Erratum:
Arkadaşlık Niteliği Ölçeği’nin Türkçe Uyarlaması: Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması
Year 2023,
Volume: 13 Issue: 71, 546 - 547, 29.12.2023
Nilgün Öztürk
,
Mustafa Kutlu
Abstract
Bu araştırmanın amacı, Parker ve Asher (1993) tarafından geliştirilen Arkadaşlık Niteliği Ölçeği’ni (Friendship Quality Questionnaire, FQQ) Türkçe’ye uyarlamak ve ölçeğin psikometrik özelliklerini incelemektir. Araştırma 2012-2013 eğitim öğretim yılı ikinci döneminde Malatya il merkezinde bulunan okullarda öğrenim gören ve toplam 1197 öğrenciden oluşan 4 ayrı çalışma grubu üzerinde yürütülmüştür. FQQ’nun Türkçe’ye uyarlanması sürecinde öncelikle ölçeğin dilsel eşdeğerliği incelenmiş ve Türkçe ile İngilizce formlarından elde edilen puanlar arasında pozitif yönde, güçlü ve anlamlı korelasyon katsayıları hesaplanmıştır. Açımlayıcı ve doğrulayıcı faktör analizi sonucunda, Arkadaşlık Niteliği Ölçeği’nin Türkçe formunun orijinal forma paralel altı faktörlü bir yapıya sahip olduğu ortaya çıkmıştır. Ölçeğin ayırt edicilik geçerliği çalışmasından elde edilen bulgular; Arkadaşlık Niteliği Ölçeği ile Çocuklar İçin Yalnızlık Ölçeği arasındaki korelasyonun -.48 olduğunu göstermiştir. Güvenirlik analizi sonucunda ölçeğin iç tutarlık katsayısı ölçeğin tümü için .89 ve test-tekrar test güvenirlik katsayısı için .92 olarak hesaplanmıştır. Araştırmadan elde edilen bulgulara dayanarak, ANÖ’nin Türkçe formunun 3. ve 6. sınıflar arasında okuyan çocukların arkadaşlık niteliklerini ölçmek amacıyla kullanılabilecek geçerli ve güvenilir bir ölçme aracı olduğu söylenebilir.
References
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(Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi). University of Seattle Pacific, Seattle.
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college aged friends (Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi). Universty of North Carolina Wilmington, North
Carolina.
- Asher, S. R. ve Wheeler, V. A. (1985). Children’s loneliness: a comparison of rejected and neglected peer status.
Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 53(4), 500-505.
- Asher, S. R. ve Coie, J. D. (1990). Peer rejection in childhood. New York: Combridge University Press.
Bacanlı, H. (2008). Sosyal beceri eğitimi. Ankara: Asal Yayınları.
- Bagwell, M. E. ve Schmidt, M. E. (2011). The friendship quality of overtly and relationally victimized children.
Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 57(2), 158-185.
- Banny, A., Heilbron, N., Ames, A. ve Prinstein, M. (2011). Relational benefits of relational aggression: Adaptive
and maladaptive associations with adolescent friendship quality. Developmental Psychology, 47(4), 1153-
1166. doi:10.1111./j.1467-8624.1995
- Bentler, P. M. ve Bonett, D. G. (1980). Significance tests and goodness of fit in the analysis of covariance
structures. Psychological Bulletin, 88(3), 588-606. doi:10.1037/0033-2909
- Berndt, T. J. ve Perry, T. B. (1986). Children’s perceptions of friendships as supportive relationships. Development
Psychology, 22, 640-648.
- Berndt, J. J. ve Keefe, K. (1995). Friend’s influence on adolescents adjustment to school. Child Development,
66(5), 1312-1329. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1995
- Berndt, J. J., Hawkins, J. A. ve Jiao, Z. (1999). Influences of friends and friendship on adjustment to junior high
school. Merril-Palmer Quarterly, 45(1), 13-41.
- Berndt, T. J. (2002). Friendship quality and social development. Current Directions in Psyhological Science,
11(1), 7-10.
