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Applicability of Solution-Focused Brief Counseling in Turkish Culture: A Contextual Perspective

Year 2023, Volume: 13 Issue: 71, 453 - 464, 29.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.17066/tpdrd.1259599_4

Abstract

This article focuses on the applicability of solution-oriented brief counseling in Turkish culture. To this end, I discuss the theoretical framework and therapeutic process of solution-focused counseling and the predispositions of counselors to provide solution-focused counseling from a contextual perspective. An important implication from this investigation is that traits such as authoritativeness, approval for power inequalities, and external locus of control may harm the applicability of this approach in Turkey. However, it is possible to say that the solution-oriented approach is compatible with the Turkish people in many ways. In this respect, solution-focused counselors may need different methods to work more harmoniously with Turkish clients. In conclusion, considering the cultural features of Turkish society, I make recommendations about what these methods might be and how solution-focused counseling adapted better.

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References

  • Anderson, H., & Goolishian, H. (1992). The client is the expert: A not-knowing approach to therapy. In S. McNamee & K. J. Gergen (Eds.), Therapy as social construction (pp. 25-39). Sage. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1992-98567-002
  • Arslantas, H. , Dereboy, I. F. , Asti, N. & Pektekin, C. (2011). Factors influencing adults' psychological help-seeking attitudes. Meandros Medical And Dental Journal, 12(1), 17-23. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/meandrosmdj/issue/44185/545213
  • Atkinson, D. R., & Lowe, S. M. (1995). The role of ethnicity, cultural knowledge, and conventional techniques in counseling and psychotherapy. In J. G. Ponterotto, J. M. Casas, L. A. Suzuki & C.M. Alexander (Eds.), Handbook of multicultural counseling (pp. 387-414). Sage. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1995-98648-019
  • Berg, I. K., & de Shazer, S. (2012). Making numbers talk: language in therapy. InterAction, 4(2), 51-77. https://sfwork.com/resources/interaction/06Berg_de-shazer.pdf
  • Berg, I. K., & Reuss, N. H. (1998). Solutions step by step: A substance abuse treatment manual. WW Norton & Co. https://wwnorton.co.uk/books/9780393702514-solutions-step-by-step
  • Bertolino, B., & O'Hanlon, B. (2002). Collaborative, competency-based counseling and therapy. Allyn & Bacon. http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/606553173
  • Cirakoglu, O. C. [@okancem]. (2021, December 13). “Uzman Klinik Psikolog” diye bir unvan yok arkadaslar. “Uzman Psikolog” ya da “Klinik Psikolog” olarak kullanabilirsiniz [There is no title as "Expert Clinical Psychologist", my friends. You can use it as "Specialist Psychologist" or "Clinical Psychologist"] [Tweet]. Twitter. https://twitter.com/okancem/status/1470420789266726916?s=20
  • Connie, E., & Metcalf, L. (2009). The art of solution focused therapy. Springer. http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/838243394
  • Corey, G. (2017). Theory and practice of counseling and psychotherapy, enhanced (10th ed.). Cengage Learning. https://www.cengage.uk/shop/isbn/9780357671429
  • Cormier, H.W., & Cormier, S. L. (1991). Interviewing strategies for helpers: Fundamental skills and cognitive behavioral interventions. Brooks. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1990-98518-000
  • De Jong, P., & Berg, I. K. (2013). Interviewing for solutions (4th ed.). Brooks. https://www.cengage.uk/shop/isbn/9781111722203
  • Demirel, K. (2016). Psikolojik danişmanlarin cokkültürlü psikolojik danişma yeterlik algilarinin incelenmesi (Publication No. 419280) [Master’s Thesis, Ankara University]. https://dergiler.ankara.edu.tr/xmlui;/bitstream/handle/20.500.12575/32716/Kenan_DEMIREL.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
