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Year 2022, Volume: 12 Issue: 66, 479 - 493, 15.09.2022

Abstract

References

  • Bakalım, O., & Şanal Karahan, F. (2022). Fear of compassion and psychological flexibility among adults. IBAD Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, (12), 539-559. https://doi.org/10.21733/ibad.1047549
  • Basran, J., Pires, C., Matos, M., McEwan, K., Gilbert, P. (2019), Styles of leadership, fears of compassion, and competing to avoid inferiority. Frontiers in Psychology. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02460
  • Ceviz, Ö., N., Tektaş N., Basmacı, G., & Tektaş, M. (2020). Analysis of variables affecting anxiety levels of university students in the Covid 19 pandemic process. Uluslararası Eğitim Araştırmacıları Dergisi, 3(2),312-329. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/ueader/issue/59308/834648
  • Dias, S.B., Cláudia, F., Inês, T. (2020), Influence of fears of compassion on body image shame and disordered eating. Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity. 25(1), 99-106. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40519-018-0523-0
  • Germer, C. K. (2009). The mindful path to self-compassion: Freeing yourself from destructive thoughts and emotions. New York: GuilfordPress.https://www.scirp.org/(S(i43dyn45teexjx455qlt3d2q))/reference/ReferencesPapers.aspx?ReferenceID=1992628
  • Gilbert, P., & Procter, S. (2006 ). Compassionate mind training for people with high shame and self-criticism: Overview and pilot study. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 13, 353–379. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.507
  • Gilbert, P., McEwan, K., Catarino, F., Baião, R. (2014). Fears of Compassion in a Depressed Population Implication for Psychotheraphy. Journal of Depression and Anxiety. S2:003. DOI: 10.4172/2167-1044.S2-003.
  • Gilbert, P., McEwan, K., Matos, M., Rivis, A. (2011). Fears of Compassion: Development of Three Self-report Measures. The British Psycological Society. Psychology and Psychothearphy: Theory, Research and Practice, 84, 239-255. doi: 10.1348/147608310X526511
  • Gill, M. T. (2015). Stages of change theory applied to self-critical thinking and fear of compassion: A brief psycho-educational intervention. (Publication No. 4611) [Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers The University of Montana]. https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/4611.
  • Gustin, L., W. (2017). Compassion for self and others as key aspects of well‐being in changing times. Scandinavian journal of caring sciences, 31(3), 427-433. DOI: 10.1111/scs.12536
  • Jazaieri, H., Jinpa, G. T., McGonigal, K., Rosenberg, E. L., Finkelstein, J., Simon-Thomas, E., Doty, J. R., Cullen, M., Gross, J. J., & Goldin, P. R. (2013). Enhancing compassion: A randomized controlled trial of a compassion cultivation training program. Journal of Happiness Studies, 14(4), 1113-1126. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-012-9373-z
  • Joeng, J. R., & Turner, S. L. (2015). Mediators Between Self-Criticism and Depression: Fear of Compassion, Self-Compassion, and Importance to Others. Journal of Counseling Psychology. Advance online publication. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/cou0000071
  • Kirbya, N., Dayb, J., Sagara, V. (2019), The ‘Flow’ of compassion: A meta-analysis of the fears of compassion scales and psychological functioning, Clinical Psychology Review, 70, 26-39, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2019.03.001
  • Krohne, H. W., & Hindel, C. (1988). Traıt anxıety, state anxıety, and copıng behavıor as predıctors of athletıc performance. Anxiety Research: An International Journal, 1, 225-234. https://doi.org/10.1080/08917778808248721
  • Meriç, F. (2020). Fears of Compassion, self-compassion and psychological resilience: A research on parents of children continuing preschool education (Publication No. 636505) [Master Thesis Biruni University] YOK National Thesis Center.