- Boling, M. W., Barry, C. M., Kotchıck, B. A. ve Loery, J. (2011). Relations among early adolescents’ parentadolescent
attachment, perceived social competence, and friendship quality. Psychological Reports, 109(3),
819-841.
- Bowker, J. C. ve Rubin, K. H. (2009). Self-consciousness, friendship quality, and adolescent internalizing
problems. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 27(2), 249-267.
- Bukowski, W. M. ve Hoza, B. (1989). Popularity and friendship: Issues in theory, measurement, and outcome. T.
J. Bernd ve G. W. Ladd (Ed.), Peer relationship in child development içinde (s. 15-45). New York: Wiley &
Sons.
- Bukowski, W. M. (2001). Friendship and the worlds of childhood. New Directions for Child and Adolescent
Development, 91, 93-106.
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ve yorum. Ankara: Pegem Yayıncılık.
- Cohen, A. A. B. (2008). The best friendships of young adolescents: The role of internalizing symptoms,
characteristics of friends, friendship quality, and observed disclosure (Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi).
Universty of Maryland, USA.
- Crocker, J., Luhtanen, R. K. ve Cooper, M. L. (2003). Contingencies of self-worth in college students: Theory and
measurement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85(5), 894-908. doi:10.1037/0022-
3514.85.5.894
- Cutting, A., Dunn, J. ve Fisher, N. (2002). Old, friends, new friends: Predictors of childrens perspective of
children’s on their friends at school. Child Development, 73(2), 621-635.
- Çokluk, Ö., Şekercioğlu, G. ve Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2012). Sosyal bilimler için çok değişkenli istatistik. SPSS ve
LISREL uygulamaları (2. bs.). Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
- Demir, M. ve Urberg, K. (2004). Friendship and adjusment among adolescents. Journal Experimental Child
Psychology, 88(1), 68-82. doi:10.1006/j.jecp.2004
- Demir, M., Özdemir, M. ve Weitekamp, L. A. (2006). Looking to happy tomorrows with friends: Best and close
friendships as they predict happiness. Journal of Happiness Studies, 8, 243-271. doi:10.1007/s10902-006-
9025-2
- Demir, M. ve Özdemir, M. (2010). Friendship, need satisfaction and happiness. Journal of Happiness Studies, 11,
243-259.
- Demir, M., Özen, A., Doğan, A., Bilyk, N. A. ve Tyrell, F. A. (2011). I matter to my friend, therefore I am happy:
Friendship, mattering, and happiness. Journal of Happiness Studies, 12, 983-1005.
- Demir, M. ve Orthel, H. (2011). Friendship, real-ideal discrepancies, and well-being: Gender differences in college
students. The Journal of Psychology, 145(3), 173-193.
- Dunn, J. (2004). Children’s friendship: The beginnigs of intimacy. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishers.
- Engle, J. M., McElwain, N. L. ve Laskyy, N. (2011). Presence and quality of kindergarten children’s friendships:
Concurrent and longitudinal associations with child adjustment in the early school years. Infant and Child
Development, 20(4), 365-386. doi:10.1002./icd.706
- Erdly, C. A., Nagle, D. W., Newman, J. E. ve Carpenter, E. M. (2001). Childeren’s friendship experiences and
psychological adjustment: Theory and research. Child and Adolescent Developmental, 91, 5-24.
- Freedman, J. L. Sears, D. O. ve Carlsmith, J. M. (1993). Sosyal psikoloji (A. Dönmez, Çev.). Ankara: İmge
Kitabevi.
- Foster, G. (2005). Making friends: A nonexperimental analysis of social pair formation. Human Relations, 58(11),
1443-1465.
- Gaertner, A. E., Fite, P. J. ve Colder, C. R. (2010). Parenting and friendship quality as predictors of internalizing
and externalizing symptoms in early adolescence. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 19(1), 101-108.
- Gülay, H. (2008). 5-6 yaş çocuklarına yönelik akran ilişkileri ölçeklerinin geçerlik güvenirlik çalışmaları ve akran
ilişkilerinin çeşitli değişkenler açısından incelenmesi (Yayımlanmış doktora tezi). Marmara Üniversitesi,
İstanbul.