  • de Shazer, S. (1988). Clues: Investigating solutions in brief therapy. WW Norton & Co. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1988-97681-000
  • de Shazer, S. (1991). Putting difference to work. WW Norton & Co. http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1036796319
  • de Shazer, S. (1994). Words were originally magic. WW Norton & Co. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1994-97917-000
  • de Shazer, S., Dolan, Y., Korman, H., Trepper, T., McCollum, E., & Berg, I. K. (2021). More than miracles: The state of the art of solution-focused brief therapy (2nd ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003125600
  • Deustshce Welle Turkish. (2021, January 8). Erdogan bugune kadar kimlere “terorist” dedi? [Who has erdogan called "terrorists" so far?]. Deustshce Welle Turkish. https://p.dw.com/p/3nhn7
  • Dogan, S. (2000). A new approache for school counselors: Solution-focused brief counseling. Education and Science, 25(116), 59-64. http://egitimvebilim.ted.org.tr/index.php/EB/article/view/5282/1444
  • Dost, M. T., & Keklik, I. (2012). Professional issues in counseling as perceived by individuals working in counseling settings. Mehmet Akif Ersoy University Journal of Faculty of Education, 1(23), 389-407. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/maeuefd/issue/19396/206064
  • Erdur-Baker, O. (2007). Counseling psychology and cultural factors. Turkish Psychological Counseling and Guidance Journal, 3(27), 109-122. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/tpdrd/issue/21447/229853
  • Erguder, U., Esmer, Y., & Kalaycioglu, E. (1991). Turk toplumunun degerleri [Values of turkish society]. Turkish Industry and Business Association. https://tusiad.org/tr/yayinlar/raporlar/item/9121-turk-toplumunun-degerleri
  • Faller, G. (2001). Positive psychology: A paradigm shift. Journal of Pastoral Counseling, 36, 7-14. https://eds.s.ebscohost.com/eds/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=0&sid=e68a6e39-2cc8-4ca2-be7d-072f031ffb6d%40redis
  • Frankl, V. E. (2006). Man's search for meaning. Beacon Press. http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/804824222
  • Gencoglu, C. (2019). Psychological counseling/psychotherapy perceptions in turkish movies. Turkish Studies-Social Sciences, 14(5), 2203-2224. http://dx.doi.org/10.29228/TurkishStudies.37369
  • Gercik, I. Z. (2020). A theoretical study on turkish social character. Alanya Academic Review, 4(1), 1-23. https://doi.org/10.29023/alanyaakademik.652459
  • Gergen, K. J. (1985). Social constructionist inquiry: Context and implications. In  K. J. Gergen & K. E. Davis (Eds.), The social construction of the person (pp. 3-18). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-5076-0
  • Gultekin, F., & Acar, N. V. (2004).Practicality of transactional analysis in turkish culture: An analytic overview. Education and Science, 29(133), 28-38. http://egitimvebilim.ted.org.tr/index.php/EB/article/viewFile/5059/1174
  • Kagnici, D. Y. (2013). Accommodating multicultural counseling training in the guidance and counseling undergraduate programs. Turkish Psychological Counseling and Guidance Journal, 4(40), 222-231. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/tpdrd/issue/21460/230043
  • Kizildag, S., Demirtas Zorbaz, S., Gençtanirim, D., & Arici, F. (2012). Hacettepe university students’ perceptions of getting psychological counseling help and the units which provide the help. Mersin University Journal of Faculty of Education, 8(3), 185-196. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/mersinefd/issue/17381/181578?publisher=mersin
  • Koydemir, S., Akyurek, F., & Topcuoglu, E. M. (2014). Calisma hayatinda ve gunluk yasamda guvenlik kulturu [Safety culture in business and daily life]. Bilgesam. https://www.academia.edu/9516887/%C3%87al%C4%B1%C5%9Fma_Hayat%C4%B1nda_ve_G%C3%BCnl%C3%BCk_Ya%C5%9Famda_G%C3%BCvenlik_K%C3%BClt%C3%BCr%C3%BC
  • Lipchik, E. (2014). The development of my personal solution-focused working model: From 1978 and continuing. International Journal of Solution-Focused Practices, 2(2), 63-73. https://doi.org/0.14335/ijsfp.v2i2.23
