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An analysis of neoliberal small entrepreneurship through the concepts of hegemony and governmentality

Year 2022, , 202 - 213, 31.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.47934/tife.11.02.07

Abstract

The rise of small-sized enterprises, which was prompted by a change in the regime of accumulation in late capitalism, heralds not only the emergence of a new form of business management that increases the efficiency of production, but also the birth of a new form of subjectivity. Situated within capitalist social relations, small-sized enterprises play an important role both in facilitating the control of labor power and in abstracting labor from its social content to define it at the individual level according to the singular qualities of subjects. In this article, small-sized enterprises and the ideological determinations and technologies of power underlying them are discussed in relation to Michael Foucault’s concept of “governmentality” and Antonio Gramsci’s concept of “hegemony”. It is argued that small-sized enterprises essentially serve to socialize the logic of “entrepreneurship”, one of the main instruments of power of neoliberalism, through both the conduct of conduct as Foucault states and the articulation of common sense in the context of Gramsci’s conceptualization.

References

  • Aktar, A. (1990). Kapitalizm, az gelişmişlik ve Türkiye’de küçük sanayi. İstanbul: Afa Yayınları.
  • Audretsch, D.B. & Thurik, A.R. (2000). Capitalism and democracy in the 21st Century: from the managed to the entrepreneurial economy. Evolutionary Economics, 10, 17–34. https://doi.org/10.1007/s001910050003
  • Ayata, S. (2000). Sermaye birikimi ve toplumsal değişim. Ankara: Gündoğan Yayınları.
  • Daldal, A. (2014). Power and ideology in Michel Foucault and Antonio Gramsci: A comparative analysis. Review of History and Political Science, 2(2), 149-167. Retrieved from http://rhpsnet.com/journals/rhps/Vol_2_No_2_June_2014/8.pdf
  • Demirovic, A. (2015). The politics of truth: For a different way of life. In D. Kreps, (Ed.), Gramsci and Foucault: A reassessment (pp. 11-30). United Kingdom and USA: Ashgate.
  • Devlet İstatistik Enstitüsü (1968). Sanayi Sayımı: İmalat Sanayii 1964 (Yay. No: 547). Başbakanlık Devlet İstatistik Enstitüsü Ankara.
  • Devlet İstatistik Enstitüsü (1969). Sanayi Sayımı 1927 (Yay. No: 584). Başbakanlık Devlet İstatistik Enstitüsü, Ankara.
  • Devlet İstatistik Enstitüsü (1976). Sanayi ve İşyerleri Sayımı İmalat Sanayii, Büyük İmalat Sanayi (Türkiye Tabloları) 1970 (Yay. No: 782). Başbakanlık Devlet İstatistik Enstitüsü, Ankara.
  • Devlet İstatistik Enstitüsü (2003). Küçük Ölçekli İmalat Sanayi İstatistikleri (1-9) (Yay. No: 2778). Başbakanlık Devlet İstatistik Enstitüsü, Ankara.
  • Edwards, R. (1979). Contested terrain: The transformation of the workplace in the twentieth century. New York: Basic Books.
  • Eurostat (2022). Annual enterprise statistics by size class for special aggregates of activities. Retrieved from https://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/submitViewTableAction.do
  • Forgacs, D. (Ed.) (2000). The Gramsci reader: Selected writings 1916-1935. New York: New York University Press.
  • Foucault, M. (1980). Truth and power. In C. Gordon (Ed.), Power/knowledge: Selected interviews and other writings 1972-1977 (pp. 109-133). New York: Pantheon Books.
  • Foucault, M. (1991). Governmentality. In G. Burchell, C. Gordon & P. Miller (Eds.), The Foucault effect: Studies in governmentality (pp. 87-104). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Foucault, M. (2008). The birth of biopolitics: Lectures at the College de France 1978-1979. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Geniş, A. (2006). İşçi sınıfının kıyısında. Ankara: Dipnot Yayınları.
  • Gordon, C. (1991). Governmental rationality: An introduction. In G. Burchell, C. Gordon & P. Miller (Eds.), The Foucault effect: Studies in governmentality (pp. 1-52). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Gramsci, A. (1971). Selections from Prison Notebooks (Q. Hoare & G.N. Smith, Eds). Newyork: International Publishers.
  • Hall, S. (2012). The neoliberal revolution. Cultural Studies, 25(6), 705-728. https://doi.org/10.3898/136266211797146828
  • Harris, D. (1987). From class struggle to the politics of pleasure: The effects of Gramscianism on cultural studies. London: Routledge.