- Hartup, W.W. (1996). The company they keep: Friendship and their developmental significance. Child
Development, 6(1), 1-13.
- Heiman, T. (2000). Friendship quality among children in three educational settings. Journal of Intellectual &
Developmental Disability, 25(1), 1-12.
- Holleb, L. J. (2011). Social withdrawal during middle childhood: An exploration of social information processing,
friendship experiences, and psychological adjustment (Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi). University of Maine,
Miami.
- Hu, L. T. ve Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional
criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1-55.
- Kaner, S. (2000). Akran ilişkileri ölçeği ve akran sapması ölçeği geliştirme çalışması. Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim
Bilimleri Dergisi, 33(1-2), 9-27.
- Kaya, A. (2005). Çocuklar için yalnızlık ölçeğinin türkçe formunun geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Eğitim
Araştırmaları, 19, 220-237.
- Ladd, G. W. (1999). Peer relationship and social competence during early and middle childhood. Annual Review
of Psychology, 50, 333-359.
- Ladd, G. W., Kochenderfer, B. J. ve Coleman, C. C. (1996). Friendship quality as a predictor of young children's
early school adjustment. Child Development, 67, 1103-1118.
- Meyers, L. S., Gamst, G. ve Guarino, A. J. (2006). Applied multivariate research: Design and interpretation.
London: SAGE Publications.
- Meydan, C. H. ve Şeşen, H. (2011). Yapısal eşitlik modellemesi ve AMOS uygulamaları. Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık.
- Mitchell, G. S. (2005). Children’s friendship and after- school program partıcıpatıon: Does participation ın an
after- school program affect the aevelopment and quality of children’s friendship (Yayımlanmamış yüksek
lisans tezi). Universty of Massachusetts, USA.
- Özdamar, K. (2004). Paket programlarla istatistiksel veri analizi. Eskişehir: Kaan Kitabevi.
- Özgüven, İ. E. (1994). Psikolojik testler. Ankara: Pdrem Yayınları.
- Pallant, J. (2005). Spss survival manual A step by step guide to data analysis using SPSS for Windows (12. bs.).
Sydney: Printed by Ligare.
- Panti, L., Guarnieri, S., Smorti, A. ve Tani, F. (2010). A measure for the study of friendship and romantic
relationship quality from adolescence to early adulthood. The Open Psychology Journal, 3, 76-87.
- Parker, J. G. ve Asher, S. R. (1993). Friendship and friendship quality in middle childhood: Links with peer group
acceptance and feelings of loneliness and social dissatisfaction. Developmental Psychology, 29, 611-621.
- Phebe, W. F. L. (2007). Peer relations in preadolescence: Associations between friendship guality peer acceptence
and parentel management in peer relations. http://lbms03.cityu.edu.hk/oaps/ss2007-5790-lfw768.pdf
adresinden erişildi.
- Piehler, T. F. ve Dishion, T. J. (2007). Interpersonal dynamic within adolescencent friendships: Dyadic mutuality,
deviant talk, and patterns of antisocial behavior. Child Development, 78(5), 1611-1624.
- Roper, R. ve Hinde, R. A. (1979). A teacher’s questionnaire for individual differences in social behavior. Journal
of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 20(4), 287-298.
- Rose, A. ve Asher, S. R. (2004). Children’s strategies and goals in response to help-giving and help-seeking tasks
within a friendship. Child Development, 75(3), 749-763.
- Schneider, B. H. (2000). Friends and enemies. Peer relations in childhood. London: Arnold.
- Şencan, H. (2005). Sosyal ve davranışsal ölçümlerde güvenilirlik ve geçerlilik. Ankara: Seçkin Yayınevi.
- Teddlie, C. ve Yu, F. (2007). Mixed methods sampling a typology with examples. Journal of Mixed Methods
Research, 1(1), 77-100.
