Bu çalışmanın amacı lise öğrencilerinin bilişötesi becerilerinin eğitsel stres düzeyleri üzerindeki etkisini belirlemektir. Oluşturulan hipotez modelin yapısal eşitlik modellemesiyle sınanarak nedensel bir durum saptanmasının yapılması amaçlanmıştır. Araştırmanın çalışma grubunu 273 lise öğrencisi oluşturmaktadır. Yaşları 14 ile 18 arasında değişen öğrencilerin yaş ortalaması 16.24’tür (Ss: .85). Bilişötesi Farkındalık Envanteri ve Eğitsel Stres Ölçeği veri toplama aracı olarak kullanılmıştır. Elde edilen bulgulara göre, bilişötesi beceriler ile eğitsel stres arasında negatif yönde anlamlı ilişkiler bulunmaktadır. Geliştirilen hipotez model yapısal eşitlik modeli ile sınanmış ve modelin elde edilen verilerle iyi düzeyde uyum gösterdiği belirlenmiştir (RMSEA=.08, CFI=.95, GFI=.90, AGFI=.85). Bununla birlikte bilişötesi becerilerin ergenlerin eğitsel stres düzeyleri üzerinde etkili olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Elde edilen bulgular ilgili literatür ışığında tartışılmış ve ileride yapılacak çalışmalara yönelik önerilerde bulunulmuştur.
Agolla, J. E. (2009). Occupational stress among police
officers: The case of Botswana Police Service.
Research Journal of Business Management, 3(1),
25-35.
Agolla, J. E., & Ongori, H. (2009). An assessment of
academic stress among undergraduate students:
The case of University of Botswana. Educational
Research and Review, 4(2), 63-70.
Akgün, S., & Ciarrochi, J. (2003). Learned
resourcefulness moderates the relationship
between academic stress and academic
performance. Educational Psychology: An
International Journal of Experimental
Educational Psychology, 23(3), 287-294.
Akın, A., Abaci, R., & Çetin, B. (2007). The validity
and reliability of the Turkish version of the
metacognitive awareness inventory. Educational
Sciences: Theory & Practice, 7(2), 671-678.
Akın, A., Gediksiz, E., Arslan, S., & Akın, Ü. (2012,
June). The validity and reliability of the Turkish
version of Education Stress Scale for
Adolescents (ESSA). Paper presented at the 3rd
International Conference on New Horizons in
Education, Prague, Czech Republic. Abstract
retrieved from http://www.inte.net/publications/inte2012.pdf.
Al-Harthy, I. S., Was, C. A., & Isaacson, R. (2010).
Goals, efficacy and metacognitive selfregulation: A path analysis. International Journal
of Education, 2(1), 1-20.
Altunkol, F. (2011). The analysis of the relation
between cognitive flexibility and perceived stress
levels of college students (Unpublished master’s
thesis). Çukurova University, Adana.
Anshel, M. H., & Wells, B. (2000). Personal and
situational variables that describe coping with
acute stress in competitive sport. The Journal of
social psychology, 140(4), 434-450.
Atkinson R.L., Atkinson, R.C., Smith, E.E., Bem,
D.J., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2002). Introduction
to Psychology (Yavuz Alagon, Trans.). Ankara:
Arkadaş Yayınları. (Original work published
1996).
Butler, D. L., & Winne, P. H. (1995). Feedback and
self-regulated learning: A theoretical synthesis.
Review of Educational Research, 65(2), 245-
282.
Buys, N. J., & Winefield, A. H. (1982). Learned
helplessness in high school students following
experience of noncontingent rewards. Journal of
Research in Personality, 16(1), 118-127.
Bjorck, J. P., Cuthbertson, W., Thurman, J. W., & Lee,
Y. S. (2001). Ethnicity, coping, and distress
among Korean Americans, Filipino Americans,
and Caucasian Americans. The Journal of Social
Psychology, 141(4), 421-442.
Carrell, P. L., Gajdusek, L., & Wise, T. (1998).
Metacognition and EFL/ESL reading.
Instructional Science, 26(1-2), 97-112.
Cohen, L., Manion, L., & Morrison, K. (2000),
Research methods in education (5th ed.). New
York: Routledge Falmer.
Flavell, J. H. (1976). Metacognitive aspects of
problem solving. In Lauren B. Resnick (Ed.), The
Nature of Intelligence (pp. 231-235), Hillsdale,
New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Fletcher, T. D., Major, D. A., & Davis, D. D. (2008).