  • Macdonald, A. (2011). Solution-focused therapy: Theory, research & practice (2nd ed.). Sage. http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781446288764
  • Meydan, B. (2013). Solution-focused brief counseling: A study on the effectiveness in schools. Turkish Psychological Counseling and Guidance Journal, 4(39), 120-129. https://doi.org/10.17066/PDRD.85883
  • Mocan-Aydin, G. (2000). Western models of counseling and psychotherapy within Turkey: Crossing cultural boundaries. The Counseling Psychologist, 28(2), 281-298. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000000282007
  • Nichols, M. P. (2014). The Essentials of family therapy (6th ed.). Pearson. https://www.worldcat.org/title/essentials-of-family-therapy/oclc/816498983
  • Ozyurek, R. (2019). Counselor education and professional identity development for the profession required laws and regulations. Turkish Psychological Counseling and Guidance Journal, 9(54), 883-911. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/tpdrd/issue/48897/623291
  • Pedersen, P. B. (2008). Ethics, competence, and professional issues in cross-cultural counseling. In P. B. Pedersen, J. G. Draguns, W. J. Lonner, & J. E. Trimble (Eds.), Counseling across cultures (pp. 5–20). Sage Publications, Inc. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781483329314.n1
  • Poyrazli, S. (2003). Validity of rogerian therapy in turkish culture: A cross-cultural perspective. Journal of Humanistic Counseling, Education and Development, 42, 107-115. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2164-490X.2003.tb00172.x
  • Ratner, H., George, E., & Iveson, C. (2012). Solution focused brief therapy: 100 key points and techniques. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203116562
  • Sahin, I., Togay, A., & Atici, M. (2019). Counselor candidates' perceptions about therapeutic skills and conditions. Journal of Human Sciences, 16(1), 56-72. https://www.j-humansciences.com/ojs/index.php/IJHS/article/view/5347
  • Sari, T. (2015). Positive psychotherapy: Its development, basic principles and methods, and applicability to Turkish culture. The Journal of Happiness & Well-Being, 3(2), 182-203. http://psikiyatridizini.net/viewarticle.aspx?articleid=19800&tammetinvar=yes
  • Sklare, G. B. (1997). Brief counseling that works: a solution-focused approach for school counselors. practical skills for counselors. Corwin Press. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED408550
  • Sue, D. W., Sue, D., Neville, H. A., & Smith, L. (2019). Counseling the culturally diverse: Theory and practice. (8 ed.) Wiley. https://www.wiley.com/en-gb/Counseling+the+Culturally+Diverse:+Theory+and+Practice,+8th+Edition-p-9781119448280
  • Tagay, O., Voltan-Acar, N., & Nalbant, A. (2016). Practicality of logotherapy concepts and techniques in turkish culture. Ege Journal of Education, 17(1), 105-126. https://doi.org/10.12984/eed.53493
  • Tekinalp, S. (2015). Aynadaki turkler [Turks in the mirror]. Beta. https://www.betayayincilik.com/aynadaki-turkler-p-367
  • Tezcan, M. (1997). Turk kisiligi ve kultur kisilik iliskileri [Personality of turk and culture-personality relations]. Republic of Turkiye Ministry of Culture and Tourism. http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/606244834
  • Toktamisoglu, M. (2004). Kot pantolonlu yönetici [Manager with jeans]. Mediacat. http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/212907246
  • Tryon, G. S. (1999). Counseling dropout relative to client attractiveness, disturbance, and expected number of sessions. Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 12(3), 285-291. https://doi.org/10.1080/09515079908254098
  • Walter, J. L., & Peller, J. E. (1992). Becoming solution-focused in brief therapy. New York: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203776919
  • Yorgun, A., & Voltan-Acar, N. (2014). The practicality of reality therapy in turkish culture: an analytical overview. Education & Science, 39(175), 216-226. http://dx.doi.org/10.15390/EB.2014.460
Year 2023, Volume: 13 Issue: 71, 453 - 464, 29.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.17066/tpdrd.1259599_4