- Thien, L. M., Razak, N. A. ve Jamil, H. (2012). Friendship quality scale: Conceptualization, development and
validation. Joint AARE APERA International Conference, 1-14.
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Arkadaş Yayınevi.
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Suggestions, practices, and recommendations for organizational research. Organizational Research Methods,
3(1), 4-69. doi:10.1177/109442810031002
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educational settings (Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi). University of California, Los Angeles.
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Year 2023,
Volume: 13 Issue: 71, 546 - 547, 29.12.2023
Nilgün Öztürk
,
Mustafa Kutlu
Erratum Note
In the article titled "Turkish Adaptation of the Friendship Quality Scale: Validity and Reliability Study" written by Nilgün Öztürk and Mustafa Kutlu, which appeared in the 2017 Volume 7, Issue 48 of the Turkish Psychological Counseling and Guidance Journal, the footnote explanation was inadvertently omitted. We, as the authors, firstly apologize to the journal's editorial board for this mistake. Additionally, we, as the authors, request the correction of this unintentional error and ask for the amended text to be written as it appears in the footnote in Appendix-1.
Correction:
Footnote: This article is a part of a doctoral thesis accepted by the Institute of Educational Sciences at İnönü University in February 2016.
References
- Agnor, C. J. (2009). A proposed model of friendship quality and attachment in preschool children
(Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi). University of Seattle Pacific, Seattle.
- Allgood, S. F. (2008). The intimate friendship scale: Factors and assocations with drinking patterns among
college aged friends (Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi). Universty of North Carolina Wilmington, North
Carolina.
- Asher, S. R. ve Wheeler, V. A. (1985). Children’s loneliness: a comparison of rejected and neglected peer status.
Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 53(4), 500-505.
- Asher, S. R. ve Coie, J. D. (1990). Peer rejection in childhood. New York: Combridge University Press.
Bacanlı, H. (2008). Sosyal beceri eğitimi. Ankara: Asal Yayınları.
- Bagwell, M. E. ve Schmidt, M. E. (2011). The friendship quality of overtly and relationally victimized children.
Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 57(2), 158-185.
- Banny, A., Heilbron, N., Ames, A. ve Prinstein, M. (2011). Relational benefits of relational aggression: Adaptive
and maladaptive associations with adolescent friendship quality. Developmental Psychology, 47(4), 1153-
1166. doi:10.1111./j.1467-8624.1995
- Bentler, P. M. ve Bonett, D. G. (1980). Significance tests and goodness of fit in the analysis of covariance
structures. Psychological Bulletin, 88(3), 588-606. doi:10.1037/0033-2909
- Berndt, T. J. ve Perry, T. B. (1986). Children’s perceptions of friendships as supportive relationships. Development
Psychology, 22, 640-648.
- Berndt, J. J. ve Keefe, K. (1995). Friend’s influence on adolescents adjustment to school. Child Development,
66(5), 1312-1329. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1995
- Berndt, J. J., Hawkins, J. A. ve Jiao, Z. (1999). Influences of friends and friendship on adjustment to junior high
school. Merril-Palmer Quarterly, 45(1), 13-41.
- Berndt, T. J. (2002). Friendship quality and social development. Current Directions in Psyhological Science,
11(1), 7-10.
- Boling, M. W., Barry, C. M., Kotchıck, B. A. ve Loery, J. (2011). Relations among early adolescents’ parentadolescent
attachment, perceived social competence, and friendship quality. Psychological Reports, 109(3),
819-841.
- Bowker, J. C. ve Rubin, K. H. (2009). Self-consciousness, friendship quality, and adolescent internalizing
problems. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 27(2), 249-267.
- Bukowski, W. M. ve Hoza, B. (1989). Popularity and friendship: Issues in theory, measurement, and outcome. T.
J. Bernd ve G. W. Ladd (Ed.), Peer relationship in child development içinde (s. 15-45). New York: Wiley &
Sons.
- Bukowski, W. M. (2001). Friendship and the worlds of childhood. New Directions for Child and Adolescent
Development, 91, 93-106.
- Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2002). Sosyal bilimler için veri analizi el kitabı. Ankara: Pegem Yayıncılık.
- Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2005). Sosyal bilimler için veri analizi el kitabı: İstatistik, araştırma deseni, SPSS uygulamaları
ve yorum. Ankara: Pegem Yayıncılık.
- Cohen, A. A. B. (2008). The best friendships of young adolescents: The role of internalizing symptoms,
characteristics of friends, friendship quality, and observed disclosure (Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi).
Universty of Maryland, USA.
- Crocker, J., Luhtanen, R. K. ve Cooper, M. L. (2003). Contingencies of self-worth in college students: Theory and
measurement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85(5), 894-908. doi:10.1037/0022-
3514.85.5.894
- Cutting, A., Dunn, J. ve Fisher, N. (2002). Old, friends, new friends: Predictors of childrens perspective of
children’s on their friends at school. Child Development, 73(2), 621-635.
- Çokluk, Ö., Şekercioğlu, G. ve Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2012). Sosyal bilimler için çok değişkenli istatistik. SPSS ve
LISREL uygulamaları (2. bs.). Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
- Demir, M. ve Urberg, K. (2004). Friendship and adjusment among adolescents. Journal Experimental Child
Psychology, 88(1), 68-82. doi:10.1006/j.jecp.2004
- Demir, M., Özdemir, M. ve Weitekamp, L. A. (2006). Looking to happy tomorrows with friends: Best and close
friendships as they predict happiness. Journal of Happiness Studies, 8, 243-271. doi:10.1007/s10902-006-
9025-2
- Demir, M. ve Özdemir, M. (2010). Friendship, need satisfaction and happiness. Journal of Happiness Studies, 11,
243-259.
- Demir, M., Özen, A., Doğan, A., Bilyk, N. A. ve Tyrell, F. A. (2011). I matter to my friend, therefore I am happy:
Friendship, mattering, and happiness. Journal of Happiness Studies, 12, 983-1005.
- Demir, M. ve Orthel, H. (2011). Friendship, real-ideal discrepancies, and well-being: Gender differences in college
students. The Journal of Psychology, 145(3), 173-193.
- Dunn, J. (2004). Children’s friendship: The beginnigs of intimacy. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishers.
- Engle, J. M., McElwain, N. L. ve Laskyy, N. (2011). Presence and quality of kindergarten children’s friendships:
Concurrent and longitudinal associations with child adjustment in the early school years. Infant and Child
Development, 20(4), 365-386. doi:10.1002./icd.706
- Erdly, C. A., Nagle, D. W., Newman, J. E. ve Carpenter, E. M. (2001). Childeren’s friendship experiences and
psychological adjustment: Theory and research. Child and Adolescent Developmental, 91, 5-24.
- Freedman, J. L. Sears, D. O. ve Carlsmith, J. M. (1993). Sosyal psikoloji (A. Dönmez, Çev.). Ankara: İmge
Kitabevi.
- Foster, G. (2005). Making friends: A nonexperimental analysis of social pair formation. Human Relations, 58(11),
1443-1465.
- Gaertner, A. E., Fite, P. J. ve Colder, C. R. (2010). Parenting and friendship quality as predictors of internalizing
and externalizing symptoms in early adolescence. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 19(1), 101-108.
- Gülay, H. (2008). 5-6 yaş çocuklarına yönelik akran ilişkileri ölçeklerinin geçerlik güvenirlik çalışmaları ve akran
ilişkilerinin çeşitli değişkenler açısından incelenmesi (Yayımlanmış doktora tezi). Marmara Üniversitesi,
İstanbul.
- Hartup, W.W. (1996). The company they keep: Friendship and their developmental significance. Child
Development, 6(1), 1-13.
- Heiman, T. (2000). Friendship quality among children in three educational settings. Journal of Intellectual &
Developmental Disability, 25(1), 1-12.
- Holleb, L. J. (2011). Social withdrawal during middle childhood: An exploration of social information processing,
friendship experiences, and psychological adjustment (Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi). University of Maine,
Miami.
- Hu, L. T. ve Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional
criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1-55.