The interactive relationship of competitive
climate and trait competitiveness with workplace
attitudes, stress, and performance. Journal of
Organizational Behavior, 29(7), 899-922.
Folkman, S. & Lazarus, R. S. (1985). If it changes it
must be a process: Study of emotion and coping
during three stages of a college examination.
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,
48(1), 150-170.
Folkman, S., Lazarus, R. S., Gruen, R. J., & DeLongis,
A. (1986). Appraisal, coping, health status, and
psychological symptoms. Journal of Personality
and Social Psychology, 50(3), 571-579.
Folkman, S., & Lazarus, R. S. (1988). Coping as a
mediator of emotion. Journal of Personality and
Social Psychology, 54(3), 466-475.
Garner, R., & Alexander, P. A. (1989). Metacognition:
Answered and unanswered questions.
Educational Psychologist, 24(2), 143-158.
Hung, C.-L. (2011). Coping strategies of primary
school teachers in Taiwan experiencing stress
because of teacher surplus. Social Behavior and
Personality, 39(9), 1161-1174.
Jacobs, J. E., & Paris, S. G. (1987). Children’s
metacognition about reading: Issues in
definition, measurement, and instruction.
Educational Psychologist, 22(3&4), 255-278.
Jöreskog, K. G., & Sörbom, D. (1993). Lisrel 8:
Structural equation modeling with simplis
command language. Lincolnwood: Scientific
Software International.
Kline, R. B. (2011). Principles and practice of
structural equation modeling (3rd ed.). New
York, NY: Guilford Press.
Knussen, C., & Sloper, P. (1992). stress in families of
children with disability: A review of risk and
resistance factors. Journal of Mental Health, 1(3),
241-256.
Koriat, A. (2004). Metacognition research: An interim
report. In Timothy J. Perfect and Bennett L.
Schwartz (Eds.), Applied Metacognition (pp.
261-286), Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press.
Lazarus, R. S. (1993). From psychological stress to the
emotions: A history of changing our looks.
Annual Review of Psychology, 44(1), 1-21.
Lent, R. W., Brown, S. D., & Larkin, K. C. (1984).
Relation of self-efficacy expectations to
academic achievement and persistence. Journal
of Counselling Psychology, 31(3), 356-362.
McMillan, J. H., & Schumacher, S. (2006). Research
in education: Evidence-based inquiry. (6th ed.).
New York: Pearson.
Mikulincer, M., & Florian, V. (1995). Appraisal of and
coping with a real-life stressful situation: The
contribution of attachment styles. Personality
and Social Psychology Bulletin, 21(4), 406-414.
Öngen, D. E. (2006). The relationships between selfcriticism, submissive behavior and depression
among Turkish adolescents. Personality and
Individual Differences, 41, 793-800.
Pakenham, K. I. (2001). Application of a stress and
coping model to caregiving in multiple sclerosis.
Psychology, Health & Medicine, 6(1), 13-27.
Perkins, A.M., & Corr, P.J. (2006). Cognitive ability
as a buffer to neuroticism: Churchill’s secret
weapon? Personality and Individual Differences,
40, 39-51.
Ross, M. E., Green, S. B., Salisbury-Glennon, J. D., &
Tollefson, N. (2006). College students’ study
strategies as a function of testing: An
investigation into metacognitive self-regulation.
Innovative Higher Education, 30(5), 361-375.
Şahin, N. H., Güler, M., & Basim, H. N. (2009). The
relationship between cognitive intelligence,
emotional intelligence, coping and stress
symptoms in the context of type a personality
pattern. Turkish Journal of Psychiatry, 20(3),
243-254.
Schraw, G. (1998). Promoting general metacognitive
awareness. Instructional Science, 26(1-2), 113-
125.
Schraw, G. (2009). A conceptual analysis of five
measures of metacognitive monitoring.
Metacognition Learning, 4(1), 33-45.
Schraw, G., & Graham, T. (1997). Helping gifted
students develop metacognitive awareness.
Roeper Review, 20(1), 4-8.
Schraw, G., Crippen, K. J., & Hartley, K. (2006).
Promoting self-regulation in science education:
Metacognition as part of a broader perspective on
learning. Research in Science Education, 36(1-
2), 111-139.
Sternberg, R. J. (2002). Metacognition, abilities, and
developing expertise: What makes an expert
student? In Hope J. Hartman (Ed.),
Metacognition in learning and instruction:
Theory, research and practice (2nd ed., pp. 247-
260), Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Suldo, S. M., Shaunessy, E., & Hardesty, R. (2008).
