distress disclosure. V. J. Derlega ve J. H. Berg (Ed.), Self-disclosure: Theory, research, and therapy içinde (s. 229-255). New York: Plenum Press.
  • Corrigan, P. (2004). How stigma interferes with mental health?. Journal of American Psychologist, 59, 614-625.
  • Corrigan, P. W. ve Shapiro, J. R. (2010). Measuring the impact of programs that challenge the public stigma of mental illness. Clinical Psychology Review, 30(8), 907-922.
  • Corrigan, P. W. ve Watson, A. C. (2002). The paradox of self-stigma and mental illness. Clinical Psychology, Science and Practice, 9, 35-53.
  • Cramer, K. M. (1999). Psychological antecendents to help seeking behavior a reanalysis using path modeling structures. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 46(3), 381-387.
  • Çebi, E. (2009). University students’ attitudes toward seeking psychological help: effects of perceived social support, psychological distress, prior help-seeking experience and gender (Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi). Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara.
  • Çakar, F. S. ve İkiz, F. E. (2016). Psikolojik iyi oluş, yardım arama tutumu ve benlik saygısının psikolojik danışman adaylarının psikolojik belirtilerine etkisi. Journal of Human Sciences, 13(2), 3571-3587.
  • Çatal, M. T. ve Kumcağız, H. (2015). Üniversite öğrencilerinin kişilik özelliklerine göre psikolojik yardım alma tutumları. The Journal of Academic Social Science Studies, 40, 45-60.
  • Çuhadaroğlu, F. (1986). Adolesanlarda benlik saygıs. (Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi). Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara.
  • Ercan, L. E. (2010). An analysis of the relationship between attitudes towards seeking psychological help and problem solving among university students. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2, 1814-1819.
  • Erkan, S., Özbay, Y., Cihangir Çankaya, Z. ve Terzi, Ş. (2012). Üniversite öğrencilerinin psikolojik yardım aramaya gönüllülük düzeylerinin yordanması. Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Bilimleri, 12(1), 25-42.
  • Fischer, E. H. ve Farina, A. (1995). Attitudes towards seeking professional psychological help: A shorted form and considerations for research. Journal of College Student Development, 36, 368-373.
  • Fisher, J., Nadler, A. ve Witcher-Alagna. (1982). Recipient reactions to aid. Psychological Bulletin, 91, 27-54.
  • Fischer, E. H. ve Turner, J. L. (1970). Orientations to seeking professional help: Development and research utility of an attitude scale. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 35, 79-90.
  • Gilat, I., Ezer, H. ve Sagee, R. (2010). Help-seeking attitudes among Arab and Jewish adolescent in Israel. British Journal of Guidance and Counseling, 38(2), 205-218.
  • Gilligan, C. (1982). In a different voice: Psychological theory and women’s development. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
  • Gizir, C. A. (2005). Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi son sınıf öğrencilerinin problemleri üzerine bir çalışma. Mersin Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 1, 196-213.
  • Gizir, C. A. (2014). Üniversite öğrencilerinin psikolojik danışma gereksinimleri üzerine bir çalışma: Mersin Üniversitesi örneği. I. Avrasya Eğitim Araştırmaları Kongresi, İstanbul Üniversitesi, İstanbul.
  • Gürsoy, O. (2014). Profesyonel psikolojik yardım alma deneyimlerine göre Mersin Üniversitesi öğrencilerinin psikolojik yardım almaya yönelik tutumları: Sosyal damgalanma, kendini damgalama, kendini açma, benlik saygısı ve cinsiyet değişkenlerinin rolü (Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi). Mersin Üniversitesi, Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Mersin.
  • Gürsoy, O. ve Gizir, C. A. (2017). Öznel sıkıntıları açma ölçeği: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışmaları. Ege Eğitim Dergisi, 18(2), 557-575. doi: 10.12984/egeefd.303312
  • Greenidge. W. L. ve Daire, A. P. (2010). The relationship between emotional opennes and the attitudes towards seeking professional counseling of English-speaking Caribbean college students. International Journal for the Advancement of Counseling, 32, 191-201.
  • Greenland, K., Scourfield, J., Maxwell, N., Prior, L. ve Scourfield, J. (2009). Theoretical antecedents of distress disclosure in a community sample of young people. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 39, 2045-2068.