- Kaner, S. (2000). Akran ilişkileri ölçeği ve akran sapması ölçeği geliştirme çalışması. Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim
Bilimleri Dergisi, 33(1-2), 9-27.
- Kaya, A. (2005). Çocuklar için yalnızlık ölçeğinin türkçe formunun geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Eğitim
Araştırmaları, 19, 220-237.
- Ladd, G. W. (1999). Peer relationship and social competence during early and middle childhood. Annual Review
of Psychology, 50, 333-359.
- Ladd, G. W., Kochenderfer, B. J. ve Coleman, C. C. (1996). Friendship quality as a predictor of young children's
early school adjustment. Child Development, 67, 1103-1118.
- Meyers, L. S., Gamst, G. ve Guarino, A. J. (2006). Applied multivariate research: Design and interpretation.
London: SAGE Publications.
- Meydan, C. H. ve Şeşen, H. (2011). Yapısal eşitlik modellemesi ve AMOS uygulamaları. Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık.
- Mitchell, G. S. (2005). Children’s friendship and after- school program partıcıpatıon: Does participation ın an
after- school program affect the aevelopment and quality of children’s friendship (Yayımlanmamış yüksek
lisans tezi). Universty of Massachusetts, USA.
- Özdamar, K. (2004). Paket programlarla istatistiksel veri analizi. Eskişehir: Kaan Kitabevi.
- Özgüven, İ. E. (1994). Psikolojik testler. Ankara: Pdrem Yayınları.
- Pallant, J. (2005). Spss survival manual A step by step guide to data analysis using SPSS for Windows (12. bs.).
Sydney: Printed by Ligare.
- Panti, L., Guarnieri, S., Smorti, A. ve Tani, F. (2010). A measure for the study of friendship and romantic
relationship quality from adolescence to early adulthood. The Open Psychology Journal, 3, 76-87.
- Parker, J. G. ve Asher, S. R. (1993). Friendship and friendship quality in middle childhood: Links with peer group
acceptance and feelings of loneliness and social dissatisfaction. Developmental Psychology, 29, 611-621.
- Phebe, W. F. L. (2007). Peer relations in preadolescence: Associations between friendship guality peer acceptence
and parentel management in peer relations. http://lbms03.cityu.edu.hk/oaps/ss2007-5790-lfw768.pdf
adresinden erişildi.
- Piehler, T. F. ve Dishion, T. J. (2007). Interpersonal dynamic within adolescencent friendships: Dyadic mutuality,
deviant talk, and patterns of antisocial behavior. Child Development, 78(5), 1611-1624.
- Roper, R. ve Hinde, R. A. (1979). A teacher’s questionnaire for individual differences in social behavior. Journal
of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 20(4), 287-298.
- Rose, A. ve Asher, S. R. (2004). Children’s strategies and goals in response to help-giving and help-seeking tasks
within a friendship. Child Development, 75(3), 749-763.
- Schneider, B. H. (2000). Friends and enemies. Peer relations in childhood. London: Arnold.
- Şencan, H. (2005). Sosyal ve davranışsal ölçümlerde güvenilirlik ve geçerlilik. Ankara: Seçkin Yayınevi.
- Teddlie, C. ve Yu, F. (2007). Mixed methods sampling a typology with examples. Journal of Mixed Methods
Research, 1(1), 77-100.
- Thien, L. M., Razak, N. A. ve Jamil, H. (2012). Friendship quality scale: Conceptualization, development and
validation. Joint AARE APERA International Conference, 1-14.
- Thompson, M., Grace, C.O. ve Cohen, L. J. (2002). Çocuğunuzun arkadaşlık ilişkileri (E. N. Boylu, Çev.). Ankara:
Arkadaş Yayınevi.
- Vandenberg, R. J. ve Lance, C. E. (2000). A review and synthesis of the measurement invariance literature:
Suggestions, practices, and recommendations for organizational research. Organizational Research Methods,
3(1), 4-69. doi:10.1177/109442810031002
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educational settings (Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi). University of California, Los Angeles.
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