  • Mikulincer, M., Shaver, P. R., Gillath, O., & Nitzberg, R. A. (2005). Attachment, Caregiving, and Altruism: Boosting Attachment Security Increases Compassion and Helping. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89(5), 817–839. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.89.5.817
  • Moses, J. (2002). Oneness: Great principles shared by all religions. Toronto: Ballantine. https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/234130.Oneness
  • Necef, I. ve Deniz, M. E. (2021). Adaptation of the fears of compassion scale into Turkish: a reliability and validity study. Current Issues in Personality Psychology. https://doi.org/10.5114/cipp.2021.110028
  • Neff, K. D. (2003). The Development and Validation of a Scale to Measure Self-Compassion, Self and Identity, 2:3, 223-250, https://doi.org/10.1080/15298860309027
  • Neff, K. D., & Pommier, E. (2013). The relationship between self-compassion and other-focused concern among college undergraduates, community adults, and practicing meditators. Self and Identity, 12, 160–176. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298868.2011.649546
  • Öner, N., & Le Compte, A. (1983). Durumluk Sürekli Kaygı envanteri el Kitabı. Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Yayını. https://openlibrary.org/books/OL2524006M/Durumluk-su%CC%88rekli_kayg%C4%B1_envanteri_el_kitab%C4%B1
  • Rockliff, H., Gilbert, P., McEwan, K., Lightman, S., & Glover, D. (2008). A pilot exploration of heart rate variability and salivary cortisol responses to compassion-focused imagery. Journal of Clinical Neuropsychiatry, 5(3), 132-139. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2008-15384-002
  • Seligman, M. E. P., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2000). Positive psychology: An introduction. American Psychologist, 55(1), 5–14. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.5
  • Shaver, P. R., & Mikulincer, M. (2007). Adult Attachment Strategies and the Regulation of Emotion. In J. J. Gross (Ed.), Handbook of emotion regulation (pp. 446–465). The Guilford Press. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2007-01392-022
  • Singer, T., & Klimecki, O. M. (2014). Empathy and compassion. Current Biology, 24(18), R875-R878. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2014.06.054
  • Spielberger, C. D., Gorsuch, R. L., & Lushene, R. E. (1970). Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (“self-evaluation questionnaire”). Palo Alto: California Consulting Psychologists Press. https://oml.eular.org/sysModules/obxOML/docs/id_150/State-Trait-Anxiety-Inventory.pdf
  • Stellar, J. E., & Keltner, D. (2014). Compassion. In M. M. Tugade, M. N. Shiota, & L. D. Kirby (Eds.), Handbook of positive emotions (p. 329–341). The Guilford Press. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2014-05880-019
  • Stellar, J. E., Gordon, A. M., Piff, P. K., Cordaro, D., Anderson, C. L., Bai, Y., Maruskin, L. A., & Keltner, D. (2017). Self-transcendent emotions and their social functions: Compassion, gratitude, and awe bind us to others through prosociality. Emotion Review, 9(3), 200-207. https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073916684557
  • Welp, L. R., & Brown, C. M. (2014) Self-compassion, empathy, and helping intentions, The Journal of Positive Psychology, 9:1, 54-65, https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2013.831465
  • Welp, L. R., & Brown, C. M. (2014) Self-compassion, empathy, and helping intentions, The Journal of Positive Psychology, 9:1, 54-65, https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2013.831465
  • Zhang S., Guo M., Wang J., & Lin L. (2021) The Relationship Between Fears of Compassion, Emotion Regulation Difficulties, and Emotional Eating in College Students: A Moderated Mediation Model. Front. Psychol. 12:780144. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.780144