Abstract

Project Number

-

References

  • Anderson, H., & Goolishian, H. (1992). The client is the expert: A not-knowing approach to therapy. In S. McNamee & K. J. Gergen (Eds.), Therapy as social construction (pp. 25-39). Sage. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1992-98567-002
  • Arslantas, H. , Dereboy, I. F. , Asti, N. & Pektekin, C. (2011). Factors influencing adults' psychological help-seeking attitudes. Meandros Medical And Dental Journal, 12(1), 17-23. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/meandrosmdj/issue/44185/545213
  • Atkinson, D. R., & Lowe, S. M. (1995). The role of ethnicity, cultural knowledge, and conventional techniques in counseling and psychotherapy. In J. G. Ponterotto, J. M. Casas, L. A. Suzuki & C.M. Alexander (Eds.), Handbook of multicultural counseling (pp. 387-414). Sage. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1995-98648-019
  • Berg, I. K., & de Shazer, S. (2012). Making numbers talk: language in therapy. InterAction, 4(2), 51-77. https://sfwork.com/resources/interaction/06Berg_de-shazer.pdf
  • Berg, I. K., & Reuss, N. H. (1998). Solutions step by step: A substance abuse treatment manual. WW Norton & Co. https://wwnorton.co.uk/books/9780393702514-solutions-step-by-step
  • Bertolino, B., & O'Hanlon, B. (2002). Collaborative, competency-based counseling and therapy. Allyn & Bacon. http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/606553173
  • Cirakoglu, O. C. [@okancem]. (2021, December 13). “Uzman Klinik Psikolog” diye bir unvan yok arkadaslar. “Uzman Psikolog” ya da “Klinik Psikolog” olarak kullanabilirsiniz [There is no title as "Expert Clinical Psychologist", my friends. You can use it as "Specialist Psychologist" or "Clinical Psychologist"] [Tweet]. Twitter. https://twitter.com/okancem/status/1470420789266726916?s=20
  • Connie, E., & Metcalf, L. (2009). The art of solution focused therapy. Springer. http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/838243394
  • Corey, G. (2017). Theory and practice of counseling and psychotherapy, enhanced (10th ed.). Cengage Learning. https://www.cengage.uk/shop/isbn/9780357671429
  • Cormier, H.W., & Cormier, S. L. (1991). Interviewing strategies for helpers: Fundamental skills and cognitive behavioral interventions. Brooks. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1990-98518-000
  • De Jong, P., & Berg, I. K. (2013). Interviewing for solutions (4th ed.). Brooks. https://www.cengage.uk/shop/isbn/9781111722203
  • Demirel, K. (2016). Psikolojik danişmanlarin cokkültürlü psikolojik danişma yeterlik algilarinin incelenmesi (Publication No. 419280) [Master’s Thesis, Ankara University]. https://dergiler.ankara.edu.tr/xmlui;/bitstream/handle/20.500.12575/32716/Kenan_DEMIREL.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
  • de Shazer, S. (1988). Clues: Investigating solutions in brief therapy. WW Norton & Co. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1988-97681-000
  • de Shazer, S. (1991). Putting difference to work. WW Norton & Co. http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1036796319
  • de Shazer, S. (1994). Words were originally magic. WW Norton & Co. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1994-97917-000
  • de Shazer, S., Dolan, Y., Korman, H., Trepper, T., McCollum, E., & Berg, I. K. (2021). More than miracles: The state of the art of solution-focused brief therapy (2nd ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003125600
  • Deustshce Welle Turkish. (2021, January 8). Erdogan bugune kadar kimlere “terorist” dedi? [Who has erdogan called "terrorists" so far?]. Deustshce Welle Turkish. https://p.dw.com/p/3nhn7
  • Dogan, S. (2000). A new approache for school counselors: Solution-focused brief counseling. Education and Science, 25(116), 59-64. http://egitimvebilim.ted.org.tr/index.php/EB/article/view/5282/1444