  • Hackler, A. H., Vogel, D. L. ve Wade, N. G. (2010). Attitudes toward seeking Professional help for an eating disorder: The role of stigma and anticipated outcomes. Journal of Counseling and Development, 88, 424-431.
  • Heath, P. J., Vogel, D. L. ve Al-Darmaki, F. R. (2016). Help-seeking attitudes of United Arab Emirates students: Examining loss of face, stigma, and self-disclosure. The Counseling Psychologist, 44(3), 331-352.
  • Hinson, J. A. ve Swanson, J. L. (1993). Willingness to seek help as a function of self disclosure and problem severity. Journal of Counseling and Development, 71, 465- 470.
  • Husaini, B. A., Moore, S. T. ve Cain, V. A. (1994). Psychiatric symptoms and help seeking behavior among the elderly: An analysis of racial and gender differences. Journal of Gerontological Social Work, 21, 177-195.
  • Ina, M. ve Morita, M. (2015). Japanese university students’ stigma and attitudes toward seeking professional psychological help. Online Journal of Japanese Clinical Psychology, 2, 10-18.
  • Joyce, A. W., Ross, M. J., Vander Wal, J. S. ve Austin, C. C. (2009). College students' preferences for psychotherapy across depression, anxiety, relationship, and academic problems. Journal of College Student Psychotherapy, 23(3), 212-226.
  • Kahn, J. H. ve Hessling, R. M. (2001). Measuring the tendency to conceal versus disclose psychological distress. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 20(1), 41-65.
  • Karataş, A. ve Gizir, C. A. (2013). Üniversite öğrencilerinin psikolojik danışma gereksinimlerinin çeşitli değişkenler açısından incelenmesi. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 28(3), 250-265.
  • Kakhnovets, R. (2011). Relationships among personality, expectations about counseling, and help-seeking attitudes. Journal of Counseling and Development, 89, 11-19.
  • Kalkan, M. ve Odacı, H. (2005). Cinsiyet ve cinsiyet rolünün psikolojik yardım almaya ilişkin tutumlarla ilişkisi. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 3(23), 57-64.
  • Kapıkıran, A. A. ve Kapıkıran, Ş. (2013). Psikolojik yardım aramada kendini damgalama ölçeği: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 5(40), 131-141.
  • Keklik, İ. (2009). Attitudes toward seeking psychological help: A comparative study of Turkish and American graduate students. Eğitim Araştırmaları-Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 37, 159-173.
  • Kelly, A. E. ve Achter, S. A. (1995). Self-concealment and attitudes toward counseling in university students. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 42(1), 40-46.
  • Kilinc, A. ve Granello, P. F. (2003). Overall life satisfaction and help-seeking attitudes of college students in the United States: Implications for college counselors. Journal of College Counseling, 6, 56-68.
  • Kim, P. Y., Birtt, T. W., Klocko, R. P., Riviere, L. A. ve Adler, A. B. (2011). Stigma, negative attitudes about treatment, and utilization of mental health care among soldiers. Military Psychology, 23(1), 65-81.
  • Komiya, N. ve Eels, G. T. (2001). Predictors of attitudestoward seeking counseling among international students. Journal of College Counseling, 4, 153-160.
  • Komiya, N., Good, G. E. ve Sherrod, N. B. (2000). Emotional openness as a predictor of college students' attitudes toward seeking psychological help. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 47, 138-143.
  • Koydemir, S. (2006). Predictors of shyness among university students: Testing a self-presentational model (Yayımlanmamış doktra tezi). Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi, Ankara.
  • Koydemir Özden, S. (2010). Self-Aspects, perceived social support gender and willingness to seek psychological help. International Journal of Mental Health, 39(3), 44-60
  • Koydemir, S., Erel, O., Yumurtacı, D. ve Şahin, G. N. (2010). Psychological help seeking attitudes and barriers to help-seeking in young people in Turkey. International Journal of Advancement Counselling, 32, 274-289.
  • Kushner, M. G. ve Sher, K. J. (1989). Fear of psychological treatment and its relation to mental health service avoidance. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 20, 251-257.
  • Leong, F. ve Zachar, P. (1999). Gender and opinions about mental illness as predictors of attitudes toward seeking professional psychological help. British Journal of Guidance & Counselling, 27(1), 123-132.
  • Loya, F., Reddy, R. ve Hinshaw, P. (2010). Mental illness stigma as a mediator of differences in caucasian and south asian college students’ attitudes toward psychological counseling. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 57, 484-490.