Examination of the Relationship Between Fears of Compassion and Anxiety in Adults

Year 2022, Volume: 12 Issue: 66, 479 - 493, 15.09.2022

Abstract

The main purpose of this research is to examine whether adults' trait anxiety, state anxiety, and gender together predict the fears of compassion (fear of compassion for others, fear of compassion from others, and fear of self-compassion). Besides, in this study, it was aimed to examine whether fears of compassion differ significantly according to trait anxiety levels (low, medium and high). The study group consisted of 437 (241 female and 196 male) adults. Data were collected using the State-Trait Anxiety Scale, the Fears of Compassion Scale, and the Personal Information Form. Data were analyzed using Multiple Linear Regression Analysis and One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Research findings of this study shows that adults' trait anxiety, state anxiety, and gender together predicts the 18% of the total variance in fear of compassion to others, 15% of total variance in fear of compassion from others, and 16% of total variance in fear of self-compassion. In addition, this study shows that while adults' anxiety levels (high, medium, and low) decrease, their fears of compassion decreases. The findings are discussed based on the relevant literature. The limitations of the research and suggestions for future theoretical and practical research are presented.

References

  • Bakalım, O., & Şanal Karahan, F. (2022). Fear of compassion and psychological flexibility among adults. IBAD Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, (12), 539-559. https://doi.org/10.21733/ibad.1047549
  • Basran, J., Pires, C., Matos, M., McEwan, K., Gilbert, P. (2019), Styles of leadership, fears of compassion, and competing to avoid inferiority. Frontiers in Psychology. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02460
  • Ceviz, Ö., N., Tektaş N., Basmacı, G., & Tektaş, M. (2020). Analysis of variables affecting anxiety levels of university students in the Covid 19 pandemic process. Uluslararası Eğitim Araştırmacıları Dergisi, 3(2),312-329. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/ueader/issue/59308/834648
  • Dias, S.B., Cláudia, F., Inês, T. (2020), Influence of fears of compassion on body image shame and disordered eating. Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity. 25(1), 99-106. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40519-018-0523-0
  • Germer, C. K. (2009). The mindful path to self-compassion: Freeing yourself from destructive thoughts and emotions. New York: GuilfordPress.https://www.scirp.org/(S(i43dyn45teexjx455qlt3d2q))/reference/ReferencesPapers.aspx?ReferenceID=1992628
  • Gilbert, P., & Procter, S. (2006 ). Compassionate mind training for people with high shame and self-criticism: Overview and pilot study. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 13, 353–379. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.507
  • Gilbert, P., McEwan, K., Catarino, F., Baião, R. (2014). Fears of Compassion in a Depressed Population Implication for Psychotheraphy. Journal of Depression and Anxiety. S2:003. DOI: 10.4172/2167-1044.S2-003.
  • Gilbert, P., McEwan, K., Matos, M., Rivis, A. (2011). Fears of Compassion: Development of Three Self-report Measures. The British Psycological Society. Psychology and Psychothearphy: Theory, Research and Practice, 84, 239-255. doi: 10.1348/147608310X526511
  • Gill, M. T. (2015). Stages of change theory applied to self-critical thinking and fear of compassion: A brief psycho-educational intervention. (Publication No. 4611) [Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers The University of Montana]. https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/4611.
  • Gustin, L., W. (2017). Compassion for self and others as key aspects of well‐being in changing times. Scandinavian journal of caring sciences, 31(3), 427-433. DOI: 10.1111/scs.12536
  • Jazaieri, H., Jinpa, G. T., McGonigal, K., Rosenberg, E. L., Finkelstein, J., Simon-Thomas, E., Doty, J. R., Cullen, M., Gross, J. J., & Goldin, P. R. (2013). Enhancing compassion: A randomized controlled trial of a compassion cultivation training program. Journal of Happiness Studies, 14(4), 1113-1126. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-012-9373-z
  • Joeng, J. R., & Turner, S. L. (2015). Mediators Between Self-Criticism and Depression: Fear of Compassion, Self-Compassion, and Importance to Others. Journal of Counseling Psychology. Advance online publication. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/cou0000071
  • Kirbya, N., Dayb, J., Sagara, V. (2019), The ‘Flow’ of compassion: A meta-analysis of the fears of compassion scales and psychological functioning, Clinical Psychology Review, 70, 26-39, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2019.03.001