  • Hofstede, G., Noorderhaven, N.G., Thurik, A.R., Uhlaner, L.M., Wennekers, A.R.M. (2004) Culture's Role in Entrepreneurship: Self-Employment Out of Dissatisfaction. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign's Academy for Entrepreneurial Leadership Historical Research Reference in Entrepreneurship. Retrieved from https://ssrn.com/abstract=1496783
  • Işık, O., Pınarcıoğlu, M. (2011). Nöbetleşe yoksulluk: Sultanbeyli örneği (8.bs.). İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
  • Jennings, P. & Beaver, G. (1997). The performance and competitive advantage of small firms: A management perspective. International Small Business Journal, 15(2), 63–75. https://doi.org/10.1177/0266242697152004
  • Jessop, B. (2005). Hegemonya, post-fordizm ve küreselleşme ekseninde kapitalist devlet (A. Özkazanç ve B. Yarar, Ed. ve Çev.). İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
  • Johnson, P. (2007). The economics of small firms: An introduction. London and New York: Routledge.
  • Kaya, A.Y. (2011). Michel Foucault’nun ekonomik düşünce tarihi: Liberal ve neoliberal yönetim rasyonalitelerinde ekonomi politik. E. Eren ve M. Sarfati (Eds.), İktisatta yeni yaklaşımlar (s. 197-240) içinde. İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
  • Keskin, H., Şentürk, C. (2010). The importance of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in economies: Swot analysis of the SME sector in Turkey and Albania. Niğde Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, 3(2), 116-132. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/niguiibfd/issue/19746/211352
  • Koç, Y. (2010). Türkiye işçi sınıfı tarihi: Osmanlı'dan 2010'a. Ankara: Epos Yayınları.
  • Marcén, M. (2014). The role of culture on self-employment. Economic Modelling, 44 (1), 20-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2013.12.008
  • Müftüoğlu, B. (2000). İstanbul Gedikpaşa’da Ayakkabı Üretiminin Değişen Yapısı ve Farklılaşan İşgücü. Toplum ve Bilim, 86, 118-138.
  • Piore, M. & Sabel, C. (1984). The second industrial divide: Possibilities for prosperity. New York: Basic Books.
  • Quijano, A. (2000). Coloniality of Power, Eurocentrism, and Latin America. Nepantla: Views from South, 1(3), 533-580. https://doi.org/10.1177/0268580900015002005
  • Rannie, A. (1985). Small firms, big problems: The political economy of small business. Capital and Class, 9(1), 140-168. https://doi.org/10.1177/030981688502500107
  • Sak, G., Taymaz, E. (2021). How flexible are small firms? An analysis on the determinants of flexibility. Ekonomik Yaklaşım, 32(118), 1-25. https://doi.org/10.5455/ey.17106
  • Scott, M. & Bruce, R. (1987). Five Stages of Growth in Small Business. Long Range Planning, 20(3), 45-52. https://doi.org/10.1016/0024-6301(87)90071-9
  • Springer, S. (2012). Neoliberalism as discourse: between Foucauldian political economy and Marxian poststructuralism. Critical Discourse Studies, 9(2), 133-147. https://doi.org/10.1080/17405904.2012.656375
  • Staber, U. & Bögenhold, D. (1993). Self-employment: a study of seventeen OECD countries. Industrial Relations Journal, 24(2), 126-137. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2338.1993.tb00666.
  • Storey, D.J. (2003). Entrepreneurship, small and medium sized enterprises and public policies. In Z.J. Acs and D.B. Audretsch (Eds.), Handbook of entrepreneurship research (pp. 473-511). Great Britain: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
  • Suğur, N. (1995). Small firms in a developing economy: a social and economic case study of the OSTIM Industrial Estate at Ankara, Turkey [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. The University of Bristol.
  • Sum, N. (2015). Rethinking the Gramsci–Foucault interface: A cultural political economy interpretation oriented to discourses of competitiveness. In D. Kreps (Eds.), Gramsci and Foucault: A reassessment (pp. 31-56). United Kingdom and USA: Ashgate.
  • Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu (2020). Kobi istatistikleri raporu (2009-2019). Retrieved from https://www.tuik.gov.tr/indir/duyuru/kobi-istatistikleri-raporu.pdf
  • Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu (2021). Küçük ve Orta Büyüklükteki Girişim İstatistikleri. Retrieved from https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Kucuk-ve-Orta-Buyuklukteki-Girisim-Istatistikleri-2020-41129

Hegemonya ve yönetimsellik kavramları ekseninde neoliberal küçük girişimciliğin analizi

Year 2022, , 202 - 213, 31.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.47934/tife.11.02.07