  • Masuda, A., Suzumura, K., Beauchamp, K. L., Howells, N. Y. ve Clay, C. (2005). United States and Japanese college students’ attitudes toward seeking professional psychological help. International Journal of Psychology, 40(5), 303-313.
  • Meydan, B. ve Lüleci, B. (2013). Eğitim fakültesi öğrencilerinde psikolojik yardım almaya ilişkin tutumun yordayıcısı olarak önceki psikolojik yardım alma deneyimi, algılanan sosyal destek ve yalnızlık. Pegem Eğitim ve Öğretim Dergisi, 3(4), 45-56.
  • Miller, W. R. (1985). Motivation for treatment: A review with special emphasis on alcoholism. Psychological Bulettin, 98(1), 84-107.
  • Miville, M. L. ve Constantine, M. G. (2007). Cultural values, counseling stigma, and ıntentions to seek counseling among Asian American college women. Counseling and Values, 52(1), 2-11.
  • Özbay, Y., Terzi, Ş., Erkan, S. ve Cihangir Çankaya, Z. (2011). Üniversite öğrencilerinin profesyonel yardım arama tutumları, cinsiyet rolleri ve kendini saklama düzeyleri. Pegem Eğitim ve Öğretim Dergisi, 1(4), 59-71.
  • Perenc, L. ve Radochonski, M. (2016). Psychological predictors of seeking help from mental health practitioners among a large sample of Polish young adults. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 13(11), 1049-1058. doi:10.3390/ijerph13111049
  • Raunic, A. ve Xenos, S. (2008). University counseling service utilization by local and international students and user characteristics: A review. International Journal of Advanced Counselling, 30, 262-267.
  • Rickwood, D., Deane, F. P., Wilson, C. J. ve Ciarrochi, J. (2005). Young people’s help-seeking for mental health problems. Australian e-Journal for the Advancement of Mental Health, 4 (Supplement). http://www.auseinet.com/journal/vol4iss3suppl/rickwood.pdf adresinden erişildi.
  • Rosenthal, B. ve Wilson, C. (2008). Mental health services: Use and disparity among diverse college students. Journal of American College Health, 57, 61-67.
  • Salim, S. (2010). Psycjological help seeking attitudes among Malaysian college and university students. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 5, 426-430.
  • Sevinç, S. (2010). Mersin Üniversitesi birinci sınıf öğrencilerinin akademik, sosyal, kişisel ve kurumsal uyumlarını olumsuz etkileyen faktörlerin incelenmesi (Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi). Mersin Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Mersin.
  • Sezer, S. ve Gülleroğlu, D. (2016). Psikolojik yardım arama tutumlarını yordayan değişkenler: Kendini damgalama, özsaygı, psikolojik yardım almış olma. Uludağ Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 29(1), 75-93.
  • Shalaby, M. H., Sabra, A.I., & Mohamed, S. A. E. (2014). The role of internalized stigma on self esteem and attitude toward seeking professional psychological help among psychiatric patients. International Journal of Current Research, 6(11), 10162-10169.
  • Sheu, H. B. ve Sedlacek, W. E. (2004). An exploratory study of help-seeking attitudes and coping strategies among college students by race and gender. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 37, 130-143.
  • Sibicky, M. ve Dovidio, J. F. (1986). Stigma of psychological therapy: Stereotypes, interpersonal reactions, and the self-fulfilling prophecy. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 33, 148-154.
  • Stallman, H. M. ve Shochet, I. (2009). Prevalence of mental health problems in Australian university health services. Australian Psychologist, 44, 122-127.
  • Stewart, V. (2008). Perceived social support, suicidal ideation, stigma, and help seeking behaviors among college students (Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi). Marywood University, Scranton.
  • Timlin-Scalera, R. M., Ponterotto, J. G., Blumberg, F. C. ve Jackson, M. A. (2003). A grounded theory study of help-seeking behaviors among White male high school students. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 50, 339-350.
  • Topkaya, N. (2011a). Psikolojik yardım alma niyetinin sosyal damgalanma, tedavi korkusu, beklenen yarar, beklenen risk ve tutum faktörleriyle modellenmesi (Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi). Ege Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İzmir.