  • Krohne, H. W., & Hindel, C. (1988). Traıt anxıety, state anxıety, and copıng behavıor as predıctors of athletıc performance. Anxiety Research: An International Journal, 1, 225-234. https://doi.org/10.1080/08917778808248721
  • Meriç, F. (2020). Fears of Compassion, self-compassion and psychological resilience: A research on parents of children continuing preschool education (Publication No. 636505) [Master Thesis Biruni University] YOK National Thesis Center.
  • Mikulincer, M., Shaver, P. R., Gillath, O., & Nitzberg, R. A. (2005). Attachment, Caregiving, and Altruism: Boosting Attachment Security Increases Compassion and Helping. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89(5), 817–839. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.89.5.817
  • Moses, J. (2002). Oneness: Great principles shared by all religions. Toronto: Ballantine. https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/234130.Oneness
  • Necef, I. ve Deniz, M. E. (2021). Adaptation of the fears of compassion scale into Turkish: a reliability and validity study. Current Issues in Personality Psychology. https://doi.org/10.5114/cipp.2021.110028
  • Neff, K. D. (2003). The Development and Validation of a Scale to Measure Self-Compassion, Self and Identity, 2:3, 223-250, https://doi.org/10.1080/15298860309027
  • Neff, K. D., & Pommier, E. (2013). The relationship between self-compassion and other-focused concern among college undergraduates, community adults, and practicing meditators. Self and Identity, 12, 160–176. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298868.2011.649546
  • Öner, N., & Le Compte, A. (1983). Durumluk Sürekli Kaygı envanteri el Kitabı. Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Yayını. https://openlibrary.org/books/OL2524006M/Durumluk-su%CC%88rekli_kayg%C4%B1_envanteri_el_kitab%C4%B1
  • Rockliff, H., Gilbert, P., McEwan, K., Lightman, S., & Glover, D. (2008). A pilot exploration of heart rate variability and salivary cortisol responses to compassion-focused imagery. Journal of Clinical Neuropsychiatry, 5(3), 132-139. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2008-15384-002
  • Seligman, M. E. P., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2000). Positive psychology: An introduction. American Psychologist, 55(1), 5–14. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.5
  • Shaver, P. R., & Mikulincer, M. (2007). Adult Attachment Strategies and the Regulation of Emotion. In J. J. Gross (Ed.), Handbook of emotion regulation (pp. 446–465). The Guilford Press. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2007-01392-022
  • Singer, T., & Klimecki, O. M. (2014). Empathy and compassion. Current Biology, 24(18), R875-R878. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2014.06.054
  • Spielberger, C. D., Gorsuch, R. L., & Lushene, R. E. (1970). Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (“self-evaluation questionnaire”). Palo Alto: California Consulting Psychologists Press. https://oml.eular.org/sysModules/obxOML/docs/id_150/State-Trait-Anxiety-Inventory.pdf
  • Stellar, J. E., & Keltner, D. (2014). Compassion. In M. M. Tugade, M. N. Shiota, & L. D. Kirby (Eds.), Handbook of positive emotions (p. 329–341). The Guilford Press. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2014-05880-019
  • Stellar, J. E., Gordon, A. M., Piff, P. K., Cordaro, D., Anderson, C. L., Bai, Y., Maruskin, L. A., & Keltner, D. (2017). Self-transcendent emotions and their social functions: Compassion, gratitude, and awe bind us to others through prosociality. Emotion Review, 9(3), 200-207. https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073916684557
  • Welp, L. R., & Brown, C. M. (2014) Self-compassion, empathy, and helping intentions, The Journal of Positive Psychology, 9:1, 54-65, https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2013.831465
  • Welp, L. R., & Brown, C. M. (2014) Self-compassion, empathy, and helping intentions, The Journal of Positive Psychology, 9:1, 54-65, https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2013.831465
  • Zhang S., Guo M., Wang J., & Lin L. (2021) The Relationship Between Fears of Compassion, Emotion Regulation Difficulties, and Emotional Eating in College Students: A Moderated Mediation Model. Front. Psychol. 12:780144. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.780144
There are 31 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Psychology
Journal Section Makaleler
Authors

Fikriye Alkım Arı This is me

Faika Şanal Karahan This is me

Publication Date September 15, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 12 Issue: 66

Cite

APA Arı, F. A., & Şanal Karahan, F. (2022). Examination of the Relationship Between Fears of Compassion and Anxiety in Adults. Turkish Psychological Counseling and Guidance Journal, 12(66), 479-493. https://doi.org/10.17066/tpdrd.1174979

!! From 30 November 2023, English language proofreading will be required for accepted articles to ensure language quality.