  • Dost, M. T., & Keklik, I. (2012). Professional issues in counseling as perceived by individuals working in counseling settings. Mehmet Akif Ersoy University Journal of Faculty of Education, 1(23), 389-407. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/maeuefd/issue/19396/206064
  • Erdur-Baker, O. (2007). Counseling psychology and cultural factors. Turkish Psychological Counseling and Guidance Journal, 3(27), 109-122. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/tpdrd/issue/21447/229853
  • Erguder, U., Esmer, Y., & Kalaycioglu, E. (1991). Turk toplumunun degerleri [Values of turkish society]. Turkish Industry and Business Association. https://tusiad.org/tr/yayinlar/raporlar/item/9121-turk-toplumunun-degerleri
  • Faller, G. (2001). Positive psychology: A paradigm shift. Journal of Pastoral Counseling, 36, 7-14. https://eds.s.ebscohost.com/eds/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=0&sid=e68a6e39-2cc8-4ca2-be7d-072f031ffb6d%40redis
  • Frankl, V. E. (2006). Man's search for meaning. Beacon Press. http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/804824222
  • Gencoglu, C. (2019). Psychological counseling/psychotherapy perceptions in turkish movies. Turkish Studies-Social Sciences, 14(5), 2203-2224. http://dx.doi.org/10.29228/TurkishStudies.37369
  • Gercik, I. Z. (2020). A theoretical study on turkish social character. Alanya Academic Review, 4(1), 1-23. https://doi.org/10.29023/alanyaakademik.652459
  • Gergen, K. J. (1985). Social constructionist inquiry: Context and implications. In  K. J. Gergen & K. E. Davis (Eds.), The social construction of the person (pp. 3-18). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-5076-0
  • Gultekin, F., & Acar, N. V. (2004).Practicality of transactional analysis in turkish culture: An analytic overview. Education and Science, 29(133), 28-38. http://egitimvebilim.ted.org.tr/index.php/EB/article/viewFile/5059/1174
  • Kagnici, D. Y. (2013). Accommodating multicultural counseling training in the guidance and counseling undergraduate programs. Turkish Psychological Counseling and Guidance Journal, 4(40), 222-231. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/tpdrd/issue/21460/230043
  • Kizildag, S., Demirtas Zorbaz, S., Gençtanirim, D., & Arici, F. (2012). Hacettepe university students’ perceptions of getting psychological counseling help and the units which provide the help. Mersin University Journal of Faculty of Education, 8(3), 185-196. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/mersinefd/issue/17381/181578?publisher=mersin
  • Koydemir, S., Akyurek, F., & Topcuoglu, E. M. (2014). Calisma hayatinda ve gunluk yasamda guvenlik kulturu [Safety culture in business and daily life]. Bilgesam. https://www.academia.edu/9516887/%C3%87al%C4%B1%C5%9Fma_Hayat%C4%B1nda_ve_G%C3%BCnl%C3%BCk_Ya%C5%9Famda_G%C3%BCvenlik_K%C3%BClt%C3%BCr%C3%BC
  • Lipchik, E. (2014). The development of my personal solution-focused working model: From 1978 and continuing. International Journal of Solution-Focused Practices, 2(2), 63-73. https://doi.org/0.14335/ijsfp.v2i2.23
  • Macdonald, A. (2011). Solution-focused therapy: Theory, research & practice (2nd ed.). Sage. http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781446288764
  • Meydan, B. (2013). Solution-focused brief counseling: A study on the effectiveness in schools. Turkish Psychological Counseling and Guidance Journal, 4(39), 120-129. https://doi.org/10.17066/PDRD.85883
  • Mocan-Aydin, G. (2000). Western models of counseling and psychotherapy within Turkey: Crossing cultural boundaries. The Counseling Psychologist, 28(2), 281-298. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000000282007
  • Nichols, M. P. (2014). The Essentials of family therapy (6th ed.). Pearson. https://www.worldcat.org/title/essentials-of-family-therapy/oclc/816498983