  • Topkaya, N. (2011b). Psikolojik yardım alma nedeniyle kendini damgalama ölçeği'nin geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. XI. Ulusal Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Kongresi’nde sunulan bildiri, Ege Üniversitesi, İzmir.
  • Topkaya, N. (2014a). Psikolojik yardım alma niyetini yordamada demografik, bireysel ve çevresel faktörler. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 29(74), 1-11. Topkaya, N. (2014b). Psikolojik yardım almaya ilişkin tutumu yordamada cinsiyet, psikolojik yardım alma nedeniyle kendini damgalama ve sosyal damgalanma. Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Bilimleri, 14(2), 1-17. doi: 10.12738/estp.2014.2.1799
  • Topkaya, N. ve Büyükgöze Kavas, A. (2015). Algılanan sosyal destek, yaşam doyumu, psikolojik yardım almaya ilişkin tutum ve niyet arasındaki ilişkiler: Bir model çalışması. Turkish Studies, 10(2), 979-996. doi: 10.7827/TurkishStudies.7768
  • Topkaya, N. ve Meydan, B. (2013). Üniversite öğrencilerinin problem yaşadıkları alanlar, yardım kaynakları ve psikolojik yardım alma niyetleri. Trakya Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 3(1), 25-37.
  • Turner, A. L. ve Quinn, K. F. (1999). College students' perceptions of the value of psychological services: A comparison with APA's public education research. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 30, 368-371.
  • Türküm, A. S. (2005). Who seeks help? Examining the differences in attitude of Turkish university students toward seeking psychological help by gender, gender roles and help-seeking experiences. The Journal of Men’s Studies, 13, 389-401.
  • Vogel, D. L., Bitman, R. L., Hammer, J. H. ve Wade N. G. (2013). Is stigma internalized? The longitudinal impact of public stigma on self-stigma. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 60(2), 311-316.
  • Vogel, D. L., Michaels, M. ve Gruss, N. J. (2009). Parental attitudes and college students’ willingness to seek counseling. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 28, 689-713.
  • Vogel, D. L., Wade, N. G. ve Ascheman, P. L. (2009). Measuring perceptions of stigmatization by others for seeking psychological help: Reliability and validity of a new stigma scale with college students. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 56(2), 301-308.
  • Vogel, D. L., Wade, N. G. ve Haake, S. (2006). Measuring the self-stigma associated with seeking psychological help. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 53, 325-337.
  • Vogel, D. L., Wade, N. G. ve Hackler, A. H. (2007). Perceived public stigma and the willingness to seek counseling: The mediating roles of self-stigma and attitudes toward counseling. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 54, 40-50.
  • Vogel, D. L. ve Wester, S. R. (2003). To seek help or not to seek help: The risks of self-disclosure. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 50, 351-361.
  • Vogel, D. L., Wester S. R. ve Larson, M. L. (2007). Avoidance of counseling: Psychological factors that inhibit seeking help. Journal of Counseling and Development, 85, 410-422.
  • Vogel, D. L., Wester, S. R., Wei, M. ve Boysen, G. A. (2005). The role of outcome expectations and attitudes on decisions to seek professional help. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 52, 459-470.
  • Zavrou, S. ve Poulakis, M. (2017). Stigma and attitudes toward seeking counseling: A pilot study of cross-cultural differences between college students in the US and Cyprus. Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies in Education, 5(2), 26-37.
  • Zeren, Ş. G., Erus, S. M. ve Amanvermez, Y. (2017). Üniversite öğrencilerinin psikolojik yardım almaya yönelik tutumları ve yardım teklifine ilişkin cevapları. International Online Journal of Educational Sciences, 9(2), 439-453. doi: 10.15345/iojes.2017.02.011
There are 90 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Makaleler
Authors

Onur Gürsoy This is me

Cem Ali Gizir

Publication Date April 1, 2018
Published in Issue Year 2018 Volume: 8 Issue: 49

Cite

APA Gürsoy, O., & Gizir, C. A. (2018). Üniversite Öğrencilerinin Psikolojik Yardım Almaya Yönelik Tutumları: Sosyal Damgalanma, Kendini Damgalama, Öznel Sıkıntıları Açma, Benlik Saygısı ve Cinsiyetin Rolü. Turkish Psychological Counseling and Guidance Journal, 8(49), 137-155.

!! From 30 November 2023, English language proofreading will be required for accepted articles to ensure language quality.