Relationships among stress, coping, and mental
health in high-achieving high school students.
Psychology in the Schools, 45(4), 273-290.
Suldo, S. M., Shaffer, E. J., & Riley, K. N. (2008). A
social-cognitive-behavioral model of academic
predictors of adolescents’ life satisfaction.
School Psychology Quarterly, 23(1), 56-69.
Sun, J., Dunne, M. P., Hou, X., & Xu, A. (2011).
Educational stress scale for adolescents:
Development, validity, and reliability with
Chinese students. Journal of Psychoeducational
Assessment, 29(6), 534-546.
Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2007). Using
multivariate statistics (5th ed.). New York:
Pearson.
Year 2015,
Volume: 5 Issue: 44, 61 - 71, 01.09.2015
Agolla, J. E. (2009). Occupational stress among police
officers: The case of Botswana Police Service.
Research Journal of Business Management, 3(1),
25-35.
Agolla, J. E., & Ongori, H. (2009). An assessment of
academic stress among undergraduate students:
The case of University of Botswana. Educational
Research and Review, 4(2), 63-70.
Akgün, S., & Ciarrochi, J. (2003). Learned
resourcefulness moderates the relationship
between academic stress and academic
performance. Educational Psychology: An
International Journal of Experimental
Educational Psychology, 23(3), 287-294.
Akın, A., Abaci, R., & Çetin, B. (2007). The validity
and reliability of the Turkish version of the
metacognitive awareness inventory. Educational
Sciences: Theory & Practice, 7(2), 671-678.
Akın, A., Gediksiz, E., Arslan, S., & Akın, Ü. (2012,
June). The validity and reliability of the Turkish
version of Education Stress Scale for
Adolescents (ESSA). Paper presented at the 3rd
International Conference on New Horizons in
Education, Prague, Czech Republic. Abstract
retrieved from http://www.inte.net/publications/inte2012.pdf.
Al-Harthy, I. S., Was, C. A., & Isaacson, R. (2010).
Goals, efficacy and metacognitive selfregulation: A path analysis. International Journal
of Education, 2(1), 1-20.
Altunkol, F. (2011). The analysis of the relation
between cognitive flexibility and perceived stress
levels of college students (Unpublished master’s
thesis). Çukurova University, Adana.
Anshel, M. H., & Wells, B. (2000). Personal and
situational variables that describe coping with
acute stress in competitive sport. The Journal of
social psychology, 140(4), 434-450.
Atkinson R.L., Atkinson, R.C., Smith, E.E., Bem,
D.J., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2002). Introduction
to Psychology (Yavuz Alagon, Trans.). Ankara:
Arkadaş Yayınları. (Original work published
1996).
Butler, D. L., & Winne, P. H. (1995). Feedback and
self-regulated learning: A theoretical synthesis.
Review of Educational Research, 65(2), 245-
282.
Buys, N. J., & Winefield, A. H. (1982). Learned
helplessness in high school students following
experience of noncontingent rewards. Journal of
Research in Personality, 16(1), 118-127.
Bjorck, J. P., Cuthbertson, W., Thurman, J. W., & Lee,
Y. S. (2001). Ethnicity, coping, and distress
among Korean Americans, Filipino Americans,
and Caucasian Americans. The Journal of Social
Psychology, 141(4), 421-442.
Carrell, P. L., Gajdusek, L., & Wise, T. (1998).
Metacognition and EFL/ESL reading.
Instructional Science, 26(1-2), 97-112.
Cohen, L., Manion, L., & Morrison, K. (2000),
Research methods in education (5th ed.). New
York: Routledge Falmer.
Flavell, J. H. (1976). Metacognitive aspects of
problem solving. In Lauren B. Resnick (Ed.), The
Nature of Intelligence (pp. 231-235), Hillsdale,
New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Fletcher, T. D., Major, D. A., & Davis, D. D. (2008).
The interactive relationship of competitive
climate and trait competitiveness with workplace
attitudes, stress, and performance. Journal of
Organizational Behavior, 29(7), 899-922.
Folkman, S. & Lazarus, R. S. (1985). If it changes it
must be a process: Study of emotion and coping
during three stages of a college examination.
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,
48(1), 150-170.
Folkman, S., Lazarus, R. S., Gruen, R. J., & DeLongis,
A. (1986). Appraisal, coping, health status, and
psychological symptoms. Journal of Personality
and Social Psychology, 50(3), 571-579.
Folkman, S., & Lazarus, R. S. (1988). Coping as a
mediator of emotion. Journal of Personality and
Social Psychology, 54(3), 466-475.