Abstract

Geç dönem kapitalizmde birikim rejiminin değişmesine bağlı olarak öne çıkan küçük işletme olgusu, sadece üretimdeki verimliliği artıracak yeni bir iş yönetiminin değil, aynı zamanda yeni bir öznellik biçiminin doğuşunun da habercisidir. Küçük işletmeler, kapitalist toplumsal ilişkiler içinde var olduğu ölçüde, hem emek gücünün kontrol altına alınmasını kolaylaştırmada hem de emeğin toplumsal içeriğinden soyutlanarak bireysel düzeyde ve öznenin tekil vasıflarıyla tanımlanır hale gelmesinde önemli bir rol oynamaktadır. Bu makalede küçük işletmeler ve onun gerisindeki ideolojik belirlenimler ve iktidar teknolojileri Michael Foucault’nun “yönetimsellik” ve Antonio Gramsci’nin “hegemonya” kavramlarıyla ilişkili olarak tartışılmaktadır. Küçük işletmelerin, hem Foucault’nun ileri sürdüğü gibi güdülerin güdülenmesi (conduct of conduct) hem de Gramsci’nin kavramsallaştırdığı anlamda ortak duyunun eklemlenmesi yoluyla, neoliberalizmin asli iktidar araçlarından biri olan “girişimcilik” mantığını toplumsallaştıran ve içselleştiren yapılar oldukları ileri sürülmektedir.