  • Ozyurek, R. (2019). Counselor education and professional identity development for the profession required laws and regulations. Turkish Psychological Counseling and Guidance Journal, 9(54), 883-911. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/tpdrd/issue/48897/623291
  • Pedersen, P. B. (2008). Ethics, competence, and professional issues in cross-cultural counseling. In P. B. Pedersen, J. G. Draguns, W. J. Lonner, & J. E. Trimble (Eds.), Counseling across cultures (pp. 5–20). Sage Publications, Inc. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781483329314.n1
  • Poyrazli, S. (2003). Validity of rogerian therapy in turkish culture: A cross-cultural perspective. Journal of Humanistic Counseling, Education and Development, 42, 107-115. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2164-490X.2003.tb00172.x
  • Ratner, H., George, E., & Iveson, C. (2012). Solution focused brief therapy: 100 key points and techniques. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203116562
  • Sahin, I., Togay, A., & Atici, M. (2019). Counselor candidates' perceptions about therapeutic skills and conditions. Journal of Human Sciences, 16(1), 56-72. https://www.j-humansciences.com/ojs/index.php/IJHS/article/view/5347
  • Sari, T. (2015). Positive psychotherapy: Its development, basic principles and methods, and applicability to Turkish culture. The Journal of Happiness & Well-Being, 3(2), 182-203. http://psikiyatridizini.net/viewarticle.aspx?articleid=19800&tammetinvar=yes
  • Sklare, G. B. (1997). Brief counseling that works: a solution-focused approach for school counselors. practical skills for counselors. Corwin Press. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED408550
  • Sue, D. W., Sue, D., Neville, H. A., & Smith, L. (2019). Counseling the culturally diverse: Theory and practice. (8 ed.) Wiley. https://www.wiley.com/en-gb/Counseling+the+Culturally+Diverse:+Theory+and+Practice,+8th+Edition-p-9781119448280
  • Tagay, O., Voltan-Acar, N., & Nalbant, A. (2016). Practicality of logotherapy concepts and techniques in turkish culture. Ege Journal of Education, 17(1), 105-126. https://doi.org/10.12984/eed.53493
  • Tekinalp, S. (2015). Aynadaki turkler [Turks in the mirror]. Beta. https://www.betayayincilik.com/aynadaki-turkler-p-367
  • Tezcan, M. (1997). Turk kisiligi ve kultur kisilik iliskileri [Personality of turk and culture-personality relations]. Republic of Turkiye Ministry of Culture and Tourism. http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/606244834
  • Toktamisoglu, M. (2004). Kot pantolonlu yönetici [Manager with jeans]. Mediacat. http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/212907246
  • Tryon, G. S. (1999). Counseling dropout relative to client attractiveness, disturbance, and expected number of sessions. Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 12(3), 285-291. https://doi.org/10.1080/09515079908254098
  • Walter, J. L., & Peller, J. E. (1992). Becoming solution-focused in brief therapy. New York: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203776919
  • Yorgun, A., & Voltan-Acar, N. (2014). The practicality of reality therapy in turkish culture: an analytical overview. Education & Science, 39(175), 216-226. http://dx.doi.org/10.15390/EB.2014.460
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Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Psychology
Journal Section Makaleler
Authors

İsa Özgür Özer 0000-0001-6215-3385

Project Number -
Publication Date December 29, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 13 Issue: 71

Cite

APA Özer, İ. Ö. (2023). Applicability of Solution-Focused Brief Counseling in Turkish Culture: A Contextual Perspective. Turkish Psychological Counseling and Guidance Journal, 13(71), 453-464. https://doi.org/10.17066/tpdrd.1259599_4

!! From 30 November 2023, English language proofreading will be required for accepted articles to ensure language quality.