Garner, R., & Alexander, P. A. (1989). Metacognition:
Answered and unanswered questions.
Educational Psychologist, 24(2), 143-158.
Hung, C.-L. (2011). Coping strategies of primary
school teachers in Taiwan experiencing stress
because of teacher surplus. Social Behavior and
Personality, 39(9), 1161-1174.
Jacobs, J. E., & Paris, S. G. (1987). Children’s
metacognition about reading: Issues in
definition, measurement, and instruction.
Educational Psychologist, 22(3&4), 255-278.
Jöreskog, K. G., & Sörbom, D. (1993). Lisrel 8:
Structural equation modeling with simplis
command language. Lincolnwood: Scientific
Software International.
Kline, R. B. (2011). Principles and practice of
structural equation modeling (3rd ed.). New
York, NY: Guilford Press.
Knussen, C., & Sloper, P. (1992). stress in families of
children with disability: A review of risk and
resistance factors. Journal of Mental Health, 1(3),
241-256.
Koriat, A. (2004). Metacognition research: An interim
report. In Timothy J. Perfect and Bennett L.
Schwartz (Eds.), Applied Metacognition (pp.
261-286), Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press.
Lazarus, R. S. (1993). From psychological stress to the
emotions: A history of changing our looks.
Annual Review of Psychology, 44(1), 1-21.
Lent, R. W., Brown, S. D., & Larkin, K. C. (1984).
Relation of self-efficacy expectations to
academic achievement and persistence. Journal
of Counselling Psychology, 31(3), 356-362.
McMillan, J. H., & Schumacher, S. (2006). Research
in education: Evidence-based inquiry. (6th ed.).
New York: Pearson.
Mikulincer, M., & Florian, V. (1995). Appraisal of and
coping with a real-life stressful situation: The
contribution of attachment styles. Personality
and Social Psychology Bulletin, 21(4), 406-414.
Öngen, D. E. (2006). The relationships between selfcriticism, submissive behavior and depression
among Turkish adolescents. Personality and
Individual Differences, 41, 793-800.
Pakenham, K. I. (2001). Application of a stress and
coping model to caregiving in multiple sclerosis.
Psychology, Health & Medicine, 6(1), 13-27.
Perkins, A.M., & Corr, P.J. (2006). Cognitive ability
as a buffer to neuroticism: Churchill’s secret
weapon? Personality and Individual Differences,
40, 39-51.
Ross, M. E., Green, S. B., Salisbury-Glennon, J. D., &
Tollefson, N. (2006). College students’ study
strategies as a function of testing: An
investigation into metacognitive self-regulation.
Innovative Higher Education, 30(5), 361-375.
Şahin, N. H., Güler, M., & Basim, H. N. (2009). The
relationship between cognitive intelligence,
emotional intelligence, coping and stress
symptoms in the context of type a personality
pattern. Turkish Journal of Psychiatry, 20(3),
243-254.
Schraw, G. (1998). Promoting general metacognitive
awareness. Instructional Science, 26(1-2), 113-
125.
Schraw, G. (2009). A conceptual analysis of five
measures of metacognitive monitoring.
Metacognition Learning, 4(1), 33-45.
Schraw, G., & Graham, T. (1997). Helping gifted
students develop metacognitive awareness.
Roeper Review, 20(1), 4-8.
Schraw, G., Crippen, K. J., & Hartley, K. (2006).
Promoting self-regulation in science education:
Metacognition as part of a broader perspective on
learning. Research in Science Education, 36(1-
2), 111-139.
Sternberg, R. J. (2002). Metacognition, abilities, and
developing expertise: What makes an expert
student? In Hope J. Hartman (Ed.),
Metacognition in learning and instruction:
Theory, research and practice (2nd ed., pp. 247-
260), Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Suldo, S. M., Shaunessy, E., & Hardesty, R. (2008).
Relationships among stress, coping, and mental
health in high-achieving high school students.
Psychology in the Schools, 45(4), 273-290.
Suldo, S. M., Shaffer, E. J., & Riley, K. N. (2008). A
social-cognitive-behavioral model of academic
predictors of adolescents’ life satisfaction.
School Psychology Quarterly, 23(1), 56-69.
Sun, J., Dunne, M. P., Hou, X., & Xu, A. (2011).
Educational stress scale for adolescents:
Development, validity, and reliability with
Chinese students. Journal of Psychoeducational
Assessment, 29(6), 534-546.
Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2007). Using
multivariate statistics (5th ed.). New York:
Pearson.