References

  • Aktar, A. (1990). Kapitalizm, az gelişmişlik ve Türkiye’de küçük sanayi. İstanbul: Afa Yayınları.
  • Audretsch, D.B. & Thurik, A.R. (2000). Capitalism and democracy in the 21st Century: from the managed to the entrepreneurial economy. Evolutionary Economics, 10, 17–34. https://doi.org/10.1007/s001910050003
  • Ayata, S. (2000). Sermaye birikimi ve toplumsal değişim. Ankara: Gündoğan Yayınları.
  • Daldal, A. (2014). Power and ideology in Michel Foucault and Antonio Gramsci: A comparative analysis. Review of History and Political Science, 2(2), 149-167. Retrieved from http://rhpsnet.com/journals/rhps/Vol_2_No_2_June_2014/8.pdf
  • Demirovic, A. (2015). The politics of truth: For a different way of life. In D. Kreps, (Ed.), Gramsci and Foucault: A reassessment (pp. 11-30). United Kingdom and USA: Ashgate.
  • Devlet İstatistik Enstitüsü (1968). Sanayi Sayımı: İmalat Sanayii 1964 (Yay. No: 547). Başbakanlık Devlet İstatistik Enstitüsü Ankara.
  • Devlet İstatistik Enstitüsü (1969). Sanayi Sayımı 1927 (Yay. No: 584). Başbakanlık Devlet İstatistik Enstitüsü, Ankara.
  • Devlet İstatistik Enstitüsü (1976). Sanayi ve İşyerleri Sayımı İmalat Sanayii, Büyük İmalat Sanayi (Türkiye Tabloları) 1970 (Yay. No: 782). Başbakanlık Devlet İstatistik Enstitüsü, Ankara.
  • Devlet İstatistik Enstitüsü (2003). Küçük Ölçekli İmalat Sanayi İstatistikleri (1-9) (Yay. No: 2778). Başbakanlık Devlet İstatistik Enstitüsü, Ankara.
  • Edwards, R. (1979). Contested terrain: The transformation of the workplace in the twentieth century. New York: Basic Books.
  • Eurostat (2022). Annual enterprise statistics by size class for special aggregates of activities. Retrieved from https://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/submitViewTableAction.do
  • Forgacs, D. (Ed.) (2000). The Gramsci reader: Selected writings 1916-1935. New York: New York University Press.
  • Foucault, M. (1980). Truth and power. In C. Gordon (Ed.), Power/knowledge: Selected interviews and other writings 1972-1977 (pp. 109-133). New York: Pantheon Books.
  • Foucault, M. (1991). Governmentality. In G. Burchell, C. Gordon & P. Miller (Eds.), The Foucault effect: Studies in governmentality (pp. 87-104). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Foucault, M. (2008). The birth of biopolitics: Lectures at the College de France 1978-1979. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Geniş, A. (2006). İşçi sınıfının kıyısında. Ankara: Dipnot Yayınları.
  • Gordon, C. (1991). Governmental rationality: An introduction. In G. Burchell, C. Gordon & P. Miller (Eds.), The Foucault effect: Studies in governmentality (pp. 1-52). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Gramsci, A. (1971). Selections from Prison Notebooks (Q. Hoare & G.N. Smith, Eds). Newyork: International Publishers.
  • Hall, S. (2012). The neoliberal revolution. Cultural Studies, 25(6), 705-728. https://doi.org/10.3898/136266211797146828
  • Harris, D. (1987). From class struggle to the politics of pleasure: The effects of Gramscianism on cultural studies. London: Routledge.
  • Hofstede, G., Noorderhaven, N.G., Thurik, A.R., Uhlaner, L.M., Wennekers, A.R.M. (2004) Culture's Role in Entrepreneurship: Self-Employment Out of Dissatisfaction. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign's Academy for Entrepreneurial Leadership Historical Research Reference in Entrepreneurship. Retrieved from https://ssrn.com/abstract=1496783
  • Işık, O., Pınarcıoğlu, M. (2011). Nöbetleşe yoksulluk: Sultanbeyli örneği (8.bs.). İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
  • Jennings, P. & Beaver, G. (1997). The performance and competitive advantage of small firms: A management perspective. International Small Business Journal, 15(2), 63–75. https://doi.org/10.1177/0266242697152004
  • Jessop, B. (2005). Hegemonya, post-fordizm ve küreselleşme ekseninde kapitalist devlet (A. Özkazanç ve B. Yarar, Ed. ve Çev.). İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
  • Johnson, P. (2007). The economics of small firms: An introduction. London and New York: Routledge.
  • Kaya, A.Y. (2011). Michel Foucault’nun ekonomik düşünce tarihi: Liberal ve neoliberal yönetim rasyonalitelerinde ekonomi politik. E. Eren ve M. Sarfati (Eds.), İktisatta yeni yaklaşımlar (s. 197-240) içinde. İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
  • Keskin, H., Şentürk, C. (2010). The importance of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in economies: Swot analysis of the SME sector in Turkey and Albania. Niğde Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, 3(2), 116-132. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/niguiibfd/issue/19746/211352
  • Koç, Y. (2010). Türkiye işçi sınıfı tarihi: Osmanlı'dan 2010'a. Ankara: Epos Yayınları.
  • Marcén, M. (2014). The role of culture on self-employment. Economic Modelling, 44 (1), 20-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2013.12.008
  • Müftüoğlu, B. (2000). İstanbul Gedikpaşa’da Ayakkabı Üretiminin Değişen Yapısı ve Farklılaşan İşgücü. Toplum ve Bilim, 86, 118-138.
  • Piore, M. & Sabel, C. (1984). The second industrial divide: Possibilities for prosperity. New York: Basic Books.
  • Quijano, A. (2000). Coloniality of Power, Eurocentrism, and Latin America. Nepantla: Views from South, 1(3), 533-580. https://doi.org/10.1177/0268580900015002005
  • Rannie, A. (1985). Small firms, big problems: The political economy of small business. Capital and Class, 9(1), 140-168. https://doi.org/10.1177/030981688502500107
  • Sak, G., Taymaz, E. (2021). How flexible are small firms? An analysis on the determinants of flexibility. Ekonomik Yaklaşım, 32(118), 1-25. https://doi.org/10.5455/ey.17106
  • Scott, M. & Bruce, R. (1987). Five Stages of Growth in Small Business. Long Range Planning, 20(3), 45-52. https://doi.org/10.1016/0024-6301(87)90071-9
  • Springer, S. (2012). Neoliberalism as discourse: between Foucauldian political economy and Marxian poststructuralism. Critical Discourse Studies, 9(2), 133-147. https://doi.org/10.1080/17405904.2012.656375
  • Staber, U. & Bögenhold, D. (1993). Self-employment: a study of seventeen OECD countries. Industrial Relations Journal, 24(2), 126-137. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2338.1993.tb00666.
  • Storey, D.J. (2003). Entrepreneurship, small and medium sized enterprises and public policies. In Z.J. Acs and D.B. Audretsch (Eds.), Handbook of entrepreneurship research (pp. 473-511). Great Britain: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
  • Suğur, N. (1995). Small firms in a developing economy: a social and economic case study of the OSTIM Industrial Estate at Ankara, Turkey [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. The University of Bristol.
  • Sum, N. (2015). Rethinking the Gramsci–Foucault interface: A cultural political economy interpretation oriented to discourses of competitiveness. In D. Kreps (Eds.), Gramsci and Foucault: A reassessment (pp. 31-56). United Kingdom and USA: Ashgate.
  • Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu (2020). Kobi istatistikleri raporu (2009-2019). Retrieved from https://www.tuik.gov.tr/indir/duyuru/kobi-istatistikleri-raporu.pdf
  • Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu (2021). Küçük ve Orta Büyüklükteki Girişim İstatistikleri. Retrieved from https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Kucuk-ve-Orta-Buyuklukteki-Girisim-Istatistikleri-2020-41129
There are 42 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Ayla Ezgi Akyol 0000-0002-5448-7016

Publication Date December 31, 2022
Submission Date September 3, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022

Cite

APA Akyol, A. E. (2022). An analysis of neoliberal small entrepreneurship through the concepts of hegemony and governmentality. Trakya Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi E-Dergi, 11(2), 202-213. https://doi.org/10.47934/tife.11.02.07

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